TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

Sinhgad Institute of Technology & Science,

Pune-41
Department of Computer Engineering

Lab Manual
of
Laboratory Practice I
(310248)

Class: TE
Semester: V
Pattern: 2019

Department of Computer Engineering , SITS Narhe Pune

TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

INDEX
ASSN
TITLE
NO.
Part I: Systems Programming and Operating System

Group A
Design suitable Data structures and implement Pass-I and Pass-II of a two-pass
assembler for pseudo-machine. Implementation should consist of a few instructions
1 from each category and few assembler directives. The output of Pass-I (intermediate
code file and symbol table) should be input for Pass-II.
Design suitable data structures and implement Pass-I and Pass-II of a two-pass macro-
2 processor. The output of Pass-I (MNT, MDT and intermediate code file without any
macro definitions) should be input for Pass-II.
Group B
Write a program to simulate CPU Scheduling Algorithms: FCFS, SJF (Preemptive),
3
Priority (Non-Preemptive) and Round Robin (Preemptive).
4 Write a program to simulate Page replacement algorithm.

Part II : Elective I

Group C

Internet of Things and Embedded Systems

Understanding the connectivity of Raspberry-Pi / Beagle board circuit with IR sensor.
5 Write an application to detect obstacle and notify user using LEDs.
Understanding the connectivity of Raspberry-Pi / Beagle board circuit with
6 temperature sensor. Write an application to read the environment temperature. If
temperature crosses a threshold value, generate alerts using LEDs.
Human Computer Interface

5 Design a paper prototype for selected Graphical User Interface.

Implement GOMS (Goals, Operators, Methods and Selection rules) modeling
6 technique to model user's behavior in given scenario.
7 Design a User Interface in Python.

8 To redesign existing Graphical User Interface with screen complexity.

Distributed System
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TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

Implementation of Inter-process communication using socket programming:

5 implementing multithreaded echo server.
6 Implementation of RPC Mechanism.

7 Simulation of election algorithms (Ring and Bully).

8 Implementation of Clock Synchronization: a) NTP b) Lamports clock.

Software Project Management

Create Project Plan
▪ Specify project name and start (or finish) date.
▪ Identify and define project tasks.
▪ Define duration for each project task.
5 ▪ Define milestones in the plan
▪ Define dependency between tasks
▪ Define project calendar.
▪ Define project resources and specify resource type
▪ Assign resources against each task and baseline the project plan
Execute and Monitor Project Plan
▪ Update % Complete with current task status.
▪ Review the status of each task.
6
▪ Compare Planned vs Actual Status
▪ Review the status of Critical Path
▪ Review resources assignation status
Generate Dashboard and Reports
• Dashboard
o Project Overview
o Cost Overview
o Upcoming Tasks
• Resource Reports
o Over-allocated Resources
7 o Resource Overview
• Cost Reports
o Earned Value Report
o Resource Cost Overview
o Task Cost Overview
• Progress Reports
o Critical Tasks
o Milestone Report -Slipping Tasks

Department of Computer Engineering , SITS Narhe Pune

TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

Assignment No- A1

Title: Pass I and II of a two pass assembler.

Objectives:
• To study assembler.
• To understand algorithm of Pass-I.
• To implement assembler pass-I using JAVA programming language.
• To study Pass-II of a two pass assembler.
• To implement Pass-II using JAVA Programming language.

Problem Statement: Design suitable Data structures and implement Pass-I and Pass-II of a
two-pass assembler for pseudo-machine. Implementation should consist of a few instructions
from each category and few assembler directives. The output of Pass-I (intermediate code file
and symbol table) should be input for Pass-II.

Outcomes:
• Understand Pass I of two pass assembler.
• Implement Pass-I using JAVA.
• Understand Pass II of two pass assembler.
• Implement Pass-II using JAVA.

