ANIMAL

KINGDOM
 ANIMAL KINGDOM

Five Kingdom Classification

Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
INTRODUCTION

Ø Animal are multicellular and heterotrophic organisms without cellwall

and chlorophyll.

Ø As over a million species of animals have been described till now, the
need for classification becomes all the more important.

Ø The classification also helps in assigning a systematic position to newly

described species.
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PHYLUM

1. PORIFERA 2. COELENTERATA 3. CTENOPHORA

 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PHYLUM

4. PLATYHELMINTHES 5. ASCHELMINTHES 6. ANNELIDA

 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PHYLUM

7. ARTHROPODA 8. MOLLUSCA 9. ECHINODERMATA

 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PHYLUM

10. HEMICHORDATA 11. CHORDATA

 ANIMAL KINGDOM
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
Inspite of differences in
1. Level of organization structure and form of different

2. Symmetry animals , there share

fundamental common features
3. Germinal (Embryonic) layer in relation to-

4. Coelom (Body cavity)

Arrangement of cells
5. Body plan Symmetry

6. Metamerism Nature of coelom

Patterns of digestive system
7. Notochord Pattrens of circulatory system
Patterns of reproductive system
8. Embryonic development
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
Level of organization

On the basis of organization of cells, animal are grouped into 4 levels:-

1 Cellular level of organization.
2 Tissue level of organization.
3 Organ level of organization.
4 Organ system level of organization.
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
Level of organization
Cellular level of
organization

CELLS

Cells are arranged as loose

cell aggregates with some
division of labour
e.g. Porifera
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
Level of organization
Tissue level of
organization

CELL TISSUE

Cells performing similar

functions are arranged into
tissues.
e.g. Cnidarians and Ctenophora
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
Level of organization
Organ level of
organization CELL

TISSUE

Tissues are grouped

together to form organs
e.g. Platyhelminthes
ORGAN
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION Level of organization

Organ system level of

organization CELL

TISSUE

ORGAN

ORGAN
Organs associate to form SYSTEM
organ system.
e.g. Aschelminthes to
Chordates
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION Level of organization

CELL TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN

SYSTEM

(ORGANISM)
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION Level of organization
It is the arrangement of similar body parts on 2sides of main axis of the
body. Based on symmetry, animals are 2 types.

1.ASYMMETRICAL

Body cannot be divided into

2 similar parts.
e.g. Most poriferans, Snails.
ASYMMETRICAL

2. SYMMETRICAL
Body can be divided into
2 similar parts.
 ANIMAL KINGDOM

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION SYMMETRY

Radial When any plane passing through the

symmetry central axis of the body divides the
organism into two identical halves
e.g. some Poriferans,Cnidarians
Ctenophores and Echinodems (adult)

Bilateral Here, body can be divided into identical

symmetry right & left halves in only one plans.
e.g. Platyhelminthes to Chordate (except
adult Echinodermata).
ANIMAL KINGDOM
 ANIMAL KINGDOM

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION GERMINAL LAYERS

Diploblastic Animal
• 2 germ layers- outer ectoderm and inner endoderm.
• In between these layers, an undifferentiated jelly like layer
called mesoglea is present.
E.g. Cnidaria and Ctenophora
ENDODERM

ECTODER
M
MESOGLE
A
 ANIMAL KINGDOM

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION GERMINAL LAYERS

Triploblastic Animal
• 3 germ layers- outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm and inner
endoderm
E.g. Platyhelminthes to chordates

ENDODERM

ECTODER
M

MESODERM
 ANIMAL KINGDOM

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION Coelom(Body cavity)

• It is the space between body wall and gut wall which is lined by
mesoderm

Body wall

Coelom
Gut
Mesoderm
peritoneum
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION Coelom(Body cavity)
Acoelomate The space between body wall and
(No coelom) digestive cavity is filled with matrix
(Parenchyma).
E.g. Porifera to platyhelminthes
Pseudo- Here the body cavity is not lined by
coelomate mesoderm.
(False coelom) Mesoderm is present in scattered
pouches.
E.g. Aschelminthes
Coelomate Here, coelom is lined by mesoderm.
(True coelom) and filled with coelomic fluid
E.g. Annelida to Chordata
 ANIMAL KINGDOM

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION Body plan

1. Cell-aggreated type: - E.g. Sponges.

 ANIMAL KINGDOM

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION Body plan

2. Blind sac body type :- animals in which digestive system is incomplete,

it has only single opening to the out side of the body that serves as both
mouth and anus.
e.g. Coelenterates to Platyhelminthes.

Single
opening
 ANIMAL KINGDOM

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION Body plan

3. Tube with in tube: - Found in those animals having complete digestive

tract i.e. with separate openings mouth and anus.
e.g. Nemathelminthes to chordates.

Mouth

Anus
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
Digestive system is 2 types

ØIncomplete:- It is only a single opening that acts as mouth and anus. e.g.
Cnidaria & Platyhelminthes.

Single opening

Ø Complete:- It has 2 openings- Mouth and Anus.

e.g . Aschelminthes to chordata
Mouth
Anus
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
Circulatory system :-

Circulatory system is 2 types

1. Open:- In which the blood is pumped out of the heart and the cell &
tissue are bathed in it.
e.g. Arthropods, molluscs, Echinodermates
Hemichordata and some lower chordates like tunicates.
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
Circulatory system

2. Closed:- In which the blood is circulated through a series of vessels of

varying diameter i.e. Arteries, veins and blood capillaries.
e.G . Annelids , most of the chordates , cephalopod molluscs
 ANIMAL KINGDOM

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION Segmentation

Pseudometamerism Metamerism
E.g. Tapeworm It is phenomenon in which the body is
externally and internally divided into
segments with a serial repetetion of atleast
some organs.
E.g. Annelids (Earthworm), Arthropods and
Chordates

Metameres
 ANIMAL KINGDOM

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION Notochord

It is mesodermally derived supporting rod like structure formed on the
dorsal side during embryonic development in some animals.

Non-chordates Chordates
Animals without notochord Animals with notochord
e.g.:- Porifera to Hemichordata e.g.:- Chordata
ANIMAL KINGDOM
 ANIMAL KINGDOM

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION Embryonic development

1. Protostomiates :- Animals in which mouth is formed first

(Blastoporeà Mouth).
e.g. Platyhelminthes to Mollusca.

2. Deuterostomiates :- Animals in which anus is formed earlier then

mouth (Blastoporeà Anus).
e.g. Echinoderms, Hemichordates and Chordates.
ANIMAL KINGDOM
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF LARVAL STAGE

à If larva is present, development is indirect.

e.g. Frog (Larva- Tadpole)

Larva
Eggs of Frog

A
D
U
L
T
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF LARVAL STAGE

àIf larva is absent, development is direct

e.g. Hen

EGGS ADULT
PHYLUM PORIFERA
 PHYLUM PORIFERA
Pore bearing animals , commonly called sponges.
Primitive multicellular animals.
All are aquatic mostly marine but few are also found in fresh water
(e.g. Spongilla) .
 PHYLUM PORIFERA
They are sessile , solitary or colonial.
Entire body has pores i.e. numerous mouthlets called ostia for entry and
one large opening osculum for exit of water.
OSTIA OSCULUM
 PHYLUM PORIFERA
Sponges have various body form and shapes ----mostly asymmetrical but
few are radially symmetrical like Sycon and Leucosolenia

Level of organization - cellular

Body plan – cell aggregate

Acoelomate animals.
 PHYLUM PORIFERA
Internal structure
 PHYLUM PORIFERA

BODY WALL

Outer Pinacoderm • Consists of Pinacocytes (Flat cells ) and

porocytes (oval cells)

Inner choanoderm • Consist of flagellated collar cells or

choanocytes (unique character of
porifera)

Middle mesenchyme
• Between these two layers a gelatinous
material mesenchyme is present which
contains certain amoebocytes cells like
scleroblasts , archeocytes
 PHYLUM PORIFERA
COLLAR CELL

Functions of collar cells

(1) To make continuous flow of water
(2) Intracellular digestion

Distribution of food from collar cells to other cells is brought by movable

amoeboid cells (Trophocytes).
 PHYLUM PORIFERA
CANAL SYSTEM
 PHYLUM PORIFERA
WATER CANAL SYSTEM/WATER TRANSPORT SYSTEM

§ Water canal system is the unique feature of sponges , water enters

through ostia in the body wall into spongocoel and goes out through
osculum.
§ This pathway helpful in food gathering (nutrition) , respiratory
exchange and removal of waste (excretion).

