CHAPTER TWO

TRAFFIC LIGHT FAULT REPORTING SYSTEM USING RASPBERRY PI

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter explores the conceptual framework of the study; reviews related works and

empirical literature. The research project focuses on conceptual issues such as traffic

management systems, fault detecting systems, Raspberry Pi, and traffic light systems.

2.1 Conceptual Framework

2.1.1 Traffic Management Systems

The management of traffic in cities differs greatly from the management of traffic on roads.

The main cause for this is a large number of traffic participants and transport carriers, such as

pedestrians, bicycles, motorised individual and commercial cars, public transportation via

buses, trams, and trains (metro), who either share or partially overlap transport paths. In

addition to this complexity, the introduction of self-driving vehicles will present new issues

for traffic management, including the necessity for electronic control and policy

administration (IT Standards, 2021).

Regardless of how traffic management is implemented, it is critical that reliable information

on the status of traffic and its traffic management tools, including various levels of potential

faults, is available in a timely manner through appropriate detection and reporting facilities so

that necessary countermeasures can be taken. The design of traffic management systems,

which uses reliable information about the system’s current condition and prospective flaws,

determines the quality of traffic management.

1
The monitoring and reporting of traffic management system statuses and defects necessitate

appropriate communication between the various entities of the traffic system, such as control

centres and field equipment. When considering the numerous traffic players in an urban

context, a coordinated approach to status, fault, and quality in traffic management is required.

It will become a prerequisite once self-driving vehicles are widely deployed. In the future,

high-quality urban traffic management systems will include components implanted in or

carried by traffic participants, in addition to control centres and field devices. This

necessitates the standardisation of data and messages and the idea of ITS stations, which was

introduced in ISO 21217. These ITS station units, which share data (including status and

defect information) with one another, may become components of traffic management

systems or perhaps become part of them (IT Standards, 2021).

2.1.2 Traffic Light System

In many places around the world, traffic congestion is a constant issue. Congestion means

lower labour productivity, fewer trade opportunities, and longer delivery times. Current-

technology traffic lights use a manual operating system for time allocation, and they also

require a lot of maintenance during operation. As a result, time passes more quickly, and

vehicular traffic increases. This proposed technology reduces traffic and allows vehicles to be

driven based on the density of the route (Himanth, Pavan Kumar, & Lalitha Bhavan, 2019).

To control traffic congestion, traffic lights are utilised. The Raspberry Pi, which runs the

system, is used to regulate these lights. When there are more vehicles on the road, the green

light will be turned on for some time, and then the red light will turn on when there are fewer

vehicles on the road.

To suggest a new architecture, we must first examine the main aspects of existing traffic

control systems (TCS). Users, data collectors, indication providers, and controllers are the

2
four roles that typically exist in a TCS. Any actor who receives a traffic signal service, such

as pedestrians, bicycles, and vehicles, is referred to as a user. The objective of strategically

positioned sensors, such as pressure sensors and buttons for detecting cars and people, is to

detect users and offer real-time information on the surrounding environment. Alerting

systems can be physically put near intersections or delivered in advance utilising some form

of smart device to alert people on their forthcoming movements properly. Finally, the

controller is a decision-making agent responsible for signalling device coordination. There

are two types of controllers: those who are aware of their surroundings and those who are not

(Martins et al., 2018).

Although traffic lights are small signalling devices, they are frequently employed because of

their inconspicuous and easy operation. A phase is the set of colours that a traffic light

displays, and movements are the users’ available actions.

In a bid to continuously increase the efficiency of road traffic and the security of its users,

new systems and applications are being researched. The road traffic system has experienced a

significant level of development, and researchers are still in the process of developing

applications, systems, and devices that enhance the efficiency and functionality of the system.

This is in line with the aim to increase road users’ safety.

2.1.3 Raspberry PI

Raspberry Pi is no longer a new technical buzzword among computer scientists, electronics

engineers, and embedded systems engineers worldwide. Thousands of projects ranging from

robotics to supercomputer development, gaming consoles, portable tablets, server-based

implementations on Linux and Cloud Computing, drones, and even Astro Pi have been

proposed and implemented all around the world (Anand & Vikram, 2015).