Software Requirements:

• Operating System : Ubuntu or Fedora

• JDK/ JRE
• Eclipse

Hardware Requirements:

• 64 bit machine
• 4GB or 8 GB RAM
• 500 GB or 1TB HDD

Theory:
An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a
pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. Some
people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language.

Department of Computer Engineering , SITS Narhe Pune

TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

Here's how it works:

• Most computers come with a specified set of very basic instructions that correspond to
the basic machine operations that the computer can perform. For example, a "Load"
instruction causes the processor to move a string of bits from a location in the
processor's memory to a special holding place called a register. Assuming the processor has at
least eight registers, each numbered, the following instruction would move the value (string of
bits of a certain length) at memory location 3000 into the holding place called register 8:

L 8,3000

• The programmer can write a program using a sequence of these assembler

instructions.
• This sequence of assembler instructions, known as the source code or source program,
is then specified to the assembler program when that program is started.
• The assembler program takes each program statement in the source program and
generates a corresponding bit stream or pattern (a series of 0's and 1's of a given
length).
• The output of the assembler program is called the object code or object program
relative to the input source program. The sequence of 0's and 1's that constitute the
object program is sometimes called machine code.
• The object program can then be run (or executed) whenever desired.

In this assignment we make use of Hashing for our Mneumonic table.This is to reduce the
overhead required to search a mneumonic in the mneumonic table.

The output of this program is going to be the input to Pass II hence we write all the tables and
IC to a File.

Thus the requisites for this assignment are File handling and Table handling method of
Hashing.

The Mneumonic table has been designed using hash function =([addition of ascii of all
alphabets of a mneumonic] mod 10 or 20)

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TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

Algorithm for Pass -I:-

1.Initialize LC=0 (default), Pooltab_ptr=1, pooltab[1]:=1, littab_ptr=1
Read source file.
2. While next statement is not END.
a. If string=Label then enter it in symbol table.
b. If string=START then LC=operand value of START.
c. IF EQU then address=value of <address spec>, correct symbol table entry for the label to
the address spec.
d. If DS then
• Code=code of DS
• Size=size of memory area required by DC/DS.
• LC=LC+size
• General IC(DL,code)
e. If an IS then
• code=machine opcode from optab(mneumonic table).
• LC=LC+length of instruction from optab.
• If operand is a literal then
i)this_literal=literal in operand field.
ii)LITTAB[littab_ptr]=this_literal
iii)littab_ptr=littab_ptr+1
else
this_entry=Symbol table entry

f. If an LTORG statement then

• Process literals LITTAB[POOLTAB[pooltab_ptr]]…LITTAB[littab_ptr-1] to
allocate Memory and put the address in the address field. Update LC accordingly.
• Pooltab_ptr=pooltab_ptr+1
• POOLTAB[pooltab_ptr]=littab_ptr
3. (Processing of END statement)
a. Perform step 2f
b. Generate IC
c. Write all the tables and IC on to files.

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TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

Algorithm for Pass II:-

1. code_area_address=address of code area , pooltab_ptr=1 LC=0
2. While next statement is not END statement.
a.Clear machine buffer.
b. If an LTORG statement then
• Process literals LITTAB[POOLTAB[pooltab_ptr]]…LITTAB[littab_ptr+1] -1
similar to processing of constants in DC statement.assemble the literals in
machine_code_buffer.

• Size=size of memory area required for literals

• Pooltab_ptr=pooltab_ptr+1
c. If START statement then LC=value specified in operand field,size=0
d. If DS then assemble the constant in machine code buffer.
e. If IS then
• Get operand address from SYMTAB or LITTAB
• Assemble instruction in machine code buffer.
• Size=size of instruction.
• If Address of any symbol is missing generate ERROR for 'UNDEFINED SYMBOL'

f. If size!= 0 then
• Move contents of machine code buffer to the address code area+LC
• LC=LC+size
3. Processing of END statement
• Perform steps 2b and 2f
• Perform Error handling
• Write code to output file.
4. Stop.