Water à Ostia à Spongocoelà Osculum à Water out

Respiration and excretion takes place by diffusion of gases through body

surface. Excretory matter is ammonia .
 PHYLUM PORIFERA
Skeleton is internal , consist of tiny calcareous spicules or siliceous spicules
or fine spongin fibres located in mesenchyme. Scleroblast secrets spicules
and spongioblast secretes spongin fibres.

Spicules (Calcareous , siliceous),fine

spongin fibres in mesenchyme
 PHYLUM PORIFERA

REPRODUCTION

FRAGMENTATION

ASEXUAL
External Budding

BUDDING

Internal Budding
(GEMMULES)
 PHYLUM PORIFERA

REPRODUCTION

SEXUAL

• HERMAPHRODITE

• FERTILISATION IS INTERNAL AND CROSS DUE TO PROTOGYNNOUS

CONDITION

• LARVA IS PRESENT

• DEVELOPMENT IS INDIRECT
 PHYLUM PORIFERA

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN SPONGES

Ova and FERTILISATION IS INTERNAL AND CROSS ZYGOTE

spermatozoa

Adult sponge LARVA

AMPHIBLASTULA (Scypha)
PARENCHYMULA (Leucosolenia)
 PHYLUM PORIFERA
Examples of Porifera
 PHYLUM PORIFERA
Examples of Porifera

Cliona Leucosolenia Euplectella

(Boring sponge) (Smallest sponge) {Venus flower basket}
Harmful for pearl (Bridal gift in Japan)
industry
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
 PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Coelenterates are also known as Cnidarians due to presence of stinging
cells called Cnidoblast or Cnidocytes.

Mostly marine , few fresh water (Hydra) carnivores, sessile or free

swimming

Radially symmetrical animals

 PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Ø Tissue level of organization
Ø Diploblastic animals

Ø Interstitial cells present in both layers of body wall are totipotent cells
of coelenterates.
 PHYLUM CNIDARIA
• Two basic forms of coelenterates are

Polyp Medusa

• Cylindrical and sessile form • Umbrella shaped and free

swimming

• May be solitary or colonial • Always solitary

• Mouth and tentacles directed • Mouth and tentacles directed

upwards downwards

• Asexual form • Sexual form

 PHYLUM CNIDARIA
ALTERNATION OF GENERATION

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Alternation of generation (Metagenesis) is the phenomenon shown by

some cnidarians in which polyps produce medusae asexually and
medusae form the polyps sexually.
Example – Obelia , Physalia

Metagenesis is absent in Hydra , Adamsia and Aurelia

In both these forms zooids show polymorphism.

 PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Some of the coelenterates , example corals have a skeleton of
calcium carbonate .

Mushroom coral Brain coral Organ pipe coral

(Meandrina) (Tubipora)
 PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Gastrovascular cavity

A large central cavity called Coelenteron is having single aperture on

hypostome i.e. Incomplete digestivetract (Blind sac).

Mouth

Tentacle

Hypostome
Gastrovascular
cavity
 PHYLUM CNIDARIA

The name cnidaria is derived from the cnidoblasts or cnidocytes (which

conatin stinging capsule or nematocyst) present on tentacles and body.
Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage (attachment) , defence and for the
capture of prey (offence)

Nematocyst

Nucleus

Cnidocyte
 PHYLUM CNIDARIA

food
Cnidocyte
Tentacle

Gastro
DIGESTION vascular
EXTRACELLULAR cavity
AND
INTRACELLULAR Extracellular
digestion
Intracellular
digestion
 PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Respiration and excretion takes place by diffusion of gases through body
surface.

Ammonia

CO2
O2
 PHYLUM CNIDARIA
• Nervous system is diffused type form nerve net
• Neurons are non-polar
 PHYLUM CNIDARIA

Reproduction in coelenterates

Asexual Sexual

By budding By gametes
 PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Examples of Coelenterates

Hydra Obelia

Pennatula Physalia
(Sea pen) (Portuguese man of war)
 PHYLUM CNIDARIA

Gorgonia Meandrina
(Sea fan) (Brain coral)

Adamsia Aurelia
(Sea anemone) (Jelly fish)
 PHYLUM CTENOPHORA

(Sea walnuts / Comb jellies)

 PHYLUM CTENOPHORA

• These animals are known for their beauty and delicate nature. In
sunlight their comb plates give the effect of a rainbow.
• The animals of this phylum are known as sea-gooseberries or comb
jellies or sea walnuts.
• Body form may be spherical , cylindrical or pear shaped.
• Animals are exclusively marine.
• Bioluminescence is well marked.
 PHYLUM CTENOPHORA
• Radially symmetrical animals

• Tissue grade of body organisation.

• Animals are diploblastic

Ectoderm

Mesoglea

Endoderm
 PHYLUM CTENOPHORA
Locomotion takes place by the presence of 8 ciliary comb plates on the
body surface.

Comb
plates

Digestion ( extracellular + intracellular).

Skeletal , excretory and respiratory system are absent.

 PHYLUM CTENOPHORA

• They are carnivorous . A pair of long solid tentacles are present .

• In place of nematoblasts, special type of cells are present on tentacles ,
called Lasso cells (Colloblasts) which helps in capturing the prey.

• Reproduction takes place by only sexual means.

• Sexes are not separate.(Animals are hermaphrodites)

• Fertilisation is external.

• Development is of indirect type.

• Life cycle involves a free living Cydippid larval stage.

 PHYLUM CTENOPHORA
Examples of Ctenophora

Ctenoplana Pleurobrachia
 PHYLUM CTENOPHORA
Examples of Ctenophora

Beroe Cestum
(Swimming eye of cat) (Venus's girdle)
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
• Helminthology - Study of worms causing parasitic infestation.

• Dorsoventrally flattened body, so called flatworms

• These are mostly endoparasites found in animals including human

beings and few are free living like Planaria
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
• Triploblastic animals
• Acoelomate animals , in between various organs a solid, loose
mesodermal tissue called Mesenchyma or Parenchyma is present.

Digestive tract
(from endoderm)

Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue filled region
(from mesoderm)
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
Ø Bilaterally symmetrical animals

Ø Organ level of organisation.

Ø Locomotory organs are absent in these animals but adhesive organs

like suckers ,hooks etc are present in parasitic forms.

Hooks

Suckers
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
• Epidermis is sometimes ciliated.

• On the wall of parasitic animals a thick cuticle is present called as

tegument . Thick cuticle tegument protects the parasite from the
digestive enzymes of the host. It is secreted by epidermis.

• Muscles in the body wall are mesodermal.

Below the epidermis, longitudinal, circular and oblique muscles are
present.
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
• Digestive tract is incomplete (without anus) or completely absent
(Tapeworm) . Food is either ingested by mouth or some of them
absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body surface
(Tapeworm).

