A Text Book Of

OPERATING
SYSTEMS
(22516)
Semester - V
THIRD YEAR DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GROUP

As Per MSBTE's ‘I’ Scheme Syllabus

Vijay T. Patil
M.E. (Computer Engineering)
Head, Dept. of Computer Engineering Vidyalankar Polytechnic
Wadala (E), Mumbai

Prashant B. Jawalkar
M.E. (I.T.)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Engineering
JSPM's Bhivarabai Sawant Institute of Technology & Research (BSIOTR)
Wagholi, Pune

Price ` 160.00

N4539
OPERATING SYSTEMS ISBN 978-93-89108-10-1
First Edition : June 2019
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Preface …
We take an opportunity to present this book entitled as “Operating Systems” to the students of
Fifth Semester (Third Year Diploma in Computer Engineering and Information Technology Group). The
object of this book is to present the subject matter in a most concise and simple manner. The book is
written strictly according to the Revised Syllabus (I-Scheme) prepared by Maharashtra State Board
of Technical Education (MSBTE).

This book contains Six constructive chapters.

• First chapter gives an overview of operating systems. Basic concepts in operating system and
its types are also explained in this chapter.

• Second chapter focuses on services and components of operating system.

• Third chapter covers the process management in operating system.

• Fourth chapter deals with scheduling and scheduling algorithms in operating system.

• Fourth chapter gives memory management concepts in operating system.

• File management is covered in Sixth chapter.

A special words of thank to Shri. Dineshbhai Furia, Mr. Jignesh Furia for showing full faith in us
to write this text book. We also thank to Mr. Amar Salunkhe and Mr. Akbar Shaikh of M/s Nirali
Prakashan for their excellent co-operation.

We also thank Ms. Chaitali Takale, Mr. Ravindra Walodare, Mr. Sachin Shinde, Mr. Ashok Bodke,
Mr. Moshin Sayyed and Mr. Nitin Thorat.

We welcome constructive suggestions from our colleagues and students.

Authors
Syllabus ...
1. Overview of Operating System
1.1 Operating System - Concept, Components of Operating System, Operations of OS - Program
Management, Resource Management, Security and Protection, Views of OS - User View, System View.
1.2 Different Types of Operating Systems - Batch Operating System, Multi Programmed, Time Shared OS,
Multiprocessor Systems, Distributed Systems, Real Time Systems. Mobile OS (Android, iOS).
1.3 Command Line Based OS - DOS, Unix GUI Based OS - Windows, Linux.

2. Services and Components of Operating System

2.1 Different Services of Operating System.
2.2 System Calls - Concept, Types of System Calls.
2.3 OS Components - Process Management, Main Memory Management, File Management, I/O System
Management, Secondary Management.
2.4 Use of Operating System Tools, User Management, Security Policy, Device Management, Performance
Monitor, Task Scheduler.

3. Process Management
3.1 Process - Process States, Process Control Block (PCB).
3.2 Process Scheduling - Scheduling Queues, Schedulers, Context Switch.
3.3 Inter-process Communication (IPC) - Introduction, Shared Memory System and Message Passing
System.
3.4 Threads - Benefits, Users and Kernel Threads, Multithreading Models - Many to One, One to One, Many
to Many.
3.5 Execute Process Commands - like ps, wait, sleep, exit, kill.

4. CPU Scheduling and Algorithms

4.1 Scheduling Types - Scheduling Objectives, CPU and I/O Burst Cycles, Pre-emptive, Non-pre-emptive
Scheduling, Scheduling Criteria.
4.2 Types of Scheduling Algorithms - First Come First Served (FCFS), Shortest Job First (SJF), Shortest
Remaining Time (SRTN), Round Robin (RR), Priority Scheduling, Multilevel Queue Scheduling.
4.3 Deadlock - System Models, Necessary Conditions Leading to Deadlocks, Deadlock Handling -
Preventions, Avoidance.

5. Memory Management
5.1 Basic Memory Management - Partitioning, Fixed and Variable, Free Space Management Techniques
Bitmap, Linked List.
5.2 Virtual Memory - Introduction to Paging, Segmentation, Fragmentation, and Page Fault.
5.3 Page Replacement Algorithms: FIFO, LRU, Optimal.