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 TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

Test Cases:
Test Case No. Test Case Expected Actual Output Result
Description Output

Conclusion: Thus we have successfully studied and implemented the pass I and pass II of two pass
assembler.

Department of Computer Engineering , SITS Narhe Pune

TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

Assignment No- A2

Title: Pass I and Pass II of a two pass Macro-Processor

Objectives:
• To study Pass-I of a two pass macro processor.

• To implement Pass-I using JAVA Programming.

• To implement Pass-II of a two pass macro processor.

• To study algorithm of Pass-II of a two pass macro processor.

Problem Statement: Design suitable data structures and implement Pass-I and Pass-II of a
two-pass macro- processor. The output of Pass-I (MNT, MDT and intermediate code file
without any macro definitions) should be input for Pass-II.

Outcomes:

• Understand algorithm of pass-I of a two pass macro processor.

• Study algorithm of pass-I of two pass macro processor.

Software Requirements:

• Operating System : Ubuntu or Fedora

• JDK/ JRE
• Eclipse
Hardware Requirements:

• 64 bit machine
• 4GB or 8 GB RAM
• 500 GB or 1TB HDD

Theory:
Macro instruction is a notational convenience for the programmer.
It allows the programmer to write shorthand version of a program (module programming)
The macro processor replaces each macro invocation with the corresponding sequence of
statements

Department of Computer Engineering , SITS Narhe Pune

TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

Macro
» the statement of expansion are generated each time the macro are invoked

Argument substitutions
Dummy arguments
» Positional argument

STRG DATA1, DATA2, DATA3

GENER ,,DIRECT,,,,,,3
» Keyword argument
STRG &a3=DATA1, &a2=DATA2, &a1=DATA3 GENER
TYPE=DIRECT, CHANNEL=3
Data Structures used :-
MNT(Macro name table):-Stores the names of all macros alongwith their MDT index.
MDT(Macro Definition Table):-Stores the definition of macro
ALA(Argument List Array):-To store formal v/s actual arguments
Eg:- Consider the following Macro definition and the tables constructed in pass I for this
macro

MACRO
&LAB INCR &ARG1,&ARG2,&ARG3
&LAB ADD 1,&ARG1

ADD 2,&ARG2
ADD 3,&ARG3

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TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

MEND
Output:-
MNT

Index Macro MDT Index

Name
1 INCR 1

MDT
Index Label Instruction operands
1 #0 ADD 1, #1
2 ADD 1, #2
3 ADD 1, #3
4 MEND
ALA
Argument Dummy name
&Lab #0
&Arg1 #1
&Arg2 #2
&Arg3 #3

Steps to follow:-
2. Read the ALP word by word using fgetc.

2.If keyword MACRO is found then

• Store the arguments in ALA in sequence(0th argument for a label).
• Store all the instructions in MDT using dummy names of the arguments(prepared in
ALA).
• Store the MDT index in a variable temp.
• Store name of macro and its MDT index using temp in MNT.
3.Write all the tables onto a file (as these will be required in pass II)
4.Go to Pass I

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 TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

The task of pass II is macro expansion i.e deal with macro calls. For this we use the tables created in pass I of a
macro-processor. Whenever a call to a macro is found for eg:-

LOOP INCR Data1,Data2,Data3

(with respect to the macro definition INCR in previous assignment)
Then this call should lead to a macro expansion as follows:-

LOOP : ADD 1 , Data1

ADD 2 , Data2

ADD 3 , Data3

Here the formal parameters are replaced by actual parameters.

For this ALA has to be updated with new parameter names.

ALA
Argument Actual
Parameters
#0 LOOP
#1 Data1
#2 Data2
#3 Data3

Using these values we expand the macro with the help of MNT and MDT.

Steps to follow:-
1. Read the source program.

2. If an macro name is encounterd it means there is a call to the macro so do the following.

• Search for the macro in the MNT.

• Extract its MDT index and go to that index position in MDT.
• Update ALA with actual parameters.
3. Read from MDT and replace dummy parameters with actual parameters.