3
The Raspberry Pi adventure began in 2006, when researchers at the University of

Cambridge’s Computer Laboratory, Eben Upton, Rob Mullins, Jack Lang, and Alan Mycroft,

were surprised to discover a fall in the competence level of A-Level students and those

applying for computer science. The major goal of their stepping stone development was to

provide children with a small and affordable computer during a time when computers were

expensive, and children’s programming practice was discouraged by parents in the United

Kingdom. From 2006 through 2008, a team led by Eben Upton built multiple working

prototypes, the final version of which was dubbed “RASPBERRY Pi” (Anand & Vikram,

2015).

In 2008, mobile device processors became more affordable and capable, with the ability to

support and perform multimedia and a wide range of programming. The team thought the

project had a lot of potentials. So Eben Upton, Rob, Jack, and Alan joined up with Pete

Lomas, MD of Norcott Technologies (Hardware Design and Manufacture Company), and

David Braben (Co-Author of Seminal BBC Micro Game Elite) to form the Raspberry Pi

Foundation (Anand & Vikram, 2015).

The Raspberry Pi Foundation laid the groundwork for developing the Raspberry Pi in

February 2012, and the Model B went into mass production with Element 14 and RS

Electronics within three years. Within two years of the formal debut of the Pi, 2 million units

had been sold ( (Anand & Vikram, 2015).

The Raspberry Pi, a complete computer in and of itself, ushered in a new era of portable and

low-power computers. And, taking the Raspberry Pi into account, several replica boards such

as Intel Galileo, Dwengo, Beaglebone, ORCID, and others have developed boards that

provide similar or somewhat more configuration than the Pi (Anand & Vikram, 2015).

2.2 Related Works

4
2.2.1 Power Supply Failure Detection System

Bunnoon (2013) created a system that can detect the power supply breakdown of traffic

lights. The main switching component in the system was a PNP transistor. However, as long

as the traffic light power source is present, the transistor remains positively biased. When the

transistor is turned off, the system activates it and uses the battery power to transmit a signal

to the microcontroller. Furthermore, this circuit was constructed so that when the current is

limited, the power supply can recharge the battery through the resistor R2. When the

electricity to the traffic light is turned off, the transistor becomes forward biased and turns on.

The LED indicator is then switched on, and the signal is sent to the microcontroller.

The power supply detecting system’s circuit board was put in line with the traffic light’s

circuit board. A socket is constructed to connect to the 12V power supply failure detection

system circuit and the traffic light power supply. This demonstrates that the power source

detecting system can be readily fitted with minimal changes to the traffic light’s existing

circuit (Bunnoon, 2013).

Figure 1: Power Supply Failure Detection System Schematic Diagram

Source: Marzaki et al. (2013)

2.2.2 Led Fault Detection System

5
The total current output for that particular LED can be used to detect LED malfunction. The

LED’s neutral connection bypasses the current sensor’s two terminals. Green and red LEDs

have been chosen for monitoring since these two hues are critical if they malfunction. The

ACS 712 current sensor was chosen to measure the current in this project. An accurate, low-

offset linear Hall circuit with a copper conduction route near the die’s surface makes up the

gadget. The following are the reasons why this current sensor was chosen: (i) Low cost and

simple to obtain; (ii) Portability and low power consumption; (iii) Available in three current

ranges: 5A, 20A, and 30A; (iv) Low-noise analog signal channel; and (v) Extremely steady

output offset voltage.

The microcontroller is the system’s brain. The Arduino UNO R3 from Cytron was used as the

microcontroller for this project. The ATmega328 chip served as the basis for the

microcontroller. The power supply failure detection system and current sensor will send data

to the microcontroller. The data is then transferred to the last control element (GSM modem)

(Marzuki et al., 2015).