6. File Management
6.1 File - Concepts, Attributes, Operations, Types and File System Structure.
6.2 Access Methods - Sequential, Direct, Swapping, File Allocation Methods - Contiguous, Linked, Indexed.
6.3 Directory Structure - Single Level, Two Levels, Tree-structured Directory, Disk Organization and Disk
Structure - Physical Structure, Logical Structure, Raid Structure of Disk, Raid Level 0 to 6.
Contents ...
1. Overview of Operating System 1.1 – 1.28
1.0 Introduction 1.1
1.1 Operating System 1.2
1.1.1 Concept of Operating System 1.2
1.1.2 Structure of Operating System / Components of Operating System 1.2
1.1.3 Components of Computer System 1.3
1.1.4 Classification of Operating System 1.4
1.1.5 Functions of Operating System 1.5
1.1.6 Examples of Popular Operating System 1.6
1.1.7 Operations of Operating System 1.6
1.1.7.1 Program Management 1.7
1.1.7.2 Resource Management 1.7
1.1.7.3 Security and Protection 1.7
1.1.8 Views of Operating System 1.8
1.1.8.1 User View 1.8
1.1.8.2 System View 1.8
1.2 Types of Operating Systems 1.8
1.2.1 Serial Processing (Sequential Processing) 1.9
1.2.2 Batch Operating System 1.9
1.2.3 Multiprogramming Systems 1.11
1.2.4 Multitasking Operating System 1.12
1.2.5 Time Sharing Systems 1.14
1.2.6 Multiprocessor Systems 1.15
1.2.7 Distributed Systems 1.16
1.2.8 Real Time Systems 1.18
1.2.9 Clustered Systems 1.19
1.2.10 Mobile Operating System 1.20
1.3 Command Line Based OS and GUI Based OS 1.23
1.3.1 Command Line Interface (CLI) Based OS 1.23
1.3.1.1 MS-DOS 1.23
1.3.1.2 Unix 1.23
1.3.2 Graphical User Interface (GUI) Based OS 1.24
1.3.2.1 Windows 1.25
1.3.2.2 Linux 1.25
• Practice Questions 1.27
• MSBTE’s Questions & Answers 1.27

2. Services and Components of Operating System 2.1 – 2.18

2.0 Introduction 2.1
2.1 Overview of Services in OS 2.1
2.2 Operating System Services 2.2
2.3 System Calls 2.4
2.3.1 Concept of System Calls 2.4
2.3.2 Types of System Calls 2.6
2.4 Operating System Components 2.8
2.4.1 Process Management 2.8
2.4.2 Main Memory Management 2.9
2.4.3 File Management 2.9
2.4.4 I/O System Management 2.9
2.4.5 Secondary Storage Management 2.10
 2.5 Use of Operating System Tools (Linux) 2.10
2.5.1 User Management 2.10
2.5.2 Security Policy 2.11
2.5.3 Device Management 2.12
2.5.4 Performance Monitor 2.13
2.5.5 Task Scheduler 2.15
• Practice Questions 2.16
• MSBTE’s Questions & Answers 2.16

3. Process Management 3.1 – 3.30

3.0 Introduction 3.1
3.1 Process 3.1
3.1.1 Process Model 3.3
3.1.2 Process States 3.3
3.1.3 Process Control 3.4
3.1.4 Process Control Block (PCB) 3.4
3.1.5 Operations on Processes 3.5
3.2 Process Scheduling 3.7
3.2.1 Scheduling Queues 3.7
3.2.2 Schedulers 3.9
3.2.3 Context Switch 3.11
3.3 Interprocess Communication (IPC) 3.12
3.3.1 Introduction to IPC 3.13
3.3.2 Shared Memory System 3.13
3.3.3 Message Passing System 3.14
3.4 Threads 3.19
3.4.1 Benefits 3.21
3.4.2 User and Kernel Threads 3.21
3.4.2.1 User Threads 3.22
3.4.2.2 Kernel Threads 3.22
3.4.3 Multithreading Models 3.23
3.4.3.1 One-to-One Model 3.23
3.4.3.2 Many-to-One Model 3.24
3.4.3.3 Many-to-Many Model 3.24
3.5 Execute Process Commands (ps, wait, sleep, exit, kill) 3.25
• Practice Questions 3.28
• MSBTE’s Questions & Answers 3.28