4. Do step 3 till end of macro.

Department of Computer Engineering , SITS Narhe Pune

TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

Test Cases:

Test Case No. Test Case Expected Actual Output Result

Description Output

Conclusion:- Thus we have successfully studied and implemented the pass I and pass II of two pass
macro-processor.

Department of Computer Engineering , SITS Narhe Pune

TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

Assignment No- B1
Title: Implement Scheduling Algorithms 1. FCFS 2. SJF(Preemptive)

3. Priority(Non Preemptive) 4. Round Robin(Non Preemptive)

Objectives:
• To study preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling algorithm.
• To implement FCFS and SJF with preemptive scheduling.
• To implement Priority and Round Robin non preemptive scheduling using JAVA
programming language.

Problem Statement: Write a program to simulate CPU Scheduling Algorithms: FCFS, SJF
(Preemptive), Priority (Non-Preemptive) and Round Robin (Preemptive).

Outcomes:

• Understand difference between preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling

algorithm.
• Study different scheduling algorithm.
• Implement scheduling algorithm using JAVA programming language.

Software Requirements:
• Operating System : Ubuntu or Fedora
• Eclipse
• JDK/JRE

Hardware Requirements:
• 64 bit machine
• 4GB or 8 GB RAM
• 500 GB or 1TB HDD

Theory:-
1 Scheduling:
A multiprogramming operating system allows more than one process to be loaded into the executable memory
at a time and for the loaded process to share the CPU using time- multiplexing. Part of the reason for using
multiprogramming is that the operating system itself is implemented as one or more processes, so there must
be a way for the operating system and application processes to share the CPU. Another main reason is the
need for processes to perform I/O operations in the normal course of computation. Since I/O operations
ordinarily require orders of magnitude more time to complete than do CPU instructions, multiprograming
systems allocate the CPU to another process whenever a process invokes an I/O operation

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 TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

Goals for Scheduling

Make sure your scheduling strategy is good enough with the following criteria:
• Utilization/Efficiency: keep the CPU busy 100% of the time with useful work
• Throughput: maximize the number of jobs processed per hour.
• Turnaround time: from the time of submission to the time of completion, minimize the
time batch users must wait for output
• Waiting time: Sum of times spent in ready queue - Minimize this
• Response Time: time from submission till the first response is produced, minimize
response time for interactive users
• Fairness: make sure each process gets a fair share of the CPU

2 Preemptive and Non-Preemptive Scheduling

Preemptive scheduling: The preemptive scheduling is prioritized. The highest priority process
should always be the process that is currently utilized.

Non-Preemptive scheduling: When a process enters the state of running, the state of that
process is not deleted from the scheduler until it finishes its service time.

Test Cases:

Test Case No. Test Case Expected Output Actual Output Result
Description

Conclusion: Thus we have successfully studied and implemented CPU scheduling algorithms like FCFS, SJF,
Priority and Round Robin.

Department of Computer Engineering , SITS Narhe Pune

TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

Assignment No- B2

Title: Implement Paging Algorithms 1.LRU 2.Optimal Page Replacement.

Objectives:
• To study page replacement strategies.

• To implement paging algorithm using JAVA Programming language

Problem Statement: Write a program to simulate Page replacement algorithm.

Outcomes:
• Understand page replacement policies.
• Handle LRU and optimal algorithm using JAVA Programming language.

Software Requirements:
• Operating System : Ubuntu or Fedora
• Eclipse
• JDK/JRE

Hardware Requirements:
• 64 bit machine
• 4GB or 8 GB RAM
• 500 GB or 1TB HDD
Theory:

Page Fault:-An interrupt that occurs when a program requests data that is not currently in real
memory. The interrupt triggers the operating system to fetch the data from a virtual memory
and load it into RAM.