Figure 2: Led Malfunction Detection System Block Diagram

6
Source: Marzuki et al. (2013)

2.2.3 Cable Theft Monitoring and Reporting System Using GSM

Copper is still used as a communication channel by telecommunications firms. Copper wire

cables are also used in the installation of electrical equipment. Copper cable theft has been a

severe issue for many years. The GSM Commander system is set up to monitor a segment of

copper cable and send an SMS if any portion of it is cut. After getting the notice message, the

responsible person might take prompt action. A tiny solar panel will provide electricity to

GSM Commander. The GSM Commander also keeps an eye on the solar panel’s battery.

GSM Commander is a GSM Telemetry Controller that may administer any unattended or

remote site from a smartphone or a PC. The GSM Commander allows two-way

communication using SMS, GPRS, and voice calls. GSM Commander can be used to keep an

eye on copper cable installations in traffic light stands to see if they’re being vandalized or

stolen. This device can all monitor copper cables installed for use as three-phase power lines,

transformer cables, irrigation control cables, pivot cables, borehole pump cables, and

telecommunications cables (GSM Commander, 2015).

Figure 3: Cable Theft Monitoring and Reporting System Using GSM

7
Source: Randeni, 2020

2.3 Empirical Review

Many researchers have paid attention to the wide usage of traffic lights in the past. In recent

times, researchers have shifted to finding new approaches to manage traffic through

technology efficiently. These many pieces of research have led to the development of new

technologies, systems, applications, and integration to better the functionality of traffic lights.

According to Makinde and Opeyemi (2012), traffic control devices aim to govern and control

traffic by delivering road users information about the road and its environment. The highway

system relies heavily on traffic management devices such as traffic signs, pavement

markings, and traffic lights (Razzak & Hasan, 2010). With the use of colour, shape, symbols,

light, and language, traffic control devices provide a means of expressing critical information

about the roadway to users, particularly drivers. However, it is important to emphasise that

traffic control devices cannot successfully serve their intended functions if the driver and

other road users do not comprehend the information encoded in the devices. With the

increase in traffic flow over the last eight decades, many countries have adopted pictorial

signs or otherwise simplified and standardised traffic control systems to make international

travel easier when language barriers exist. These pictorial traffic devices utilise symbols and

signs instead of words to help improve traffic safety (Makinde & Opeyemi, 2012).

In recent years, researchers have been particularly interested in the effects of traffic control

devices on drivers. According to Zhang and Chan (2013), traffic sign comprehension research

dates back to 1966, with most early studies focusing on evaluating user understanding levels

of local traffic sig. The majority of the results indicate that general comprehension

performance was far from satisfactory. Individual differences in comprehension test

performance were further investigated in some studies, concluding that user characteristics

8
such as age, gender, driving experience, education background, and others may significantly

impact comprehension level. These studies covered a wide range of aspects related to

comprehensibility. Al-Madani and Al-Janahi (2002; 2002), Razzak and Hasan (2010),

Makinde and Opeyemi (2012), Kirmizioglu and Tuydes-Yaman (2012) discussed them also

extensively in their studies.

Drivers in Ado-Ekiti were studied to comprehend traffic control devices based on their

personal characteristics such as age, gender, educational background, and marital status. A

total of 32 symbols were analysed, including eight warning signs, ten regulation signs, six

informatory signs, five road markings, and three traffic signal lights. Drivers have poor

knowledge of traffic control devices, according to the study. The average percentage of

drivers who understood the traffic control device investigated correctly was 64.5 per cent

(Makinde & Oluwasegunfunmi, 2014).

In Talegaon Dabhade City, research on Traffic Congestion Causes and Solutions was

conducted by Saharkar and Rahane (2014). Their study investigated the causes of traffic

congestion in Talegaon Dabhade, Tal-Maval, and Dist-Pune and then provided a solution.

During the research, five (5) transportation issues were identified, which will provide them

with more mobility and increased economic production and a cleaner environment. They

claim that Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have sprung up all over the world in the

last decade. Smart transportation systems can reduce traffic congestion, accidents, and

environmental problems and enhance the efficiency of commercial and public transportation

fleets (Saharkar & Rahane, 2014).