4. CPU Scheduling and Algorithms 4.1 – 4.38

4.0 Introduction 4.1
4.1 Scheduling Types 4.2
4.1.1 Scheduling Objectives 4.2
4.1.2 CPU – I/O Burst Cycles 4.3
4.1.3 Scheduling Criteria 4.4
4.1.4 Types of Scheduling (Pre-Emptive and Non-Preemptive) 4.4
4.1.4.1 Pre-Emptive Scheduling 4.5
4.1.4.2 Non-Preemptive Scheduling 4.5
4.2 Scheduling Algorithms 4.6
4.2.1 First Come First Serve (FCFS) Scheduling Algorithm 4.7
4.2.2 Shortest Job First (SJF) Scheduling Algorithm 4.8
4.2.3 Shortest Remaining Time Next (SRTN) Scheduling Algorithm 4.12
4.2.4 Priority Scheduling Algorithm 4.13
4.2.5 Round Robin (RR) Scheduling Algorithm 4.15
4.2.6 Multi Level Priority Queue (MLQ) Scheduling Algorithm 4.17
 4.3 Deadlock 4.20
4.3.1 System Models 4.20
4.3.2 Necessary Conditions to Deadlock 4.21
4.3.3 Deadlock Handling 4.21
4.3.3.1 Deadlock Prevention 4.22
4.3.3.2 Deadlock Avoidance 4.23
4.3.4 Deadlock Detection 4.26
4.3.5 Deadlock Recovery 4.28
• Practice Questions 4.33
• MSBTE’s Questions & Answers 4.34

5. Memory Management 5.1 – 5.30

5.0 Introduction 5.1
5.1 Basic of Memory Management 5.1
5.1.1 Overview of Memory 5.2
5.1.2 Functions of Memory Management 5.2
5.1.3 Memory Partitioning 5.3
5.1.3.1 Static (Fixed Sized) Memory Partitioning 5.4
5.1.3.2 Dynamic (Variable) Memory Partitioning 5.5
5.1.4 Free Space Management Techniques 5.10
5.1.4.1 Bit Vector 5.10
5.1.4.2 Linked List 5.11
5.1.4.3 Grouping 5.11
5.1.4.4 Counting 5.12
5.2 Virtual Memory 5.12
5.2.1 Introduction to Paging 5.13
5.2.2 Segmentation 5.15
5.2.3 Fragmentation 5.17
5.2.3.1 Internal Fragmentation 5.17
5.2.3.2 External Fragmentation 5.18
5.2.4 Page Fault 5.18
5.3 Page Replacement Algorithms 5.22
5.3.1 FIFO (First In First Out) Page Replacement Algorithm 5.23
5.3.2 Optimal Page Replacement Algorithm 5.24
5.3.3 LRU (Least Recently Used) Page Replacement Algorithm 5.25
• Practice Questions 5.28
• MSBTE’s Questions & Answers 5.29

6. File Management 6.1 – 6.30

6.0 Introduction 6.1
6.1 File 6.2
6.1.1 Concept 6.2
6.1.2 File Attributes 6.2
6.1.3 File Operations 6.3
6.1.4 File Types 6.3
6.1.5 File Structure 6.4
6.2 Access Methods 6.6
6.2.1 Serial File 6.6
6.2.2 Sequential File Access 6.6
6.2.3 Indexed Sequential File Access 6.7
6.2.4 Direct File Access 6.8
6.2.5 Swapping 6.10
 6.2.6 File Allocation Methods 6.11
6.2.6.1 Contiguous File Allocation 6.11
6.2.6.2 Linked File Allocation (Chained File Allocation) 6.12
6.2.6.3 Indexed File Allocation 6.13
6.3 Directory Structure 6.13
6.3.1 Concept of Directory 6.14
6.3.2 Single Level Directory Structure 6.14
6.3.3 Two Level Directory Structure 6.15
6.3.4 Tree Structured Directory Structure 6.16
6.4 Disk Organization and Disk Structure 6.17
6.4.1 Disk Organization 6.18
6.4.2 Physical Disk Structure 6.20
6.4.3 Logical Structure of Hard Disk 6.22
6.4.4 RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) 6.23
• Practice Questions 6.29
• MSBTE’s Questions & Answers 6.29
 1…
Overview of
Operating System
Chapter Outcomes…
▣ Explain the functioning of given component of OS.
▣ Explain characteristics of the given type of operating system.
▣ Identify type of operating system suitable for the given type of application.
▣ Execute command on command line for the given task.