Mouth

Branched gastrovascular cavity

 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
• Skeletal , respiratory and circulatory systems are absent.

• Respire through body surface. Anaerobic respiration is found in

internal parasites like Taenia.
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
• Specialised cells called flame cells helps in osmoregulation and
excretion.

Waste
material Water
Salt

Water+Salt

Excretory canal
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
Nervous system is ladder like , consist of a NERVE RING and
LONGITUDINAL NERVE CORDS.
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
REPRODUCTION
• Sexes are not separate (bisexual / hermaphrodite / monoecious )
(except Schistosoma).
• Reproductive system is complex and well developed.
Ovary

Testis

Mature
Proglottid
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
• Fertilisation is internal, self or cross .
• Development is through many larval stages.

Example:

Planaria

• Planaria possess high regeneration capacity.

• Found in fresh water, nocturnal, cannibalic, slow creeping,
omnivorous.
• Pharynx can be everted.
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
Fasciola hepatica (Liver fluke)
• Primary host - Sheep & Goat (Endoparasite of bile duct)
• Secondary host - Garden snail (Planorbis, Lymnea)

Larva of Fasciola

Miracidium enters
into
Sporocyst snail

Redia

Cercaria
It causes Liver-rot or
enters
Cirrhosis disease in sheep Metacercaria into
sheep
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

Schistosoma (Blood fluke)

Larva of Schistosoma
Enters snail • Primary host - Man
Miracidium • Secondary host - Garden snail
• It causes intestinal disorder -
Sporocyst Schistosomiasis or Bilharzia disease.

Cercaria • Found in veins of human bladder and

intestine. Unisexual, Large male
carries female in a groove
Enters human gynaecophoric canal on ventral side.
• It shows sexual dimorphism.
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm)
In humans it causes the disease Taeniasis and Cysticercosis

Body

Head or Neck Long

Scolex strobila

With For forming

hooks new Approx. 850
and proglottides proglottides
suckers present

• It is human gut parasite, infection due to eating uncooked pork.

• Hermaphrodite, Self fertilization.
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

Larva of Taenia

Onchosphere Infective stage for secondary host(pig)

Hexacanth

Bladderworm

Cysticercus Infective stage for primary host(humans)

PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
The body of members of acshelminthes is circular
in cross section and tapering at both ends, Without segmentation. Hence
the name Roundworm.
 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
• Habitat – free living , aquatic or terrestrial or parasite in plants and
animals

• Symmetry - Bilateral
 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
• Organ system level of organisation
• Triploblastic animals
• Pseudocoelomate animals – Body cavity is pseudocoel,
developed from embryonic blastocoel which is not lined by
mesoderm and contains Pseudocoelomic fluid.

• Skeletal system absent –

High fluid pressure in the Pseudocoelom
pseudocoelom maintains
body shape. It is called Ectoderm
hydroskeleton.
Mesoderm
Endoderm

• Tube within tube body plan , Cephalization absent

 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES

• Body wall consist of – cuticle , epidermis (Syncytial) and muscle

layer (only longitudinal).

Cuticle

Syncytial epidermis

Longitudinal muscles
 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
Digestive system – Alimentary canal is complete and differentiated into
mouth , well developed muscular pharynx and non muscular intestine.
 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
• Respiration is through body surface by diffusion.

• Circulatory System is absent

Excretory system is made up of H shaped

Renette cell or protonephridia. An exretory
tube removes body wastes from the body
cavity through the excretory pore .
Excretory matter is ammonia.
 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
Nervous System comprises of nerve ring and longitudinal nerve cord.

Longitudinal Nerve
Nerve ring cord

Receptors

On Lips On Tail

Papilae Amphids Phasmids

(Tangoreceptor) (Chemoreceptors) (Chemoreceptor)
 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Reproductive system is well developed and sexes are separate

(Dioecious) i.e. male and female are distinct.

Male Ascaris Female Ascaris

• Less in length • More in length
• Curved posterior end • Straight posterior end
• Cloaca present • Cloaca absent
• Penial spicule present • Penial spicule absent
 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
Male Ascaris Mouth Female Ascaris

Excretory pore

Genital pore

Anus
Rectum

Genital duct

Sexual dimorphism is clear.

 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
• Fertilisation is internal.

• Development is direct (the young once resemble the adult) or indirect.

 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
EXAMPLES OF ASCHELMINTHES

(1) Ascaris – Intestinal roundworm (in small intestine)

Larva – Rhabditiform

Male Ascaris Female Ascaris

 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
(2) Ancylostoma - Hookworm
(in small intestine)

(3) Enterobius –
Pin worm or seat worm
(in large intestine)
 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
(4) Wuchereria (Filarial worm)

• Viviparous
• Found in Lymph vessels/ Lymph
Glands
• Transferred by female Culex
mosquito
• Causes elephantisis

(5) Trichinella spiralis – Viviparous , endoparasite of small intestine

 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
(6) Rhabditis - Free living nematode

(7) Trichuris - Whip worm (in intestine)

(8) Dracunculus - Guinea worm (madina worm) or Fiery serpent

(Digenetic - Cyclops as intermediate host)
PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
Habit and Habitat : Aquatic - Marine / Fresh water, Terrestrial, Free
living , Parasitic
Body form : Soft and elongated, Cylindrical and divided into segments
by ring like grooves called annuli
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
Bilateral symmetry

Triploblastic, Coelomate (Schizocoelom) animals, hydrostatic skeleton

present

Ectoderm
(Body wall)
Endoderm
Mesoderm (Gut)

Digestive Coelom
tract
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
Organ system level of organisation (Tube within tube body plan)

Metamerically segmented animals

Cephalisation : Anterior end forms a distinct head with sense organs in

few annelids (eg. Nereis)
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
Locomotion

Chitinous setae Chitinous setae & Locomotory

Parapodia organ absent

They possess longitudinal and circular muscles which helps in

locomotion. Chitinous setae in earthworm, Aquatic annelids like Nereis
possess lateral appendages, parapodia , which helps in swimming.
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
Body wall – made up of three layers
(1) Cuticle
(2) Epidermis
(3) Muscle layers- Longitudinal and circular which help in locomotion

Cuticle

Epidermis

Circular Muscle Layer

Longitudinal Muscle Layer

 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA

Digestive system is complete .

Digestive glands developed for the first time in Annelids.
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
Respiration mostly occurs through skin i.e. cutaneous respiration. Some
have gills (branchial respiration)

Oxygen Carbon
dioxide
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
Circulatory system is closed. Some blood vessels enlarge to act as pumping
heart.
(Heart appear first time in annelids).

Blood is red in color but haemoglobin is dissolved in plasma, RBC absent.

Hearts

Blood
vessels
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
Excretory organ is nephridia.
(coiled tubules , also helps in osmoregulation)

Excretory matter
(1) Ammonia in aquatic annelids
(2) Urea in terrestrial annelids

Nephridia
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
Neural system consist of paired ganglia connected by lateral nerves to a
double ventral nerve cord.

Nerve ring
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
• Reproduction is sexual

• Sexes may be separate (Dioecious , eg. Nereis) or united (Monoecious,

eg. Earthworm and Leeches)

• Development is direct (eg. Earthworm, leech) or indirect with

trochopore larva (eg. Nereis).
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
Examples

1. Nereis - Sandworm/ Ragworm

(a) Cephalisation is present.
(b) Parapodia helps in locomotion.
(c) Unisexual
(d) Larva is trochophore
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
2. Pheretima - Earthworm
(a) Cephalisation absent
(b) Setae for locomotion
(c) Bisexual or hermaphrodite
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
3. Hirudinaria - Fresh water leech (Blood sucking leech)
(a) Cephalisation and setae absent
(b) Parapodia and setae absent
(c) Bisexual
(d) Hirudin (anticoagulant) present
 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
4. Aphrodite - Sea mouse
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
• Largest phylum of animal kingdom which include largest class Insecta.
• Over two thirds of named species on earth are arthropods.
• Aquatic (marine and fresh water) or terrestrial, free living or parasitic,
solitary, colonial or gregarious.
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
• Bilaterally symmetrical

• Organ System Level of organization

 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

• Triploblastic (3 Germinal layers – ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm)

• Coelomate and Segmented animals

 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Body divisions –
In some animals head
1. Head ,
and thorax fused to form
2. Thorax,
cephalothorax
3. Abdomen.