Page Replacement Algorithms

1. Least recently used

The least recently used page (LRU) replacement algorithm, though similar in name to NRU,
differs in the fact that LRU keeps track of page usage over a short period of time, while NRU
just looks at the usage in the last clock interval. LRU works on the idea that pages that have
been most heavily used in the past few instructions are most likely to be used heavily in the
next few instructions too. While LRU can provide near-optimal performance in theory (almost
as good as Adaptive Replacement Cache), it is rather expensive to implement in practice.

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 TE: 310248: Laboratory Practice I

2. Optimal Page Replacement Algorithm

When a page needs to be swapped in, the operating system swaps out the page whose next use
will occur farthest in the future. For example, a page that is not going to be used for the next 6
seconds will be swapped out over a page that is going to be used within the next 0.4 seconds.
This algorithm cannot be implemented in the general purpose operating system because it is
impossible to compute reliably how long it will be before a page is going to be used, except
when all software that will run on a system is either known beforehand and is amenable to the
static analysis of its memory reference patterns, or only a class of applications allowing run-
time analysis is allowed.

Test Cases:

Test Case No. Test Case Expected Output Actual Output Result
Description

Conclusion: Thus we have studied and implemented the page replacement algorithm.

FAQs
1. What is Demand Paging? And what is a page fault?
2. What is BELADY‟s ANAMOLY? Explain with example.
3. What is segmentation? Is it better than paging?
4. What is LFU page replacement algorithm? How is it different from LRU?
5. Is it possible to implement optimal page replacement algorithm in reality?
6. Total no. of page faults increase with an increase in no. of frames?
7. What is logical address? How is it converted to physical address?
8. What is TLB? Why is it used?
9. What are other page replacement algorithms you know?
10. How many page faults will occur using LRU and optimal page replacement
scheme. Compare the results.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 1, 6, 7, 8, 7, 8, 9, 7, 8, 9, 5, 4, 5,
4, 2 (Note:- Reference string may be different)

Department of Computer Engineering , SITS Narhe Pune

 Elective 1- Software Project Management Practicals

Assignment No- C1

Title:

Create Project Plan

• Specify project name and start (or finish) date.
• Identify and define project tasks.
• Define duration for each project task.
• Define milestone in the plan.
• Define dependency between tasks.
• Define project Calendar.
• Define Project resources and specify resource type.
• Assign resources against each task and baseline the project plan.

Objective:

Understand the basics of project planning & learn the Gantt project software to create the
project plan.

Problem Statement:

Create project plan using Gantt Project Software.

Outcomes:

1. Students will be able to demonstrate Installation of Gantt Project Software.

2. Students will be able to demonstrate different task inGantt Project.

Hardware Requirement: Any CPU with Pentium Processor or similar, 256 MB RAM or
more,1 GB Hard Disk or more

Software Requirements:32/64-bit Linux/Windows Operating System, latest Gantt

Project Software.
 Theory:

What is a project plan?

A project plan, also known as the project management plan, is the document that describes
how the project will be executed, monitored, and controlled, and closed. This outlines the
objectives and scope of the project and serves as an official point of reference for the project
team, larger company, and stakeholders.

It’s created during the project planning phase and is a compilation of several other documents. It
is more than just a schedule or a task list, though it does include those things. The project
management plan is formally approved at the beginning of the project and then progressively
updated throughout the course of the project.

Why is Project Planning Important?

Project planning is a crucial stage that comes right after initiation in project management phases.
Through proper planning, you streamline the entire project into a series of steps and ensure the
availability of all the resources on time.

Project constraints such as time, scope, and costs are discussed in the project planning process,
and mitigation plans are developed after the identification of potential risks. By comparing the
actual progress with the project plan, you can also monitor the performance of your team and
take the necessary steps to improve it.

Specify project name and start (or finish) date:

By default, the start date for all new projects is the current date. Of course, you can change
this to a different start time. You can also set the project to be scheduled from a finish date.

Identify and define project tasks:

This can be as simple as creating a list of tasks that must be completed in order to deliver your
project. In the case of complex projects, it may be helpful to organize these tasks in the form of
at, a chart visualizing project tasks and their sub-tasks and to stay organized at work.

