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Y9 Geography
Y9 Geography
● Happens in Lithosphere
- Natural hazard → threatens to cause great damage or loss of life
- Natural Disaster → many life loses and threats
● Tonga volcano eruption ~ largest explosive of 21st century
Pangea
● Wegener's theory (1912) - Continental drift
● Argued that millions of years ago the continents were joined together
into one supercontinent - Pangea
● Evidence - similar animal fossils and rock types found on different
continents
● Britannica "Pangea"
Ocean Floor
Earth's Structure
● Crust / Lithosphere (50-200 km in thickness)
● Mantle (Magma=molten rock)
● Core: Outer Core (liquid)
● Core: Inner Core (solid, made of iron and nickel)
● Conservative (Transform)
➔ Side by Side, in the opposite direction
Theory 2 - The heavy weight of the plate going down pulls the whole plate
along and down, like a coat falling off a table (Slab pull)
Earthquakes start - Focus
Foreshocks (before) --> Mainshock (during) --> Aftershocks (after)
Faults/Fault Lines = Plate Boundaries
Shocks last for weeks.
High-income countries
❖ Strict building codes --> safer buildings
❖ Make earthquake-resistant buildings
❖ Urbanization controlled
Volcanoes
Types of Volcanoes
● Composite/Stratovolcano
➔ Steep-sided, cone-shaped, tall volcanoes, formed from layers of
sticky lava that doesn't flow far
● Shield Volcanoes
➔ Gentle slopes, wider area, formed from runny lava that spreads far.
Gasses escape easily
Savanna Biome - Grassland with scattered trees, wet & dry seasons, wildlife
migration
Desert Biome - driest biome, rarely ever get rainfalls, extreme temperature
Tropical Rainforest Biome(Congo Basin) - hot, moist biome where it rains all year
long, with many tall trees
Deciduous Forest Biome - rich in moisture, grows in one of the suitable seasons
Suggestion to watch - Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)=A region near the
Equator with high rainfall (low pressure) due to strong sunlight
Between the 1600s to 1800s, 12-15 million Africans were sold into slavery in
exchange for goods
Imperial nations were keen to exploit the rich natural resources of Africa and cheap
labor
The 'Scramble for Africa' in the 1880s - European countries raced to occupy the
continent seeking economic and strategic gains.
Berlin Conference 1884-1885 - creates new borders for Africa, the partition of
Africa confirmed
Decolonization of Africa
● After World War 2
● Between the 1950s - 1960s (In 1960, 18 colonies became independent -
Congo, Madagascar, etc)
● By 1966, most of Africa independent
● British colonies first to gain independence (Ghana, Nigeria, etc), Portuguese
last
● Civil wars, neo-colonialism
For decades, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has seen one of the world’s
longest-running armed conflicts
Development
Large masses of slowly moving ice (rivers of ice) made up of fallen snow
that gets compressed into ice along with rock, sediment over many
centuries
1. Alpine Glaciers
- Form on mountainsides and move down slopes through
valleys
Accumulation (gained)
Ablation (melting)
A glacial period is the colder period where glaciers advance (AKA Ice
Age) / An interglacial is the warmer break in between two ice ages were
glaciers retreat
1. Weathering
When melted snow enters cracks in rocks around and below glacier -->
water in rocks freezes and expands --> cracks get larger --> repeat -->
break rocks apart around and below glacier
2. Erosion
Rocks become frozen into the bottom and sides of the glacier. As the
glacier moves downhill it 'plucks' (rips off) the rocks frozen into the
glacier from the bedrock.
As the glacier moves downhill, rocks that have been frozen into
the base and sides of the glacier scrape the rock beneath like
sandpaper, leaving behind smooth, polished surfaces with
scratches in them.
3. Deposition/Erosion
As the glacier moves down it transports vast amounts of rock mixed with
ice. Any material (debris) carried by a glacier is called moraine. Any water
from melting ice feeds a river or lake.
Landforms by Glacial Erosion
● U-shaped valleys
● Hanging valleys/waterfalls
● Truncated spurs
● Misfit rivers
● Fjords
● Ribbon lakes
● Corries
A series of ridges overlapping each other (in V-shaped valleys/river valleys)
- Interlocking Spurs
glacier cuts through the interlocking spurs, leaving behind truncated spurs
in a U-shaped valley - Truncated Spurs
After the glacier has melted a lake forms in the hollow. This is called a
corrie lake or tarn.
Large rocks (boulders) that have been carried and deposited by
glaciers as part of glacial till/moraine. They are usually made of a rock
type that would not be found in that area. - Erratics
Glacial Processes
● Weathering (Freeze-Thaw) - weaken bedrocks
● Erosion (Plucking & Abrasion) - U-shaped valleys, truncated
spurs, fjords, misfit rivers, ribbon lakes, hanging valleys,
waterfalls, corries, tarn
● Transportation & Deposition (Moraine/Glacial till, meltwater)
*Physical Geography*
Crude oil is the most abundant natural resource in the Middle East.
An oil refinery is where crude oil is refined into petroleum products such
as diesel, gasoline, and heating oils.
Peninsula = a piece of land that sticks out from a larger area of land
into the sea or a lake (e.g. Arabian Peninsula)
The Arabian peninsula is mainly covered by the Arabian Desert - 2nd
largest sand desert
Desalination brines
- Getting steam and making it a drinkable water
Climate Weather
- average weather of the whole year (long - weather for today (sunny, rainy) aka
term) daily term
- average weather of the atmosphere over - condition of the atmosphere over a
a long term short term
Greenhouse
Greenhouse Effect
- the gases(water vapour/CO2) trap the Sun’s heat with the atmosphere
- Water Cycle
- Plants, Animals, and Humans
- Volcanic eruptions
- Evaporation from the Earth’s water cycle adds water vapour to the
atmosphere