HEAD
CEPHALO
THORAX THORAX

ABDOMEN ABDOMEN
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
UNIQUE FEATURES OF ARTHROPODS

(1) Paired jointed appendages (arthro – jointed , poda – foot / appendages)

(2) Body of arthropods is covered by

chitinous exoskeleton
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Body cavity around viscera contains blood and the coelome filled with
blood and is called haemocoel.

HAEMOCOEL

Digestive tract is complete and they can feed upon all Kind of food
substances

Mouth Anus
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ARTHROPODS

BOOK GILLS in
GILLS in Prawn
King Crab

BOOK LUNGS in
Scorpion

TRACHEAL
SYSTEM
in Insecta
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Open type i.e. blood flows in haemocoel

Blood is usually colorless and called haemolymph (e.g. insect)

Copper containing pigment haemocyanin is present in few members

(e.g. Prawn)
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
EXCRETORY ORGANS IN ARTHROPODS

Malpighian tubules -(e.g. Insects) opening into gut

Coxal glands - (e.g. Arachnids)

Green glands Or Antennary glands - (e.g. Crustaceans) opening directly

to the exterior

• Excretory matter is ammonia in aquatic animals and uric acid in

terrestrial animals.
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Nervous system comprises of a nerve ring (brain) and
a double, solid, mid ventral nerve cord bearing ganglia.

Brain Ganglia
Ventral nerve cord
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Head is distinct (high degree of cephalisation) , consist of well developed
sense organs such as simple eyes , compound eyes, antennae, statocysts or
balance organ and anal cerci.

Compound
eye

Statocyst

Antennae
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

• Sexes are separate, sexual dimorphism may be present

• Fertilisation is internal but few aquatic organisms have external

• Mostly oviparous , few viviparous

• Development may be direct or indirect

• Animals of arthropoda are most successful invaders of terrestrial

environment among invertebrates due to the presence of
(1) Cuticle (2) Appendages (3) Wings
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Classes :-
INSECTA ARACHNIDA CRUSTACEA
LEGS 6 Legs 8 Legs 10 Legs
BODY DIVISION Head, Thorax Cephalothorax Cephalothorax
and and Abdomen and Abdomen
Abdomen
RESPIRATION Trachea Book Lungs Gills
BY
EXCRETION BY Malpighian Coxal Glands Green Glands
Tubules
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
INSECTA ARACHNIDA CRUSTACEA

EXCRETORY Uric Acid Guanine Ammonia

WASTE
ANTENNAE 1 Pair Absent 2 Pairs

EYES Compound Simple Compound

Example- Insects- Spider, Scorpion Prawn, Crab

Butterfly,
Cockroach
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Examples :

Gregarious pest – Locusta (Locust)

(Polyphagous pest)

Butterfly Scorpion Spider Prawn

 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
EXAMPLES

Centipede
Living fossil – Cyclops
Limulus (King crab)

Millipede Peripatus
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
USEFUL INSECTS

(1)Honey bee (Apis) – Honey , wax

(2) Silk worm (Bombyx) – Silk

(3) Lac insect (Tachardia lacca / Laccifer) – Lac

(4) Dragon flies – Larvivorous (feed

Mosquitoes larva)
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
HARMFUL ARTHROPODS (VECTOR FOR DISEASES)
Anopheles - Malaria
Culex - Elephantiasis
Aedes - Dengue/Yellow fever
Tse-Tse fly - African sleeping sickness
Sand fly - Kala-azar
House fly - Cholera, Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Gangrene, Intestinal fever
Bed-bug - Relapsing fever/Typhus
Louse - Trench fever
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Larvae & Pupae
Caterpillar - Silkworm and Butterfly
Grub - Honey bee
Maggot - House fly
Wriggler - Mosquito
Zoea or Megalopa - Crab
Nauplius - Prawn
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
• Second largest phylum of animal kingdom.

• Animals are either terrestrial or aquatic marine or fresh water.

• Mollusca (soft bodied) are either terrestrial or aquatic (marine or

fresh water mollusc).

• Study of mollusc is called Malacology.

• Study of mollusc shell is called Conchology.

 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

Bilaterally symmetrical (Few are secondarily assymetrical eg (Snail) due

to twisting (Torsion) during development.
 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Triploblastic coelomate animals

Organ system level of organisation

 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
• Body is covered with calcareous shell and is unsegmented (except
Neopilina which is exceptionally segmented).

• Body divisions – head , visceral hump and muscular foot.

H U MP
E RAL
VISC

HEAD

MUSCULAR FOOT
 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
A soft and spongy layer of skin forms a mantle or pallium , over the
visceral hump. Mantle secrete shell made up of CaCO3 and Concheolin
protein (and chitin).

VISCERAL HUMP

L E SHELL
N T
MA
 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
The space between the hump and the mantle is called mantle cavity in
which feather like gills (Ctenidia) are present. They have respiratory and
excretory functions.

SHELL
T LE
N
MA GILL (Ctenidium)

MANTLE
CAVITY

Pila respire by pulmonary sac on land and by gills in water.

 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Digestive system is complete . The mouth contains the file Like rasping
organ called radula with transverse rows of teeth. Anus opens into the
mantle cavity .
 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Circulatory system is open (closed in Cephalopoda). It includes dorsal
pulsatile heart and a few arteries that open into sinuses. Blood has a
copper containing , blue respiratory pigment Haemocyanin.

Space around the viscera Heart

contains blood and form
haemocoel.
 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Excretory system

It includes 1 or 2 pairs Keber's organs or Organ of Bojanus, which open

into the mantle cavity.

• Excretory matter is ammonia or uric acid

 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
• Nervous system consist of three paired ganglia.
• Sense organs
(1) Eye – present over the stalk called ommatophore
(Gastropoda)
(2) Statocyst / Lithocyst – For maintaining equilibrium ,
present in foot
(3) Osphradia – Chemoreceptor / Olfactory as well as
for testing chemical and physical nature of water

Eye

Sensory
Statocyst Osphradium Tentacle
 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
• Sexual reproduction

• Sexes usually are separate or dioecious.

• They are mostly oviparous.

• Fertilisation may be external or internal.

• Development is mostly indirect.

• Larva is trochophore, glochidium (Unio) and Veliger (Pila).

 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
EXAMPLES OF PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

SCIENTIFIC
ANIMAL COMMON NAME
NAME

Apple Snail Pila

Pearl oyster Pinctada

Cuttle fish Sepia

 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
SCIENTIFIC
DIAGRAM COMMON NAME
NAME

Squid Loligo

Devil fish Octopus

Sea hare Aplysia

 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Common Scientific
Diagram
name name

Tusk shell Dentalium

Chiton Chaetopleura
 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

Connecting link
Neopilina between mollusca and
annelida

• Doris (Sea lemon)

• Turbinella (Shankh)
• Planorbis (land snail)
• Lymnea (Land snail)
• Unio (Fresh water mussel)
• Teredo (Ship worm)
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
• All echinoderms are marine .
• Generally live at the bottom and are slow moving.
 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
Body shape – star like , cylindrical, melon like , disc like and flower like
without a distinct head.