One challenge in this part of the project scheduling process is knowing how to divide activities.
Consider the 8/80 rule, which states that a single activity should take between eight and eighty
work hours.

In team task management, tasks requiring fewer than eight hours could be grouped with others
and tasks over eighty hours are likely too cumbersome and should be broken down further.
Activities should also be measurable, easily estimated, and related to both a project
deliverable and a budgeted cost.
Define duration of each project task:
This step is pretty obvious but very important. How long will each project activity
take? Underestimating will, of course, put you behind schedule and ultimately frustrate your
customer.

Overestimating could leave team members or other resources sitting idle as they wait for
antecedent tasks to be completed. The best way to estimate duration is to use data from similar
previous jobs.

If you don’t have any data to work from and there’s no industry standard to which you can refer,
an estimate based on the average of the best, worst, and most likely scenarios.

Milestone in the plan:

A milestone is a specific point in time within a project lifecycle used to measure the
progress of a project toward its ultimate goal. In project management, milestones are used
as signal posts for significant events, decision points, or deliverables such as: The project's
start date. Project end date.

Dependencies between task:

Once you have all the project activities listed, think through each one carefully to identify which
tasks rely on others to be completed. If you’re building a house, for example, you can’t put the
roof on until the frame is completed. It’s important to correctly define all your project
dependencies so you can schedule accurately and avoid project delays.

You can use the best project management software to tackle project task dependencies by
engaging with stakeholders, brainstorming constraints related to dependencies.

Calendar:
The calendar can be used to depict the project timelines of all the tasks throughout the course of
the project. It’s a decent approach to view overlaps between activities. But, this approach suffers
from an inability to assign tasks and view dependencies

Project Resources and Resource Type:

Every project requires resources to contribute to its implementation and ultimately its
success. The successful management of a project translates into efficient steering of the
various project resources. These must be determined as early as possible, ideally before the
project is even launched.

You have to make sure that you use the resources that are essential to the smooth running of
the project and make sure that you optimize its management.
 #1: Human resources
Also known as "work resources", these are the most important because they are the ones
who do the work. They contribute to carrying out the tasks necessary for the smooth
running and completion of the project.

In addition, human resources are coupled with cognitive resources because they are the ones
who hold the knowledge and know-how:

• technical skills,
• knowledge,
• business expertise, etc.
They can be recruited internally or externally and can work on the entire duration of the
project or on an ad hoc basis.

Example of human resources:

• individual professionals,
• project managers,
• project teams,
• legal entities.

#2: Material resources

Material resources include raw materials and machines, tools, equipment, software,
premises, etc. They include both resources that the company already possesses and those that
it purchases or leases to carry out the project.

They can be goods that are temporarily made available for the project, which can be used
again later, but also consumables that can be used in a given quantity and that have a unit
cost.

For example, the goods consumed or the raw materials processed will not be available
for new use. The investment in these resources must be determined in terms of budget, time,
and desired quality.

#3: Financial resources

The financial resources correspond to the project budget, which will be defined prior to the
launch by the project sponsor.

They are used to finance:

 • the human and material resources of the project, generally covering the
remuneration of the actors of the project,
• the purchase of material resources or their rental,
• other costs, such as travel expenses for example.
Example of financial resources:

• finance funds,
• project budgets,
• project grants.

#4: Time resources

Time resources are the periods of time available and used for the completion of each task.
The duration of a task will depend on the planned and available human resources.

Above resources are not inexhaustible: they have limits, hence the importance of knowing
how to manage them to achieve your objectives.

Example of time resources:

• project plan,
• project schedule,
• time invested.