According to their research, the effects of traffic congestion include waiting, slower speeds,

and longer travel times, all of which impose costs on the economy and have multiple effects

on urban districts and their residents. They have highlighted some of the causes of traffic

9
congestion, including insufficient traffic police, narrow roads, illegal parking, rising

population, increased purchasing power of the people, and improper city development

planning. At the conclusion of their research, they proposed the following solutions for traffic

congestion: rigorous lane management, restricting Rickshaw routes, road widening,

increasing and expanding human resources, and monetary penalties for traffic violators

(Saharkar & Rahane, 2014).

The problems and solutions of urban traffic congestion were reviewed by Kumarage (2004).

He asked in the study whether traffic congestion is something we must learn to live with or if

there are actions that can be made to minimise and manage it to acceptable levels. Congestion

occurs when more vehicles attempt to utilise a road facility than it can accommodate without

causing unacceptable delays or discomfort. According to his research, today’s average traffic

speeds in the Colombo Metropolitan Region (CMR) are around 20 kilometres per hour.

Within Colombo City, the average corridor (main artery) speed is roughly 10-15 km/hr

(Kumarage, 2004).

The failure of traffic lights is fairly prevalent. For road users, this is inconvenient as well as

dangerous. The research carried out by Marzukia et al. (2015) introduces a novel approach to

traffic light monitoring. In the event of a malfunctioning traffic light, the system can send

various Short Message Service (SMS) messages to the contractor, traffic police, and local

government. Road users must normally contact the contractor using the information printed

on the traffic light pole. How quickly road users contact the contractor determines the time it

takes to respond to a traffic light failure under the current system. This issue will be

addressed with a fault traffic light monitoring system. The system can detect two sorts of

failures in this project: power failure and bulb/Light Emitting Diode (LED) failure (a

particular light not working, i.e., red light only). When the power goes out, an SMS will be

sent to the parties, as mentioned above, instructing them on what to do next. The device is

10
capable of detecting deterioration in function for LED traffic lights. If more than half of the

LEDs in any light are not working, the system will alert the contractor and other relevant

parties, who will take corrective action. The real current vs. the nominal current for that

particular light can be used to detect the LED problem. Total power failure, total LED failure,

and partial failure are the three levels of seriousness for traffic light failure. The

microcontroller assesses the severity of the malfunction and transmits the signal to a GSM

module. The GSM module will then relay the failure information, including the location and

kind of failure. They used an LED traffic light as a prototype (Marzukia, Ahmada, Buyamina,

Abasa, & Said, 2015).

Sachini and Samanthi (2011) maintain that traffic management and accident reporting

systems provide a cost-effective approach to addressing traffic congestion problems. They

examined a new traffic signalling technology that adjusts traffic signal timing based on

specific roadways’ traffic density. The technology minimises the amount of time people

spend at a junction’s traffic lights. Additionally, the system notifies the police and other users

of obstructions and accidents on the road. The system uses the Flask API, Firebase, and GPS

technology to track down the present location of the app’s user. Because the solution is a

mobile app, they posit that it would be easier to execute in Sri Lanka, where the majority of

people use smartphones. To deal with traffic congestion, a variety of web and mobile-based

systems exist all over the world. However, there is currently no effective system in place in

Sri Lanka to alleviate traffic congestion (Sachini & Samanthi, 2011).

There has been significant development concerning traffic systems. The continuous

technology growth has been a foundational rock for the new development that the traffic light

system has undergone in recent years. Muzhi and Khattab (2011) developed intelligent traffic

light control system-based image intensity measurement. They suggested an algorithm with

several subsystems to boost the system’s efficiency by employing a camera and infrared

11
object sensors to identify traffic density. The camera then captures the image, and the

histogram of that image is calculated. According to this study, the proposed method can

minimise vehicle travel time and alleviate traffic congestion (Muzhir & Khattab, 2011).