STAR FISH HOLOTHURIA

SEA URCHIN SEA LILY

 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
These animals have an endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles and hence the
name Echinodermata (spiny skinned)
 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
BODY WALL-
Skin of echinoderms consists of spines and
Pedicellarae. Pedicellarae helps to clean the
skin.
 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

SYMMETRY

RADIAL IN ADULTS BILATERAL IN LARVA

 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
Organ system level of organisation

Triploblastic , coelomate animals

 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
• WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM (AMBULACRAL SYSTEM) is distinctive
feature of echinodermata.

• Helps in locomotion , capture and transport of food and respiration.

Radial water
canal ep o rite
Madr
Ampulla

Tube foot

Stone
Ring
canal
canal
 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM is complete (Incomplete in Brittle star) , with mouth
on lower (ventral) side and anus on the upper (dorsal) side.
 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
• Respiration takes place by body surface or gills called dermal
branchiae or papulae in most of Echinoderms like Starfish.

• CIRCULATORY SYSTEM is open type .

• No heart or pumping vessel is present.

• An excretory system is absent.

• Nitrogenous waste (ammonia) diffuses out through body surface.

 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
NERVOUS SYSTEM is simple and less developed includes a nerve ring and
radial nerves with simple sense organ (No brain).

Radial nerves
Nerve ring
 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
• Reproduction is sexual.

• Animals are unisexual

• Fertilisation is external.

• Development is indirect with free swimming larva (e.g. Bipinnaria)

• Echinoderms resemble chordates in early embryonic development

due to deuterostomous and enterocoelomic condition.
 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
AUTOTOMY – Few echinoderms have great power of regenration.
They break off arms for defence purpose.
This phenomenon is called autotomy.
 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

EVISCERATION – Few echinoderms in anger or in frightened state vomit

out viscera (internal organs). This phenomenon is known as Evisceration.
E.g. Holothuria

EVISCERATION
 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
Examples :

Star fish (Asterias) Sea urchin (Echinus)

(Aristotle's lantern)

(Masticating apparatus with 5 teeth)

 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
Examples :

Sea lily Brittle star

(Antedon) (Ophiura)

Sea cucumber
(Cucumeria)
PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
 PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
• Hemichordata was earlier considered as a subphylum under phylum
chordata, but now it is placed as a separate phylum under non
chordata.

• They are connecting link between non chordates and chordates.

• This phylum consists of a small group of worm like marine animals

with organ system level of organisation.

• Bilaterally symmetrical
 PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
Triploblastic, Coelomate
 PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
Body is worm like, brittle and soft. Body is divided into three parts –
Anterior proboscis, Collar and long trunk.

Proboscis

Collar

Trunk
 PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM is complete, mostly ciliary feeder

Anus
Mouth

RESPIRATION takes place through gills (pharyngeal gill slits)

 PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM is open type.
Blood is colorless with amoeboid corpuscles .
Heart is situated dorsally. Respiratory pigment Vanadium is present in
some cases.

Ventral blood vessel

Dorsal heart
Dorsal blood vessel
 PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
A notochord like structure is found in collar region called buccal
diverticulum or stomochord (out growth of gut).

Stomochord

True notochord is absent.

Post anal tail is absent .

 PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
Excretion occurs by a single glomerulus .
This single glomerulus is situated in the proboscis
and is known as Proboscis gland.

Proboscis
 PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
• Central nervous system is just like nonchordates. Brain is present in
the form of nerve ring.
• Reproduction is sexual

• Sexes are separate (animals are unisexual).

• Fertilisation is external.

• Development is indirect.

• Larva is tornaria.
 PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
Examples

Balanoglossus – Tongue Saccoglossus

worm (Acorn worm)
PHYLUM CHORDATA
 PHYLUM CHORDATA
Dorsal hollow nerve cord.
Paired pharyngeal gill slits.
CHORDATA
Post anal tail.
Chorda Ata
Bilaterally symmetrical.
A thick string To have
Triploblastic.

Coelomate organisms.
Animal have Notochord
Organ-system level.

Closed circulatory system.

• 90-95% animals are non chordates and 3-5% animals are chordates.
 PHYLUM CHORDATA

CHORDATA CHARACTERISTICS
 PHYLUM CHORDATA
CHORDATA V/S NON-CHORDATA
CHORDATA NON- CHORDATA

Notochord is found in any stage of life. Absent.

Central nervous system is single,

Double, ventral and solid.
dorsal and hollow.

Pharyngeal gill slits present. Absent.

Heart is ventral. Heart is dorsal (if present).

A post- anal part (tail) is present. Absent

 PHYLUM CHORDATA
PHYLUM CHORDATA

Group Group
Acraniata Or Protochordata Craniata Or Euchordata
(Lower chordates) (Higher chordates)

Subphylum Subphylum Vertebrata

Urochordata

Subphylum
Cephalochordata
 PHYLUM CHORDATA

SUB PHYLUM VERTEBRATA

Division Division
Aganatha Gnathostomata
(Jaw less) (Jaw present)

C
l
a Super class Super class
s Ostracodermi
Pisces Tetrapoda
s C C
e Cyclostomata
l Placodermi l Amphibia
s a a
Chondrichthyes s Reptilia
s
s s Aves
e Osteichthyes e
s s Mammalia
 PHYLUM CHORDATA
Group : Acraniata or Protochordata
• Protochordates are exclusively marine.
• Pharyngial gill clefts are found throughout the life for respiration.
• Notochord is present in larval stages or persists throughout the
life, but skull, brain and vertebral column is absent in them.
• Notochord is not replaced by vertebral column, hence they are
chordate but not vertebrate.
• Protochordata is divided into two subphylum :-
Subphylum - 1.Urochordata
Subphylum - 2.Cephalochordata
 PHYLUM CHORDATA

Characteristic Feature Urochordata Cephalochordata

Notochord Larva - present , Adult - Larva - present , Adult -
absent present
Chordate Character Larva - present] Adult - gillslit Larva, Adult - All
Circulatory System Open Close
Excretion Supraneural Gland Flame Cell (Solenocytes)
Food Intake Ciliary feeder Ciliary feeder
Nature Larva - Free , Adult - fixed Larva , Adult - Free
Sex Bisexual Unisexual
Fertilisation External External
Developement Indirect (retrogressive Indirect
metamorphosis)
Other Feature Tadpole Larva , Endostyle
 PHYLUM CHORDATA
SUB-PHYLUM - UROCHORDATA OR TUNICATA
• All the members of this subphylum are exclusively marine.
• Notochord is found only in tail of larva but absent in adults.

• All the adult members have test all over their body, made up of a
cellulose like substance called tunicin so these animals are also called
tunicates.

Notochord (Tail of Tadpole larva)

 PHYLUM CHORDATA
Examples :-

1. Ascidia
2. Doliolum
3. Salpa
4. Herdmania - (Sea - potato)
or (sea - squirts).

Ascidia Herdmania
(Sea- potato/Sea-squirts)
 PHYLUM CHORDATA
• They all are found in shallow sea water.

• Notochord and nerve cord remain extended from anterior to tail

region. Notochord persists throughout life.

• Fundamental chordate characters remain throughout life. Larva and

adult both show chordate characters. Therefore, they are considered as
first complete chordate animals or typical chordates.
 PHYLUM CHORDATA

Branchiostoma or Amphioxus (lancelet)

 PHYLUM CHORDATA
Subphylum- Vertebrata

• Possess notochord during the embryonic period.

• Notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in

adult.

• Ventral muscular heart.

• Kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation.

• Paired appendages (fins or limbs).