Learning Objectives…
[

▣ To understand Basic Concepts of Operating System

▣ To learn various Operations of Operating System
▣ To study different Types of Operating Systems
▣ To learn Command Line and GUI Based Interfaces in Operating Systems
▣ To understand various Mobile Operating Systems

1.0 INTRODUCTION
• Computer applications today require a single computer machine to perform many operations and
the applications may compete for the resources of the machine. This demands a high degree of
co-ordination. This co-ordination is handled by system software known as the operating system.
• An operating system is the most essential system software that manages the operations of a
computer. Without an operating system, it is not possible to use the computer.
• An Operating System (OS) containing instructions (set of programs) that work together to
co-ordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources.
• An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer
hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
• An operating system is an intermediary between a user and the computer hardware (See Fig. 1.1).
The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user may execute
program.
• An operating system is also known by any of the names Monitor Program, Supervisor Program,
Control Program, Executive and Master Control Program.
• The basic work of the operating system is to control and co-ordinate the use of hardware among the
various application programs for various users.
• The operating system creates an operating environment for the user's application program to run
properly in the computer. Without an operating system, a computer would be useless.
[1.1]
Operating Systems 1.2 Overview of Operating System

• The objectives of operating systems are

listed below: User 1 User 2 • • • User n
1. Convenience: An operating system
makes a computer more convenient
to use.
2. Efficiency: An operating system System Application
allows the computer system softwares softwares
resources to be used in an efficient Software
manner.
Operating System (OS)
3. Ability to Evolve: An operating
system should be constructed in
such a way as to permit the
effective development, testing, Hardware CPU RAM I/O
Executing and introduction of new
system functions without Fig. 1.1: Interaction among Hardware, OS, Software and Users
interfacing with service.
• An operating system is an integrated set of system programs whos major function is to manage
resources (CPU, Memory etc.), control Input/Output (I/O), schedule jobs, handle errors, provide
security and protection and acts as a interface between the user and computer machine.
• In simple terms, the operating system is a program that is running at all times on the computer
(usually called the kernel).
• Various types of operating systems are UNIX, MS-DOS, MS-Windows-98/XP/Vista/7/8/10, Linux,
Windows-NT/2000, OS/2, Android, Windows Mobile, Symbian OS, Mac OS and so on.

1.1 OPERATING SYSTEM

• In this section we study various concepts in operating systems.
1.1.1 Concept of Operating System
• An operating system is an integrated set of programs that is used to manage the various resources
and overall operations of a computer system.
• An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources
and provides common services for computer programs.
• An operating system is a set of programs which control all the computer's resources and provide an
environment in which a user can develop application programs and acts as an intermediary
between a user and the computer hardware.
Definition of Operating System (OS):
• An operating system is defined as, "the system software that helps in managing the resources of a
computer as well as provides a platform for the application programs running the computer". OR
• Operating system is a, "set of programs which control all the computer's resources and provide an
environment in which users can develop application programs". OR
• An operating system is defined as, “a program that acts as an interface between the user and the
computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs”.
1.1.2 Structure of Operating System / Components of Operating System (W-16)
• Fig. 1.2 shows the basic structure of an operating system which shows various parts of an operating
system and each part consists of a number of programs.
• Structure of an operating systems have a layered structure, with the bottom most layer forming the
hardware part of the computer and the outer most (top most) layer forming the User Interface (UI).
In between these two layers are kernel layer and shell layer.
• The kernel is the innermost layer and is the central controlling part of the operating system. The
kernel is the core of the operating system and provides the basic services for all other parts of the
operating system.
Operating Systems 1.3 Overview of Operating System

• The services of a kernel are requested by other parts of the operating system or by application
programs through a specified set of program interfaces, sometimes known as system calls.
• A typical kernel contains programs that are used for the basic functions of an operating system like
process management, input/output devices management.
• The shell is the next layer to the kernel. A shell is a
software that provides an interface for users of an User
operating system access the services of a kernel.
• The shell is the layer of programming that
understands and executes the commands a user Shell/Command
interpreter
enters. In some systems, the shell is called a
command interpreter.
• Programs in the user interface part either provide a Kernel
Command Line Interface (CLI) or a Graphical User
Interface (GUI) to the user. These programs use Hardware
facilities by shell.
• A user interacts with programs in the User Interface
(UI) typically with the command interpreter to
request use of resources and services provided by the Fig. 1.2: Basic Structure of an Operating System
system.
1.1.3 Components of Computer System (S-18)
• A computer system is a collection of hardware and software components. Hardware refers to the
physical computing equipment. Software refers to the programs written to provide services to the
users of the system.
• A computer system can be divided roughly into four component namely, Hardware, Operating
System, Application Programs and Users as shown in Fig. 1.3.