Adaptive traffic light control with wireless sensor networks developed by Tubaishat, Shang,

and Shi (2015) uses wireless sensors to implement traffic light control. After dividing the

system into three layers, the system operates by placing remote sensors on the paths leading

into and out of the crossway. These sensors detect the quantity and speed of cars and relay

this information to the nearest Intersection Control Agent (ICA), who determines the

crossway’s flow model based on the information provided by the sensors (e.g., number of

vehicles moving toward a specific crossway). They developed a system that detects road

users’ activities through the use of sensors.

Dabahde and Kshirsagar (2011) developed an FPGA-Based Intelligent Traffic Light

Controller System design aimed at reducing vehicle waiting time. This proposed framework

uses FPGA innovation alongside traffic sensors to control traffic as indicated by traffic

requirements, reducing vehicle waiting time at a two-street crossing point. The time intervals

for the green, yellow, and red states are based on continuous traffic thickness, which

improves traffic light planning and avoids traffic congestion. It is an upgrade over the current

Traffic Light Controllers’ abilities (Dabahde & Kshirsagar).

Mansuri and Panchal (2010) designed the entire system of traffic-light controller for four-way

intersections using VHDL for serial communication and finite state machines, then uploaded

the VHDL code to the ALTERA kit for design verification. The traffic light coordinates a

four-way type of express. The system is developed to execute real-time road diversion in

complex situations (Mansuri & Panchal, 2010).

12
Another of the many developments is the SOS which stands for Self-Optimizing System.

Signal control (Kronborg, Davidsson, & Edholm, 1997) is a control technique for isolated

junctions that blends the Scandinavian heritage of signal group management with Miller’s

mathematical optimisation of the same type (1963). The SOS strategy’s principal purpose is

to determine when each phase picture should be ended. During normal, non-over-saturated

conditions, SOS’s main role is to discharge all traffic in the approach from the moment the

line gathered at red is discharged. SOS looks for the best time to switch from green to amber

during this time. The controller handles the rest, including green demand, phase picture

sequencing, and so on (Kronborg, Davidsson, & Edholm, 1997).

Soh, Ishak, and Zaini (2013) described the creation of a monitoring system that may detect a

problem and send several Short Message Service (SMS) messages to the appropriate

employees. According to the authors, the traffic light’s microcontroller assesses the defect

type before sending a text message via the GSM network. The position of the traffic light and

the type of issue are included in the text message.

Marzuki et al.’s (2015) study uses fuzzy logic technology to determine the type of failure on

a traffic signal. The system can detect three different types of faults: LED brightness, power

outage, and accident. The paper’s authors concentrated on the technique for detecting

failures. A notice will be delivered to the control room through SMS once a failure has

occurred.

Sivaro, Esro, and Anand’s (2010) research focus on creating a prototype traffic light

monitoring system to detect electrical and mechanical faults. An SMS is delivered to the

control centre when an electrical problem occurs, causing the bulb or LED to malfunction.

The author’s work also involves sending alerts in the event of a traffic signal malfunction. An

SMS is sent, for example, if a traffic light pole is hit, rendering it unable to function properly

13
despite the bulb being lit. This is accomplished by embedding a sensor on the pole that is

sensitive enough to detect any significant impact on the pole.

Elias et al. (2016) discuss the progress of TrafficSys, a proposed traffic signal failure

reporting system. The waterfall development process was used to create TrafficSys. A mobile

application for traffic light contractors and a desktop-based program for traffic light

technicians make up the TrafficSys system. Users are notified of broken traffic signals by

email and push notifications via TrafficSys. The email’s content provides recipients with

information such as the location of the defective traffic light via Google Maps and the fault

kind. The TrafficSys system has a simple and minimalist design. As a consequence of the

usability testing, TrafficSys is a simple to use system with clear, intelligible, and well-

organised information (Elias et al., 2016).