 PHYLUM CHORDATA

Agnatha Ganathostomata
• Jaws are absent. • Mouth is encircled by true
jaws.
• Notochord persistent, • vertebral column well
cartilaginous vertebrae are found developed.
over the notochord. • Paired fins or limbs are
• Paired appendages are absent. present.
 PHYLUM CHORDATA
GROUP-AGNATHA
CLASS - OSTRACODERMI
• All the members of this class are extinct. These were freshwater
fishes which were first vertebrates.

CLASS - CYCLOSTOMATA
• All are ectoparasites on some fishes as well as scavangers.
• Elongated body without scales and paired fins but unpaired fins
present.
 PHYLUM CHORDATA
• Sucking and circular mouth without jaws (Jawless fishes).
• 6 to 15 pairs of gill slits for respiration.
• Notochord and vertebral column both are present.
• Cartilaginous cranium and vertebral column.
• Bones are absent

Gill slits à Respiration Sucking / Circular mouth

 PHYLUM CHORDATA
Vertebral column is cartilaginous
Cranium is
cartilaginous

Unpaired fins
Sucking and
Circular
mouth
without jaws

6-15 pairs of gill slits for

respiration Scales are absent

Petromyzon
 PHYLUM CHORDATA
• Circulation is closed type.

• Heart is two - chambered. It is called Venous - Heart.

• Kidneys are protonephric or mesonephric type.

• Three eyes are found on the head, one median pineal eye and two
lateral eye

• Only one nostril is present (monorhynous)

• Internal ear contains one or two semicircular canals. Internal ear

works as statoreceptor only.
 PHYLUM CHORDATA
• Animals are unisexual, fertilization is external, larval stage is usually
absent except:- Ammocoete larva in Petromyzon.

• Marine, but migrate for spawning to fresh water. After spawning,

they die. Their larvae, after metamorphosis, return to ocean. It is
termed as Anadromous migration .
 PHYLUM CHORDATA
e.g. • Petromyzon (Lamprey):- It is an ectoparasite
(Sanguivorous) on true fishes.

• Myxine (Hag fish) :- It has wrinkled lips resembling an old

woman. It usually remain attached with the gills of host.

Petromyzon (Lamprey) Myxine (Hag fish)

SUPER CLASS - PISCES
 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
GNATHOSTOMATA

On the basis of paired locomotory organs,

respiratory organs, heart,blood vascular system

PISCES TETRAPODA
 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
Ø Study of fish à Icthyology (includes true fishes).
Ø Animals à Cold blooded (Poikilothermal) .
Ø Body à Stream lined divided into head, trunk and tail (neck absent).

Gills Scales(dermal)
Dorsal fin
Eye Skin & slime gland

Nostrils

Mouth(having
acrodont teeth) Pelvic fin Ventral/Anal fin Caudal fin
Pectoral fin
 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - heart is two chambered (one atrium and one
ventricle) venous heart.

Bodyparts

atrium Sinus venous

Gills

Conus
arteriosu
s Single circulation
ventricle
 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
• Sinus venosus and conus arteriosus are present.

• Renal and hepatic portal systems present.

• Respiration by gills, naked or covered by operculum

• Excretion by mesonephric kidney

• Excretory matterà Urea, Tri methylamineoxide (TMAO), Ammonia.

• Urinary bladder is absent.

 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
• Cranial nerves à10 pairs.

• Ear à only internal ear present.

• Skull à Monocondylic (one occipital condyle).

• Endoskeletonà Cartilaginous or bony.

• Lateral line sensory system is present, which can detect vibrations

(rheoreceptor) and electric field.
 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
• Unisexual

• Fertilizationà Internal or external.

• Developmentà Direct .
• Fishes show seasonal migration during particular seasons.
1. Catadromous migration : Migration of fishes from fresh water to
marine water e.g. Anguilla.

2. Anadromous migration : Migration of fishes

from marine water to fresh water e.g. (1) Salmon (2) Hilsa.
 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
Super class pisces is divided into three classes:-
A. Placodermi
B. Chondrichthyes (Elasmobranchi)
C. Osteichthyes (Teleostomi)

Class - Placodermi
In this class, extinct true fishes are included. Their body was
covered by bony plates, hence these are called “Armoured fishes”.
e.g. Climatius – First jawed fish.
 SUPER CLASS - PISCES

CLASS- CLASS-
CHARACTERS
CHONDRICHTHYES OSTEICHTHYES

Habitat Marine Marine and fresh

water both

Endoskeleton Cartilagenous Bony

Scales Placoid Cycloid, Ctenoid

 SUPER CLASS - PISCES

CLASS- CLASS-
CHARACTERS
CHONDRICHTHYES OSTEICHTHYES

Mouth Ventral, Teeth are Terminal

modified placoid
scales, which are
backwardly directed.
They are predaceous,
having powerful jaws.
 SUPER CLASS - PISCES

CLASS- CLASS-
CHARACTERS
CHONDRICHTHYES OSTEICHTHYES

Gills 5 to 7 pairs 4 pairs

Operculum Absent Present

 SUPER CLASS - PISCES

CLASS- CLASS-
CHARACTERS
CHONDRICHTHYES OSTEICHTHYES

Air bladder Absent, they have to Present, help in

swim constantly to buoyancy
avoid sinking.

Spiral valve Instestine has spiral Spiral valve absent

or scroll valve, that
increase surface
area
 SUPER CLASS - PISCES

CLASS- CLASS-
CHARACTERS
CHONDRICHTHYES OSTEICHTHYES

Cloaca Present Absent

Excretory waste Urea Ammonia in fresh

water, TMAO in
marine water fish

Ampulla of Present Absent

Lorenzini
(electroreceptor)

Notochord Present throughout Notochord replaced

life by vertebral column
 SUPER CLASS - PISCES

CLASS- CLASS-
CHARACTERS
CHONDRICHTHYES OSTEICHTHYES

Claspers Present on pelvic fins Absent

(copulatory organ) in males

Fertilization Internal External

Many viviparous Mostly oviparous

 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
EXAMPLES
CLASS- CHONDRICHTHYES

Scoliodon (Dog fish)

Carcharodon (Great white shark)

 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
EXAMPLES

CLASS- CHONDRICHTHYES

Pristis (Saw fish)

 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
EXAMPLES
CLASS- CHONDRICHTHYES
Trygon (Sting ray)

Torpedo (Electric ray)

Chimaera (connecting
link between bony and
cartilagenous fishes)
 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
EXAMPLES
CLASS- OSTEICHTHYES

Hippocampus –
"Sea - horse“ –
"Pregnant male" :-
• It swims in sea water in vertical
position.
• A pouch like structure is present on
the abdomen of male fishes known
as "Brood –pouch” in this pouch
male collects the eggs.
 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
EXAMPLES
CLASS- OSTEICHTHYES

Exocoetus (Flying fish)

 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
EXAMPLES
CLASS- OSTEICHTHYES
Clarias:-"Cat fish"

Labeo (Rohu) Catla (katla)

 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
EXAMPLES
CLASS- OSTEICHTHYES
Betta (Fighting fish)

Pterophyllum (Angel Fish)

 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
EXAMPLES

CLASS- OSTEICHTHYES

Gambusia- Larvivorous Latimaria – Living

fish fossil

Wallagonia (Lachi)
(Scale less)
 SUPER CLASS - PISCES
LUNG FISHSES (GROUP - DIPNOI) :- Uncle of amphibia
• These are freshwater bony fishes and have some amphibian
like characters.
• Air bladder helps in respiration and can survive out of water.
• Three chambered heart is present.
• External and internal both the nares are present.