Assign Resources to Tasks:

Once a project schedule is created, it will usually have to be altered to avoid over allocating a
particular resource (for instance, a subcontractor), which will cause the schedule to be held
up. Assignments are the last step of data to enter into the project schedule and they reflect
who works on a task. Knowing how to allocate resources will help keep you in control of
your project from start to finish. By assigning resources to tasks, you can make sure that you
have enough resources to accomplish the tasks in your project. You assign people and
equipment in the same way. You assign resources to tasks to clarify responsibility for getting
those tasks done. Assigning resources also helps you determine how long it will take for a
task to get done, and, if you track costs, how much the task will cost.

Baseline the Project Plan:

A baseline in project management is a clearly defined starting point for your project plan. It is
a fixed reference point to measure and compare your project’s progress against. This allows
you to assess the performance of your project over time.
For example, let’s say your project is on target to finish in six weeks. Is that good or bad? If
your schedule baseline has a four-week completion, you can tell that there is a problem, and
your team may need to make adjustments to speed up your progress.

A project baseline typically has three components: schedule, cost, and scope. Often, these
three baselines are separately monitored, controlled, and reported to ensure each is on track.
When fully integrated, it may be referred to as a performance measurement baseline (PMB).

Conclusion/Analysis: Hence we are able to study Gantt Project Software and can create
Project Plan.
 Assignment No- C2
Title:
Execute and Monitor Project Plan

Objective:
Understand the basics of how to execute and monitor project plan.

Problem Statement:
Execute and Monitor project plan using Gantt Project Software.

Outcomes:
1. Students will be able to demonstrate Installation of Gantt Project Software.

2. Students will be able to learn how to execute and monitor project plan in Gantt Project.

Hardware Requirement: Any CPU with Pentium Processor or similar, 256 MB RAM or
more,1 GB Hard Disk or more

Software Requirements: 32/64-bit Linux/Windows Operating System, latest Gantt

Project Software.

Theory:

The project management lifecycle has five phases: initiating, planning, executing,
monitoring, and closing.

• During the initiating & planning phase, the project receives the necessary approvals, a
plan has been created, and the work actually begins on the tasks.
• The executing phase and the monitoring phase happen concurrently. This means that
you are monitoring your progress while you are completing tasks.

Executing and monitoring happen concurrently.

Monitoring

Once the project plan is finalized and approved, the project manager monitors the progress
making sure that the tasks are completed accordingly.

There are 4 main types of monitoring that the project manager should focus on:

1. Schedule monitoring
2. Change monitoring
3. Quality monitoring
4. Cost monitoring

1. Schedule monitoring
The project manager has a plan of tasks and an estimated duration period for each. Therefore,
at the end of each day, week, or month the project manager should be able to report on
whether the project is on track or not.

In order to report in this way, the project manager needs to know from each team member:

• Which task they are currently working on.

• How many hours they have spent on this task?
• How many hours are left to complete this task?
With this information, the project manager can compare actual completion to expected
completion to determine if expectations meet reality.

It is to be expected that some tasks take less time than expected and some tasks take a little
longer. A developer might tell the project manager that creating a web page took three hours
even though it was estimated to take ten. Similarly, a task may be estimated at five hours but
take eight. Because of this, tracking on a daily basis is useful but must be viewed in the
context of overall project progress.

While the project manager compares weekly completion of tasks to the planned completion
of tasks, stakeholders will focus on the overall project schedule and delivered milestones.
This is where a Gantt chart can be particularly helpful - as it gives a visible view of where
milestone lie within the calendar of the project timeline.
 A Gantt chart showing milestones.

There are many project management software tools available that show thepercentage of
task completion using a horizontal bar. This helps to view progress and shows how likely
you are to complete enough tasks within schedule to achieve your major milestones.

Task completion and partial task completion shown in a Gantt chart.

2. Change Monitoring:

The section above illustrated how you can monitor actual task completion versus expected
task completion.

But what if the actual tasks change? What if the client changes their mind and wants
something completely different? What if you discover halfway through the project that the
law has changed and there are new requirements that will require extra work?