Based on Hopfield networks and chaos theory, Dong et al. (2005) created a multi-layer

chaotic neural network with feedback (ML-CNN). It was used to improve the timing of

traffic signals in cities. Compared to Hopfield’s model, the ML-CNN can escape from a local

minimum of the energy function, making it easier to locate a global minimum.

A fuzzy control system based on a multi-agent concept was introduced by Kosonen and Bang

(2001). The HUTSIG system is closely related to the HUTSIM microscopic traffic simulator.

The latter is utilised for offline and online modelling of the traffic situation during real

control of the signal control scheme. As input to the control scheme, indicators are derived

from the simulation model. Each signal acts as an agent in the control approach provided,

communicating with other signals about the control strategy. The agents make decisions

based on fuzzy inference, which integrates various factors such as fluency, economy,

environment, and safety.

14
In numerous junctions, Niittymäki (2002) tested fuzzy control approaches. The proposed

controller is made up of traffic and control models. It is demonstrated that this type of online

simulation or simulation-based traffic control is a viable option. Fuzzy control is a viable

control strategy in real isolated traffic signal control by statistical analyses before and after

investigations (Nittymäki, 1999).

The traffic light system has experienced tremendous development and has continued to grow

in that trajectory. Reasons for this are not farfetched as researchers tend to find better ways to

increase the efficiency of traffic light systems, increasingly manage traffic, and reduce traffic-

related risk. Thus, there is a need to seek more approaches and processes that increase the

efficiency of traffic management systems, such as traffic light fault reporting systems.

2.3 The gap of the Literature

Raspberry, since its development, has been applied to different forms of technology-solving

applications and has been reported to be a consistent match. In this project, Raspberry Pi will

be used as a base application for building a traffic light fault reporting system. In the long list

of the reviewed literature, researchers’ and developers’ attention towards developing a traffic

light fault reporting system is minute. Larger attention is directed to the traffic management

system, intelligent traffic system but only a few works of literature recognise the possibilities

of a traffic light reporting faults by itself. Undoubtedly, there has been tremendous

development regarding traffic systems in the past years.

In the myriad of literature reviewed, obvious gaps are the laps of Arduino UNO 3, which was

used to develop a traffic light malfunction detection system and are difficult to modify; the

scanty study into the use of Raspberry Pi as a tool for fault reporting system in the traffic

light. Also, the constant need, highlighted by the several research works, to provide a well-

functioning fault detecting and reporting system with a maximised utility.

15
The gap recognised in the literature has added to the existing motives to venture into this

research project. Thus, this project aims to develop a traffic light fault reporting system.

16
References

Al-Madani, H., & Al-Janahi, A. (2002). Assessment of driver’s comprehension of traffic sign

based on their traffic, personal and social characteristic. Transportation Research, 63-

75.

Al-Madani, H., & Al-Janahi, A. (2002). Role of drivers’ personal characteristics in

understating traffic signs symbols. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 34, 185-196.

Anand, N., & Vikram, P. (2015). Raspberry Pi- A Small, Powerful, Cost Effective and

Efficient Form Factor Computer: A Review. International Journal of Advanced

Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 5(12), 720-737.

Bunnoon, P. (2013). Fault Detection Approaches to Power System: State-of-the-Art Article

Reviews for Searching a New Approach in the Future. International Journal of

Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 3(4), 553–560.

Dabahde, V. V., & Kshirsagar, R. V. (n.d.). FPGA Based Intelligent Traffic Light Controller

System Design. International Journal of Innovative Science Engineering and

Technology. Retrieved from www.ijiset.com

Elias, A. H., Kalid, K., Ahmad, F. W., Mahamad, S., & Sarlan, A. (2016). TrafficSys: Traffic

Light Fault Notification Mobile Application. Advanced Science Letters, 400–407,

400–407. doi:10.1166/asl.2011.1261

GSM Commander. (2015, December 23). Application examples & detailed Case Studies -

GSM Commander” Polygon Technologies Product Catalogue. Retrieved from GSM

Commander: http://www.gsmcommander.com

17
Himanth, Y., Pavan Kumar, B. V., & Lalitha Bhavan, M. (2019). Density Based Traffic

Lightcontrol System using Raspberry Pi. International Journal of Trend in Scientific

Research and Development.