Lepidosiren :- South Protopterus : African

American (living fossil)
CLASS AMPHIBIA
 CLASS AMPHIBIA

Classes SUPERCLASS-TETRA PODA

AMPHIBIA REPTILIA AVES MAMMALIA

 CLASS AMPHIBIA

CLASS- AMPHIBIA
Live in aquatic as well as terrestrial
habitats. They are not found in
marine Habitat.
Amphi Bios First chordate animals which
came out of water.

Dual Life They are not able to live on land

permanently. They depend on water
for their reproduction.
Their eggs do not have a protective
covering (Non cleidoic).
 CLASS AMPHIBIA
Body is divisible into head & trunk. Tail present in some amphibians.
Moist,without
Scales,glands
Tympanum present,
Represents ear metachrosis
Trunk
Eyes with eyelids Head Skin

Cloaca
Nostrils

Mouth

Forelimbs Hindlimbs
(4 digits) (5 digits)
 CLASS AMPHIBIA
Ø Numerous glands are found for moistening the skin and also Poisonous
glands are present in skin .
E.g. - Bufo

Gland

Skin
 CLASS AMPHIBIA
• Well developed and complete alimentary canal with digestive glands
(salivary glands absent in frog).
• Alimentary canal, urinary bladder and genital ducts open into cloaca.

• Teeth are pleurodont, homodont and polyphyodont (Acrodont in frog)

Oesophagus

Urinary Stomach
bladder

Intestine

Cloacal aperture
 CLASS AMPHIBIA
• Respiration by gills (in larva), skin, lungs and buccopharyngeal cavity.

Most common
Skin
respiratory organ
Lungs
Buccopharyngeal Gills
cavity

(Adult)
(Larva)
 CLASS AMPHIBIA
• Heart is three chambered, (2 atria and 1 ventricle) R.B.Cs are
biconvex, oval and nucleated.
• Truncus arteriosus is well developed
• Renal portal system and hepatic portal system are found.

Superior vena cava Right Auricle

RBC Superior vena cava
Pulmonary
Veins
Sinus venosus

Left Auricle Ventricle

Inferior vena cava
 CLASS AMPHIBIA
• Skull is dicondylic.

Occipital condyles
 CLASS AMPHIBIA
• Eyes have eyelids.
• Only one ear ossicle columella (stapes) is present in middle ear. A
Tympanum represents the ear.

Tympanum
 CLASS AMPHIBIA
• Cranial nerves are 10 - pairs in number.
• Lateral line sensory system is found only in larval stage.
• Excretory organ kidney (1 pair) (mesonephric) (Ureotelic) But tailed
amphibians and larvae are Ammonotelic.
 CLASS AMPHIBIA
• Poikilothermic animals.
• Hibernation or aestivation found.
• Sexes are separate.

FEMALE MALE
 CLASS AMPHIBIA
• Fertilization is external and takes place in water, (some animals
show internal fertilization).
• They are oviparous, lay eggs in water.

Frog with eggs

 CLASS AMPHIBIA
• Development is indirect.

• Tadpole larva- In Frog,

• Axolotl larva- In Salamander

 CLASS AMPHIBIA
Examples: Class- Amphibia

Rana (Frog) Ichthyophis

(Limbless amphibian)
 CLASS AMPHIBIA
Examples: Class- Amphibia

Hyla (Tree frog) Bufo (Toad)

Salamandra
(Salamander)
 CLASS REPTILIA
Study à"Herpetology"

CLASS - REPTILIA First successful terrestrial animals.

Creeping or crawling mode of

locomotion hence called reptilia.
 CLASS REPTILIA
• They are mostly terrestrial and few aquatic

• Body is divided into head, neck, trunk and tail.

 CLASS REPTILIA
• Skin is dry, cornified, rough and non glandular.

• Their body is covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales or

scutes (horny epidermal scales or bony scutes or bony plates form
exoskeleton).
 CLASS REPTILIA
• Snakes & Lizards shed their scales as skin cast.
 CLASS REPTILIA
• Limbs when present are two pairs. In these animals, each limb has
five digits. Each digit has incurved nails.
• A complete alimentary canal is found in these animals, which opens
into cloaca.
• Teeth are homodont, polyphyodont and mostly pleurodont
(Acrodont and thecodont in few).
Stomach
Trachea Pancreas
Oesophagus Intestine

Nostrils Cloaca
Lungs Liver
 CLASS REPTILIA
• Respiration in these animals is by lungs through out the life.
• Heart is usually 3-chambered but it is 4-chambered in Crocodiles.
Both right and left systemic arches are present.
• Sinus venosus is ill developed and truncus arteriosus is absent.

• RBCs are oval and nucleated.

Reptile’s heart Crocodile’s heart

 CLASS REPTILIA
• One pair of Metanephric kidneys help in excretion.

• These animals are uricotelic for water conservation.

Cloaca
 CLASS REPTILIA
• Skull is monocondylic. Ribs are present.
• They do not have external ear opening.
Tympanum represents ear.
 CLASS REPTILIA
• There are 12 – pairs of cranial nerves in these animals.

• At the roof of buccal cavity Jacobson‘s organ (olfactory) is present.

Brain

Jacobson‘s
organ

Tongue
 CLASS REPTILIA
• Genital aperture is not separate from anus. Ureters, genital ducts
and alimentary canal open into a cloaca.
• Sexes are separate.These are unisexual animals.

• Fertilization is internal. One or two penis (hemipenis) is found in

male animals as copulatory organ. They are oviparous. Eggs are
leathery and cleidoic.
 CLASS REPTILIA
• This class is grouped under Amniota group. (Fishes and amphibians
are anamniotes)

• These are Cold blooded (Poikilothermal) animals. Their body

temperature vary according to climate.

• Development is direct i.e. larval stage is absent.

• Parental care present in this class.

 CLASS REPTILIA
EXAMPLES

Testudo (Tortoise)

Chelone (Turtle)
 CLASS REPTILIA
EXAMPLES Calotes (garden lizard)
Chameleon (tree lizard)

Hemidactylus (wall lizard)

 CLASS REPTILIA
EXAMPLES
Alligator (alligator)

Crocodilus (crocodile)

Gavialis (gharial)
 CLASS REPTILIA
EXAMPLES

POISONOUS SNAKES Vipera (viper)

Naja (Cobra) Bungarus (Krait)

 CLASS REPTILIA
EXAMPLES
Python (Ajgar)

NON POISONOUS SNAKES

Eryx (Dumuhi)

Rat snake
 CLASS - AVES

• Study of BIRDS “ORNITHOLOGY"

• Dr. Salim Ali à"Birdman of India"
• They are called feathered bipeds or glorified reptiles.
 CLASS - AVES
• All types of birds are included in this class.
• They are warm-blooded (homoiothermous) animals.

• Streamlined body divided into head, neck, trunk and tail. Neck is
long and flexible.

Head
Neck
Trunk

Tail
 CLASS - AVES
• The characteristic features of Aves (birds) are the presence of
feathers and most of them can fly except flightless birds (e.g.,
Ostrich).

Body covered by Feathers

 CLASS - AVES
• Birds are feathered bipeds. Exoskeleton is in the form of soft
feathers all over the body (except hind limbs where scales are
present).

• Feathers are derivative of epidermal scales.

Beak

Feather

Hind Limbs
 CLASS - AVES
• Skin is dry without glands except the oil gland or preen gland at the
base of the tail or Uropygium.

Preen gland
 CLASS - AVES
• Forelimbs (with three digits) are modified into wings, which help in
flying.

• Hind limbsà Four clawed digits à Scales found

Hind limbs
 CLASS - AVES
• HIND LIMBS Best adapted for sitting on branches of trees for perching or
clasping, for walking on land, or for swimming in water).

