SELF-LEARNING MODULE

in
Mathematics 10
Quarter 2: Module 5
“Long Division Algorithm and
Synthetic Division”
GLAIZA JOY R. TULABING

Student’s Name: ___________________________________________________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________________ Date: ________________________

Content Standard

The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of sequences, polynomials

and polynomial equations.

Performance Standard

The learner is able to formulate and solve problems involving sequences, polynomials
and polynomial equations in different disciplines through appropriate and accurate
representations.

Statement of Purpose

This module will help you how to find the quotient and remainder of a polynomial
expression using the long division and synthetic division.

Values Integration

ACTS – Achieves Excellence through Perseverance

Competency & Learning Targets

At the end of the module, you can find the quotient and remainder of a polynomial
expression by:

a) using the long division and synthetic division; and

b) performing division of polynomials using long division and synthetic division.
 Agreement
Please read and follow the agreement below. Affix your Full Name and Signature on the
space provided below the agreement after reading and understanding this agreement.

My signature indicates that I will exercise complete academic honesty (e.g. not
sharing anything from this module with others who may be taking some version of it
or engaging in any form of cheating). I also acknowledge that any confirmed act of
dishonesty will result in the disqualification of this module and appropriate
sanctions, including parent-teacher conference and a total score of Zero (0) for this
module.

__________________________________________
Signature over Printed Name

Prayer
Pray first before answering this module. You may say your own prayer or you may read the
prayer I prepared for you below. You may now enter the holy presence of God…

God of wisdom, I thank You for the knowledge gained and the learning experiences
during this time of pandemic. I come to You this day and ask You to illuminate my
heart and mind. Let Your spirit be with me as I answer this module. Guide my
studies and give me insight so that I can perform to the best of my ability. Please
grant me the strength to handle the pressure in this time of crisis, the confidence to
feel secure in my knowledge, and the ability to keep an appropriate perspective
through it all. Help me to keep in mind what is truly important, even as I focus my
time and energy on this module. Finally, may I sense you peace in knowing that I
applied myself to the challenges of this day. Amen…

I - Introduction

Panagdait sa Diyos ug sa tanang kabuhatan!

Welcome and Congratulations! You have made it
to the next module. So, are you ready? Let’s
begin!
Let us have a quick review about our previous
lesson which was all about The Remainder and
Factor Theorems. Again, when we say the
remainder theorem, it states that the
polynomial P(x) is divided by x-a, then the
remainder is the value P(a). Factor theorem, on
the other hand, states that if P(a) = 0, then x-a
is a factor of the polynomial P(x). Conversely, if
x-a is a factor of P(x), then P(a) = 0.

P a g e 2 |The Long Division Algorithm and Synthetic Division

 A. Pre-Test
Get the quotient of the following problems.

a. x3 - 1/ x – 1
b. x3 – 1/ x + 1

B. Transition / Linking Statement

Division of polynomials in degrees 1 and 2 is easy using various methods.

However, division of polynomials of a higher degree can be quite tasking and
difficult, especially when there is a bigger number of terms resulting from
expanding expansions with higher values of exponents. We will be taking more about
this and other related things. Cheer up and get ready!

Lesson 1 Long Division Algorithm

What is it?

The Long Division Algorithm

Given the polynomials P(x) and D(x), where D(x) ≠ 0, there exist unique polynomials Q(x) and R(x), where
R(x) is either 0 or of a degree less than D(x) such that

P(x) = D(x) .Q(x) + R(x)

where P(x) is called the dividend, D(x) is the divisor, Q(x) is the quotient, and R(x) is the remainder.

Example : Divide x2 – x – 10 by x-2.

Solution: Using long division,

−8 8
Hence, the quotient is x+1 + or x + 1 -
x−2 x−2

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To find the quotient using long division, do the following steps:

1. Write the dividend and the divisor as you used to when dividing whole numbers.

2. Divide the first term (x2) of the dividend by the first term (x) of the divisor. Write the
answer on the top of the vinculum (the horizontal bar on top of the dividend), aligned with
the term in the dividend having the same degree.

3. Multiply the quotient obtained in the previous step by the divisor, then write the answer below the
dividend, just like in normal division.

4. Subtract the result in step 3 from the corresponding terms in the dividend and write the difference
below. Then, bring down the succeeding term.

5. Repeat step 2 by taking the first term (x) of the result obtained in step 4 and dividing it by the first
term (x) of the divisor. Write the answer on top, right after x.

P a g e 4 |The Long Division Algorithm and Synthetic Division

 6. Again, multiply the result obtained in the previous step by the divisor and write the product below
x-10. Then, get the difference.

Lesson 2 Synthetic Division

What is it?

Synthetic Division
Synthetic division is the simplest and shortest way of dividing polynomials by linear
expressions of the form x-a. In this method, only essential parts of the long division are written.

Example: Divide x2 – x – 10 by x-2 using synthetic division.