IT Standards. (2021). Traffic Management Systems – Status, Fault and Quality. Retrieved

from ITS Standards: itsstandards.eu/highlighted-projects/traffic-management-

systems-status-fault-and-quality/

Kirmizioglu, E., & Tuydes-Yaman, H. (2012). Comprehensibility of traffic signs among

urban drivers in Turkey. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 45, 131-141.

Kosonen, I., & Bang, K. L. (2001). Multi-agent fuzzy signal control based on real-time

simulation. 8th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems. Sydney, Australia.

Kronborg, P., Davidsson, F., & Edholm, J. (1997). SOS – Self-optimizing Signal Control,.

Sweden: TFK report 1997:2E.

Kumarage, A. S. (2004). Urban Traffic Congestion: The Problem.

Makinde, O. O., & Oluwasegunfunmi, V. (2014). Comprehension of traffic control devices

amongst urban drivers - a study of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. European Journal

of Engineering and Technology.

Makinde, O., & Opeyemi, D. A. (2012). Understanding of traffic signs by drivers – a case of

Akure city, Ondo State, Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, 2(7), 608-

612. Retrieved from http://www.ejournalofsceience.org

Mansuri, F., & Panchal, V. (2010). Four-Way Traffic Light Controller Designing with

VHDL. International Journal of Technology and Engineering. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication /29960075

18
Martins, V., Rufino, J., Fernandes, B., Silva, L., Almeida, J., Ferreira, J., & Fonseca, J.

(2018). Personal Virtual Traffic Light Systems. IEEE.

Marzuki, M. Z., Ahmad, A., Buyamin, S., Abas, K. H., & Said, S. H. (2015). Fault

Monitoring System for Traffic Light. Jurnal Teknologi, 73(6), 59-64.

Marzuki, M., Ahmad, A., Buyamin, S., Abas, K. H., & Said, S. M. (2015). Fault Monitoring

System for Traffic Light. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), 73(6), 59–64.

Marzukia, M. Z., Ahmada, A., Buyamina, S., Abasa, K. H., & Said, S. M. (2015). Fault

Monitoring System for Traffic Light. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering),

73(6), 59–64.

Muzhir, A. S., & Khattab, A. (2011). Intelligent Traffic Light Control System Based Image

Intensity Measurment. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication

/282074763

Nittymäki, J. (1999). General Fuzzy Rule Base for Isolated Traffic Signal Control – Rule

Formulation. Transportation Engineering Publication.

Randeni, T. (2020). GSM based Traffic Light fault Reporting System. Unpublished.

Razzak, A., & Hasan, T. (2010). Motorist understanding of traffic signs: a study of Dhaka

city. Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 38(1), 17-29.

Sachini, O., & Samanthi, W. (2011). Traffic Signal Management and Accident Reporting

System.

Saharkar, U. R., & Rahane, S. K. (2014). Traffic congestion - causes and solutions: A study

of Talegaon Dabhade City. Journal of Information, Knowledge and Research in Civil

Engineering.

19
Sivarao, S. K., Esro, M., & Anand, T. (2010). Electrical & Mechanical Fault Alert Traffic

Light System Using Wireless Technology. International Journal of Mechanical and

Mechatronics Engineering, 19-22.

Soh, A. C., Ishak, A., & Zaini, M. (2013). Smart monitoring fault detection system for

malfunction traffic light operation. 2013 IEEE 8th Conference on Industrial

Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), (pp. 549-554).

Tubaishat, M., Shang, Y., & Shi, H. (2015). Department of Computer Science University of

Missouri – Columbia; Adaptive Traffic Light Control with Wireless Sensor Networks.

Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication /228613082

Zhang, T., & Chan, A. (2013). Traffic Sign Comprehension: a review of influential factors

and future directions for research. International MultiConference of Engineers and

Computer Scientists (IMECS).

20