SITTING PERCHING

WALKING SWIMMING
 CLASS - AVES
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Teeth are absent in jaws. Jaws are modified into horny beak.

• Additional chambers in digestive tract, the crop and gizzard. Pigeon

or crop milk is secreted by both sexes (Crop product).

• Three chambered cloaca is present .

Mouth
Liver Intestine
Oesophagus
Crop
Proventriculus
Gizzard Cloaca
Pancreas (3 chambered)
 CLASS - AVES
RESPIRSTORY SYSTEM
• Spongy lungs are present for respiration.
• Air sacs are also found.
• Air sac connected to lungs supplement respiration.
• Sound producing organ at the junction of trachea and bronchi of birds
is called syrinx.

TRACHEA
SYRINX

ANTERIOR AIR
SAC
LUNG
POSTERIOR AIR
SAC
 CLASS - AVES
• Heart is completely four chambered, only Right aortic arch present.

• Hepatic portal system is well developed in birds.

 CLASS - AVES
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Endoskeleton is fully ossified (bony). Long bones are hollow à
pneumatic bones. They make the body light in weight and help in
flying.

• Sternum is large. Swollen basal part of sternum is called "Keel", this

keel offers a joint plane for connecting flight muscles in flying birds.
 CLASS - AVES
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Some vertebrae of the posterior body portion joint together to
form synsacrum.

• Last 4 or 5 caudal vertebrae fused to form pygostyle.

• Two bones, clavicle and interclavicle fuse to form V - shaped bone

called furcula or Wish bone or Merry thought bone. Which Act as
a spring between two pectoral girdles.

Synsacrum
Ribs Pygostyle
Keel

• Monocondylic skull is present.

 CLASS - AVES
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• Kidneys metanephric. Ureters open into cloaca.
• Birds do not have a urinary bladder.
• Excretory waste is semisolid uric acid (URICOTELIC)

Testis

Kidney
Genital duct
Rectum Ureter

Cloaca
 CLASS - AVES
• Brain is large, smooth and highly developed.
• Cerebellum is well developed for aerial mode of life.
• Cranial nerves are 12 – Pairs in number.
• Olfactory organs are less - developed.
 CLASS - AVES
EYE
Pecten

• In eyes comb like structure Pecten is present, which Provides nutrition

to eye ball.
• Pecten is found in all birds except kiwi's eyes.
• Helps in Acute vision and Telescopic vision
• Monocular vision
• Nictitating membrane is present
 CLASS - AVES
EAR
• External ears are present but ear pinnae are absent.
• Columella bone (stapes) (one ossicle) is found in middle ear.

Columella

Cochlea
 CLASS - AVES
REPRODUCTION
• Birds are unisexual.
• Sexual dimorphism is present.
 CLASS - AVES
• Birds are monodelphic i.e. only left ovary and left oviduct is functional
in females.

OVARY

OVA

OVIDUCT
RUDIMENTARY
OVARY, OVIDUCT CLOACA

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF FEMALE BIRD

 CLASS - AVES
• Fertilization is internal.

• They are egg laying i.e. Oviparous.

• Development is direct.

• Eggs are cleidoic.

• Embryonic membranes are present, so birds are included under

group Amniota.

• Parental care is well marked.

Archaeopteryx- Missing link between reptiles and birds

 CLASS - AVES
Examples

Corvus (Crow) Columba (Pigeon)

 CLASS - AVES
Examples

Psittacula (Parrot) Pavo (Peacock)

 CLASS - AVES
Examples

Neophron (Vulture) Struthio (Ostrich)

 CLASS - AVES
Examples

Aptenodytes (Penguin)

Humming bird-smallest bird Eudynamys (koel)

PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
• They are mostly microscopic, cosmopoliton- aquatic, terrestrial, free
living (Amoeba) or parasitic (Plasmodium), solitary or colonial
(Proterospongia).

Amoeba

Plasmodium

Proterospongia
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
• In includes unicellular eukaryotes where one celled body performs all
the biological activities like multicellular animals. So they are termed as
"Acellular" organisms, proposed by Dobell.
• They have varying body shapes and are mostly asymmetrical.

• Protoplasm is uninucleated or multinucleated .

• Animals are naked or covered by delicate membrane or a firm

pellicle/test/ shell.

• Exoskeleton in Radiolarian group ------ Made up of Silica.

• Exoskeleton in Forminiferan group ---- Made up of CaCO3.
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
• Few organisms show nuclear dimorphism e.g. Paramoecium.

• Protoplasmic level of Macronucleus

organisation

Micronucleus
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
Locomotory structures-

(1) Pseudopodia- Amoeba, Entamoeba

(2) Whip like flagella –Trypanosoma

(3) Hairy cilia -Paramoecium

(4) Absent in sporozoans- Plasmodium

 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA

• All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predator or parasites.They

are believed to primitive relatives of all animals

• Nutrition – Holozoic (Amoeba) , Parasitic (Plasmodium) .

• Digestion is intracellular takes place in food vacuole.

• Respiration and excretion takes place by exchange of gases through

body surface.

• Nitrogenous waste is ammonia.

 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
OSMOREGULATION

• By contractile vacuole(Present in fresh water protozoans). Elimination of

excess water through contractile vacuole,is known as Osmoregulation.

Osmoregulation
in paramoecium
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
REPRODUCTION
(a) Irregular/ Simple binary fission (Amoeba)
Asexual reproduction
1.Binary fission

(b) Transverse fission (Paramecium)

BINARY FISSION

(c) Longitudinal fission (Trypansoma, Euglena)

 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
2. Multiple fission-(Plasmodium)

3. Budding in Ephelota (Sessile protozoan)

Syngamy eg. (Plasmodium)

SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Conjugation eg. (Paramecium)
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
• They do not have natural death because in Unicellular animals there
is no differentiation of somatoplasm and germplasm, hence they are
considered IMMORTAL.
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
CLASSES OF PROTOZOA
On the basis of locomotory organs
1. CLASS-Mastigophora or Flagellata
• Locomotory structure – Flagella, aquatic and endoparasite
• Proterospongia - Connecting link between Protozoa & Porifera
Protozoa Disease Vector
Leishmania Kala azar or Sand fly
donovani Dumdum fever (Phlebotomus)
Leishmania Oriental sore
tropica
Trypanosoma African sleeping Tse-Tse fly
gambiense sickness (Glossina palpalis)
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
• Giardia intestinalis- (Grand old man of intestine) Human Parasite,
Disease - Giardiasis

• Trichomonas vaginalis -Human Parasite - in vagina of females.

Disease - Leucorrhoea (White discharge)

• Trichonympha-Symbiont in intestine of termite for digestion of cellulose.

Secretes glucosidases.
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
CLASS-Sarcodina or Rhizopoda (Amoeboid protozoans)

• Psuedopodia present
• Aquatic (free living) and Endoparasite
(a) Amoeboid -
e.g. : Amoeba proteus
Entamoeba histolytica Parasite in colon of man causes amoebic
dysentery (Dimorphic)
Entamoeba gingivalis
Parasite between teeth of man increase pyorrhoea
(b) Actinophrys - Sun animalcule
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
CLASS-SPOROZOA-
Locomotory structure absent

e.g. - Plasmodium The most notorious porozoan is plasmodium

(malarial parasite) whichcauses malaria, a diseasewhich has a
staggering effecton human population.

e.g.-Nosema - causes pebrine disease in silkworm

e.g.-Babesia - texas fever in cattle (red water fever)

CLASS-CILIATA- Locomotory structure Cilia

Endoparasite and Aquatic

e.g. - Paramecium(Slipper animalcule), Vorticella
(Bell animalcule)
PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
PHYLUM-PROTOZOA