User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4

Compiler Assembler Text Editor Database System

Application Programs

Operating System

Computer Hardware

Fig. 1.3: Abstract View of the Components of Computer System

• Fig. 1.4 shows following components of computer system:
1. Hardware: Hardware is physical parts of machine which provides basic computing resources.
The hardware devices are Central Processing Unit (CPU), Memory, Input Devices (Keyboard,
Mouse, Microphone, Web Camera, Scanner etc.), Output Devices (Printer, Monitor, Plotter,
Speakers etc.), Networking devices (LAN Card, Router, Hub, Switches, Modem etc.) and other
devices like Motherboard, Power Supply, DVD Writer etc.
2. Operating System: An operating system is a software program that enables the computer
hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer
operating system, a computer and software programs would be useless. Examples of computer
operating systems are Microsoft Windows 7/8/10, Apple Mac-OS, Ubuntu Linux, Google
Android, iOS and so on.
3. Application Programs: Word processors, spreadsheets, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games etc., are the example of application programs that define the way in
which these resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users. The operating
Operating Systems 1.4 Overview of Operating System

system controls and co-ordinates the use of the hardware among the various application
programs for the various users. Applications are readymade packages ready to use such as
Microsoft Office 2010 package includes MS Excel, MS Word, MS PowerPoint etc.
4. Users: On the basis of the role of the users, they can be categorized as:
(i) Programmers are the designers or producers of the software developed for themselves or
others.
(ii) Operational Users are the users
responsible for installation of Computer
OS Hardware
the software, proper main-
tenance of software, making it
available to the users. User
(iii) End Users are the actual users of Fig. 1.4: Interaction between Computer User, OS and
the applications and performed
Hardware
specified tasks as per defined.

1.1.4 Classification of Operating System

• OS are classified into following different types, depending on their capability of processing:
1. Single-user, Single-tasking OS: As the name implies, this operating system is designed to
manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The palm OS for
palm handheld computers is a good example of a modern single-user, single-task operating
system. Another examples includes MS-DOS and Windows 95.
2. Single-user, Multi-tasking OS: This type of OS which allows a single user to execute two or
more tasks at a time. Single-user, multi-tasking is the type of operating system most people use
on their desktop and laptop computers today. Both Windows 98 and the Macintosh OS are
examples of operating systems that will let a single user have several programs in operation at a
time. Another examples includes Windows 2000 and UNIX.
3. Multi-user, Multi-tasking OS: A multi-user operating system allows many different users to
take advantage of the computer's resources simultaneously. UNIX, Linux, VMS (Virtual Memory
System) are examples of multi-user operating systems.
4. Real Time Operating System (RTOS): RTOS is managing the resources of the computer so that a
particular operation executes in precisely the same amount of time every time it occurs. The
response time of a real-time operating system is very quick. The operating system which
guarantees the maximum time for these operations are commonly referred to as hard real-
time systems, while operating systems that can only guarantee a maximum of the time are
referred to as soft real-time systems. Examples of real-time OS are QNX, RTLINUX etc.
5. Distributed Operating System: Distributed means data is stored and processed on multiple
locations like in the network. In a distributed operating system, the users access remote
resources including both hardware and software in same manner as they do local resources.
Examples of distributed operating systems includes LOCUS Distributed OS (based on UNIX),
OSF/1 OS, IRIX OS, Solaris etc.
6. Time Sharing OS: In time sharing OS, a number of simultaneous users are there and each user
is given a trivial amount of time (a quantum/time slice) in which he/she processes interactively
or conversationally. UNIX, Windows NT and Windows XP are examples of this type of operating
system.
7. Multi-programming OS: Multi-programming is a term given to a system that may have several
(multiple) processes in the 'state of execution' at the same time.
8. Multi-processing OS: In a multi-processing OS, a single CPU has more than one processor. All
these processors may or may not be equally powerful and may or may not prefer same
operation.
9. Batch-processing OS: In this type of OS, there is no direct interaction between user and the
computer. The user has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a computer operator. Then
 Operating Systems

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