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TheHilbert Space

AHilbertspaceHconsistsofasetofvectors and a d
4,0 x andsetofscalarsab c which dead too product isgivenby
satisfythefollowingfourproperties

asIt is alinearspace

If
Thescalarproduct thevectorwithitself
of
Alinearvectorspaceconsistsoftwosets is atverealnumber
timet willbegivenbythespatialwave

Asetofvectors function atitsace


Asetofscalars cannysequenceye
Thereexistsa

asAdditionrule thatforeveryYofHandE o there PropertiesofketsBrasandbrakets


such

It x o e vthen t to er one4hofthesequencefor
exists atleast EveryKethasa correspondingbra
xto 0 7 n
Xtc tx x coltx uniquebraandvice
versa
Existence
of a zero orneutralvector

ii
Ott Ho y
imoi
EveryCauchysequenceYEHconvergesto
existence symmetric orinversevan an
as thatismangame where a andbarecomplexnumbersThe
Hex ex tx o
un4m11 o
relation plimsoll following is a commonnotation

6 Multiplicationrule definesauniquelimit xofHsuch


that law alys cat1 941
It repeu axtooEv y um
actto axtoo Properties
ofthescalarProduct
acts beat DIRACNOTATION
Theremustexistan urinaryscalar I ketselementsofa vectorspace IfMs10sarereal
andzeroscalar o suchthat Yisdenotedby141thisiscalledaKet
Iyaz x andox to o
ketsbelongtothehilbertspaceit
b Ithas adefinedscalarproductwhichis
strictly positive Braselementsofa dualspace
Thescalarproductto43 4 0 and d

I
41 0 7
Col whilenetsbelongtoH thecorresponding Foranystatevector 14 ofhilbert

ties
egg co4
L
ThescalarproducthasthefollowingproperbrasbelongtoitsdualspareHa

BraketDiracnotationofthescalar
space H thenorm2414 isreal

andpositive If IT is normalized
mm mm the Mix 1
factorifteamtot
2nd
Schwartzinequality consider 145 31107 711027and Linearoperators
Ix 1015 211025where 10 and anoperatorA is linear ifforany
102 are orthonormal twovectors1015and1425andany
Triangleinequality as Mtx and2441 7 complexnoai as we have
6 MIX and X145 1 Acalustarias aAN Azana
In andsame forbra
Orthogonalstates 17 47 147 14 4 30141 Expectation ormeanvalue
of
silos
Twokets MSand10 aresaid
tobeorthogonal ittheyhave a LAY 2
24 71 c l si lol silos 414
vanishingscalarproduct on so
147 3107 701427 107271 is a linearoperator
Orthonormalstates 241 3 Oil 7 icoal 10cutx5 241417103

MSand105 are orthonormal ift lx 1015 21102


4105 0 are L 20107 1 241 5 3020,10 6 011027 HermetianAdjoint

ofA At
7124210 1454214 Thehermitianadjoint
Forbiddenquantities 3 ly 141140 141A107

man Toobtainhermitianadjoints
thetype 143105and all201 are Replaceconstantsbytheirconjugates

forbidden nonsense OPERATORS Replacekets bytheircorrespondingbras


It 14 and105 Examples Replaceoperators
bytheir
adjoints

belongtodifferentvectorspaces then Unityoperator IINK147


147105 is written as Gradientoperator 1472017 147241

41At
representstensorproduct
ofIT andFX6 2415324 Newark 12945 25145and Katt 2
241511025

107 Linearmomentum operator


Examples IMF it Yet Yinlo intolol Nino
in 3 14 Isi Products
ofoperators
aFindthebra all AB BA Anoperator is saidtobe hermitian
bEvaluate on ABC CABC ACBE if A At or tiny 01mn17

solid bracoll oftan


complexconjugate 01h14 complexno Anoperator is skewantihermitian
of10
spose
Kolin IN 201CAIN if D Bt
on ca i stasis expectationvalue
ofhermetian
Colts 2i 23 II 7 8
operator real
expectation value
ofskew some uncertaintyrelations
Hermetian Distributivity

operator ispurelyimaginary IABIJ TABIE Btan I ANDPazIs


IAB C ACBEJ CanCJB DlaBly E Iz
PROJECTIONOPERATORS DEDES E
AnoperatorP is aprojectionopera UncertainityRelations Eigenvalues andeigenvectors
of an
tooiff DA A Las art B to operator
Pt P and P P The uncertaintiesDa DBare Ans ans
denoted
by a complexno eigenvalue
ips eigenvector
Product twocommutingproject
of DA Fasts DB TEs
ionoperators is also a projection letuswritetheactionofthese Rorem For a hermetianoperator
operator operators on anystate 14 allofitseigenvalues are realandthe
Twoprojectionoperatorsare IX DAN CACassius eigenvectors corresponding to different
orthogonalif theirproduct o 105 DBMS CBCris Its eigenvalues are orthogonal

The schwartzinequality is givenby i e Antan AlonsoanIon aner


Too a sumofprojectionoperators tix 2010s 1410512
Pitapat
tobe a projectionoperator SinceAB hermitianDAandDBalso

allPi'sshould bemutuallyorthogonal hermetian Theeigenvaluesof a skewHermetian


1 145 24KAANXS 410524101145 operatorareeitherpurelyimaginaryor
COMMUTATOR ALGEBRA RIOS CHARABIN O
Thecommutator twooperators is
of since DatDA i exits cans
givenby IAB AB BA Hence Thetraceof an operator is
andanti
commutatorby DAT 265 skinDBP given in theorthonormalbasis
AB AB BE mm 10nsby OnA10ns
If CA83 0 theoperators are DADB LEDAABI I DaDB3
saidto commute ICABT DA DB
ASA O Truealways Since TABI is imaginaryand
2 A B is real hence
JacobiIdentity KsaDB12 4ILEABartIkedaDB t
It sincethelastteamis a tverealno
O

j fIf IKEAB 12
KAADB I
Operatorsalwayscommutewith
DABB IKEABJI

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