The project manager typically pushes back against a change of scope. Changing the list of
outcomes, deliverables, and mid-project tasks would require revising the project plan and
acquiring new sign-offs from the decision-makers. Therefore, change of scope and adding
tasks to the project is the exception rather than the norm.

The project manager will measure the number of change requests and additional tasks that are
added to any project. Some issues will also surface as team members discover unforeseen
problems while completing their tasks and building the solution. The project manager will
track these as well. If they require additional tasks, the project manager will investigate how
they can be done while keeping milestone commitments.

3. Quality Monitoring:

It is imperative that each deliverable meets the client's expectations. At minimum digital
products must be bug free. You must also make sure that the product performs as expected
(for example, it would not be acceptable for a web page to take five seconds to load).

There is often a member of team who tests deliverables to make sure they function as
expected. This person is usually a member of the Quality Assurance (QA) team, although
sometimes it can be the developers or the project manager who do a lot of the testing.

Testing should not be done at the end of the project. It is important that quality checks are
done consistently during the executing phase.

4. Cost Monitoring:

The project manager also needs to monitor the costs of the project. If the project incurs
additional costs, then it might not be profitable for your company.

Although team members taking longer to complete tasks is one source of increased cost, there
are other ways that project cost can exceed budget:

• Additional materials (e.g.hardware, servers etc).

• Increased use of suppliers.
• Large numbers of defects that have to be fixed at your expense.
Part of the reporting that is done at each milestone should indicate whether or not the project
is still within the assigned budget.

Conclusion/Analysis: Hence we are able to execute and monitor project plan in Gantt
Project Software.
 Assignment No- C3

Title:

Generate Dashboard and Reports.

Objective:

Understand the basics of how to generate dashboard and report.

Problem Statement:

Generate Dashboard and Reports using Gantt Project Software.

Outcomes:

1. Students will be able to demonstrate Installation of Gantt Project Software.

2. Students will be able to learn how to Generate Dashboard and Reportsin Gantt Project.

Hardware Requirement: Any CPU with Pentium Processor or similar, 256 MB RAM or
more,1 GB Hard Disk or more

Software Requirements: 32/64-bit Linux/Windows Operating System, latest Gantt

Project Software.
 Theory:

What Is A Project Management Dashboard?

A project management dashboard is a data-driven platform that displays metrics, stats, and
insights that are specific to a particular project or strategy by presenting a tailored mix of
KPIs in one central location in order to benefit the project's performance.

Such a dashboard is perfect for individual departments looking to monitor the success of their
projects and campaigns, spot past or present trends, and ultimately contribute to making the
organization more intelligent. Project dashboard software is also effective for
interdepartmental collaboration due to its flexible access and usability

The Best Project Management Dashboard Examples

1. IT project management dashboard

This project dashboard template is the first project dashboard examples, and it
focuses on the steps and tasks involved in delivering a very specific strategic IT-
based initiative successfully from start to finish.

What is a resource report in project management?

The Project Resource Report breaks down Project-level resource assignments across the
entire portfolio. You can even enable inline editing to make changes without leaving the
report.

Why use this report?

If your team shares resources across multiple projects, you need visibility into what
projects each resource is assigned, or who is assigned to each project, maybe you want to
set the resource's project-level resource type default or their role on the project.

Purpose of the Project Cost Report

To provide an up-to-date record of commitments and expenditure within budgets so that

 unexpected over/under run costs do not result, ensuring that all transactions are properly
recorded and authorised and, where appropriate, decisions are justified.

What Is a Project Status Report?

A project status report is a document that describes the progress of a project within a
specific time period and compares it against the project plan. Project managers use
status reports to keep stakeholders informed of progress and monitor costs, risks, time
and work. Project status reports allow project managers and stakeholders to visualize project
data through charts and graphs.

Project status reports are taken repeatedly, throughout every phase of the project’s execution,
as a means to maintain your schedule and keep everyone on the same page.

Conclusion/Analysis: Hence we are able to create dashboard and different report of

project plan in Gantt Project Software.