Solution: To perform synthetic division, do the following steps:

1. Arrange the terms of the polynomial in descending order of powers then write horizontally
the coefficient of each term. Replace every missing term with zero.
The terms of the given polynomial are already arranged in descending order of power. So, the
coefficients can now be written horizontally as follows:
1 -1 -10

2. Write the value of a (from the divisor x-a) on the left of the first numerical coefficient then
put a combination of a vertical and a horizontal bar to separate a from the coefficients.

In this example, x-a = x-2. Thus, a = 2.

3.Draw a horizontal bar one space below the coefficients, and then bring down the first
coefficient.

P a g e 5 |The Long Division Algorithm and Synthetic Division

 4. Multiply the
coefficient by a
= 2 and then write the product below the next coefficient.

5. Add the result in step 4 and the second coefficient, then write the sum below the
horizontal bar.

6.Repeat step 4 and 5 until there are no coefficients left.

7.Finally, take all the numbers in the last row (except the last one) as the coefficients of the
term in the quotient. The quotient must have a degree of 1 less than that of the dividend.

The dividend in the example is a quadratic expression (degree 2), so the quotient must
be a linear expression (degree 1) written as x + 1, and -8 serves as the remainder.

Now that your done studying the concept notes above. Answer the following activities and try
to find out if you have understood the lesson completely. If you still have confusions, try
reading the concept notes again. Enjoy!

P a g e 6 |The Long Division Algorithm and Synthetic Division

 II - Interaction
This part of the module will serve as your practice and exercise in mastering the concept
of the long division algorithm and synthetic division read from the concept notes. Answer
all of these activities I have prepared for you.

A. Learning Activities
Lesson 1 Activity # 1
Instructions: Using long division algorithm, find the quotient of the following polynomials. Identify the
quotient and remainder. Show your complete solutions on another sheet of paper.
1. x2 + 4x – 8 is divided by x+3.
2. 4x2 – 3x – 7 is divided by 2x-1
3. 6x3 + x2 – 12x + 7 is divided by 3x-4

Excellent Job! Now that you have completed the Activity # 1, you may now proceed to the next
activity.

Lesson 2 Activity # 1
Instructions: Using synthetic division, find the quotient and remainder of the following
polynomials. Show your complete solutions on another paper.

1. 3x2 + 5x – 4 is divided by x + 3.
2. 3x3 + 2x2 -3x-2 is divided by x + 1
3. x3 + 9x2 + 23x + 15 is divided by x+5

Excellent Job! Now that you have completed the activities, you may now proceed to the assessment
below to measure how well you understood the lesson.

B. Assessment Technique
Instructions: Let’s find out how much you already know about this module. Answer the following
problems and show your solutions on another paper.
1. What is the value of k such that 3x2 – 5 x – 6 divided by x-k has remainder 2?
2. What is the quotient when 3x5 -5x2 + 10 is divided by x + 7.

PROCESSING QUESTION:

1. What is the difference between synthetic division and long division when dividing polynomials?

2. How is synthetic division used in dividing polynomials?

III - Integration P a g e 7 |The Long Division Algorithm and Synthetic Division

 This part of the module will help you understand the lesson, and will deepen your
understanding. Answer all the remaining activities.

A. Transfer of Learning
Create a puzzle or a game that would use your skills in dividing polynomials through synthetic division. Be
creative. Present your output using bondpaper of PowerPoint Presentation.

B. Reflection
Instructions: Read and answer the question below.

Every journey begins with the first step. If you opt not to take it, you go nowhere.
Solving a problem is similar. You need to think of a first move and take the first move. In
time a solution is achieved.
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C. Closure

Instructions: Complete the Frayer Model below. Show your answers on another paper.

Definition Facts/Characteristics

Examples Synthetic Division Non-examples

Great job! We are finally done with our fourth

module! I hope that this module helps you
understand the lesson better. Thank you for
answering all the activities honestly and diligently!
See you in our next journey together!

P a g e 8 |The Long Division Algorithm and Synthetic Division

 Glossary
1. Long division algorithm states that polynomials P(x) and D(x), where D(x) ≠ 0, there exist unique
polynomials Q(x) and R(x), where R(x) is either 0 or of a degree less than D(x) such that
P(x) = D(x) .Q(x) + R(x)
2. Synthetic division is the simplest and shortest way of dividing polynomials by linear expressions
of the form x-a. In this method, only essential parts of the long division are written.

R e fe re n c e
s Oli, Mario C., et al, Practical Math, Makati City Philippines, Diwa Learning Systems Inc.,
(Math Textbook)
(pp. 58– 65),

About the Author

Name: Glaiza Joy R. Tulabing
Email: glaizajoy1998@gmail.com
FB Account: Glaiza Joy Redelosa Tulabing
Contact #: 09103284128

P a g e 9 |The Long Division Algorithm and Synthetic Division