Mathematics

of
Design and Arts
Transformation
and Isometries
 Transformation

The four types of

transformations in
the plane are
rotation, translation,
reflection, and
dilation.
 Translation

Slides a figure in
any particular
direction or
distance.
 Rotation

Turns a figure
about certain point
in a plane.
 Reflection

Mirrors a figure over a

line.
 Dilation
Shrinks or expands a
figure by some scaling
factor. Each side of the
polygon gets smaller
or larger with the
same scale.
 Translation and
reflection can be
combined to yield an
effect. This
transformation is known
as glide reflection.
Isometries An isometry, such as a
rotation, translation, or
reflection, does not change
the size or shape of the
figure.
Example of Isometry Not an Isometry since the figure shrinks
and expand
 SYMMETRY
Indicates that you can draw an imaginary
line across an object and resulting parts
are mirror images of each other.
 Bilateral
Symmetry
3-fold symmetry
4-fold symmetry
5-fold symmetry
6-fold symmetry
3 broad types 1.Rossete patterns
of symmetry 2.Frieze patterns
3.Wallpaper patterns
Rossete The rosette pattern has
pattern only reflections and
rotations, has no
translation.
Frieze pattern The frieze pattern
has reflection and
rotations. It also
contains translation
and glide reflections.
Wallpaper If translation symmetry is
patterns added in a second
direction, one gets
wallpaper groups. It
turns out that there are
only 17 different
wallpaper groups.
TESSELLATION
Tessellation A pattern covering a plane
by fitting together replicas
of the same basic shape.
The word tessellation
comes from Latin word
tessera, which means a
square tablet or a die used
in gambling.
In geometrical terminology, a
tessellation is a pattern
resulting from the
arrangement of regular
polygons to cover a plane
without any gap or overlap.
The pattern is continuously
repeated.
 Types of 1.Regular Tessellation
Tessellations
2. Semi-regular
Tessellation
3. Demi-regular
Tessellation
 • A tessellation made up of
Regular congruent polygons. It has the
Tessellation following properties.

1. The tessellation must tile floor

with no overlap or gaps.
2. The tiles must be the same
polygons.
3. All vertices must look the same.
Not all regular polygon tessellate.
Semi-regular • Also called Archimedes
Tessellation tessellations. A regular
tessellation of two or more
different polygons around a
vertex and each vertex has
the same arrangement of
polygon.
Demi-regular An edge-to-edge tessellation,
Tessellations but the order or arrangement
of polygon at each vertex is
not the same.
FRACTALS
 • The word “fractal” was coined
What is in 1980 by Belgian
Fractal? mathematician Benoit
Mandelbrot (1924 – 2010).
Mandelbrot chose the name
“fractal” because it reminds
him of the word “fraction”.
• Fractals involve symmetry of magnification (called dilation).
Different types of fractal have basic components that are similar
to the whole.
Properties of 1. Self-similarity
Fractal 2. Fractional dimension
3. Formation by iteration
 Self-Similarity
• Geometric figures are similar if they have the same
shape. Self similar object appear the same under
magnification.
 • Geometry deals with objects with
Fractal
integer dimensions. Example are
Dimension the zero-dimensional (point), one-
dimensional (line), two-
dimensional (plane), and three-
dimensional (cube). Fractals,
however, can have fractional
dimensions.
 Iterative • Fractal are often formed by what is
called an iterative process. This
Formation
can be observed in the “levels” of
fractal constructed to be discussed
next.
Fractal • Fractal geometry has
Applications permeated many areas of
science, computer graphics,
engineering, and medicine.
Here is a list of some of the
practical applications of
fractals in different fields of
knowledge.
Fractal can be observed all over nature. The same patterns can be seen again
and again.
Fractal in nature

Trees Fern and mountains

Lightning Clouds and ocean waves
 Fractal in
Geometry
• Geometric fractal, for example,
can be made by repeating simple
process involving plane
transformations. Examples
include the Sierpinski triangle
and the Koch snowflake.
Iterations are repeated an infinite Sierpinski Koch Snowflakes
number of times.
Triangle
Fractal in
Astrophysicist
• Fractal nature of
interstellar gas,
like smoke trails
or clouds in the
sky.
Fractal in
Biologist
Fractal in
Architecture
Fractal in Computer
Science
Fractal in
Engineering