R.A.

Attalage

February 2021

Acknowledged:
Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.

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 Insight

 Lighting Terminology

 Lighting Technologies & Efficiency

 Aspects of Efficient Lighting Design

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• World around us is perceived through Light,
either natural or artificial.
• Light plays a critical role in how we perceive
space.
• Light provides Life to the occupancy zone of our
interest.
− Occupants performance, mood, safety, security and
decisions.
• Lighting also has strong health, social and
emotional significance.

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Aspects......

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 About 25% of electricity in Sri Lanka is used for
lighting.
 The peak demand occurs mostly due to lighting.

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 About Light
• What is Light?
– Form of waves capable of exciting the retina and
producing vision
(Electro-Magnetic waves of wave length 0.38-0.8 m)

• Waves that excite the human eye is produced by

– Incandescence (Incandescent body)
– Fluorescence (Gas discharge)
– Solid-state device (Semi-conductor)

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Spectral Power Distribution (SPD)
– A pictorial representation of the radiant
power emitted by a light source as a
function of the wave length of the visible
range

Source: Indoor & Outdoor Lighting 2008/2009 - OSRAM

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 Lighting Terminology
• Luminous Flux
– Light Output by a source in ALL directions
– Measured in Lumens (lm)
– A lamp has one Lumen output rating and depreciates
with time
– Lumen ratings are determined and published by the
manufacturers (using Integrating Sphere)
– Value may depend on temperature or position and
depreciates with time

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 Lighting Terminology
• Luminous Flux (Light output)
− SPD of the source weighted by the Spectral
Sensitivity of Human eye

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 Starlight Moonlight Dim interiors Office lighting Daylight

Scotopic Mesopic Photopic

Radiant Energy

Source: LRC of RPI, NY

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 Lighting Terminology
• Luminous Efficacy
– Ratio of the total Luminous flux of a lamp to its total
power input (i.e. lm/W)
– Gives an indication of the energy added (converted to
heat) into the space where the lamp is placed
– An important parameters for comparison or selection
of lamps

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 Lighting Terminology
Source Efficacy (lm/W) including Ballast
Standard Incandescent 5-15
Tungsten Halogen 10-25
Halogen Infrared Reflecting 20-35
Fluorescent (linear & U-tube) 25-100
Compact Fluorescent Lamp 25-70
Mercury Vapour 25-50
Metal Halide 45-100
High Pressure Sodium 45-110
Low Pressure Sodium 80-150
Natural Light 105
LED 50-150*
Source: E Source Lighting Atlas

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Lighting Terminology

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 Source: LRC of RPI, NY

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 Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT)
− Colour appearance of a lamp measured in Kelvin
− CCT of a lamp is a measure of a warmth or coolness of
its appearance
○ Below 3200 K - Warm (Yellowish white)
○ Between 3200 K & 4000 K (Neutral)
○ Above 4000 K – Cool (bluish white)

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 Colour Rendering Index (CRI)
− Measure of the degree of the colour shift the objects
undergo when illuminated by light source as compared
with the color of those objects when illuminated by a
reference source

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 Lighting Terminology
• CRI indicates how natural the colour of an object will appear
• Incandescent is the reference source for lower CCT sources
• Daylight is the reference source for higher CCT sources
• Comparison of CRIs should be done for sources having
similar CCT
• CRI of above 70 is required for many applications

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 Lighting Terminology
Source CRI
Incandescent 100
Linear Fluorescent 75-85
CFL 82
Standard Metal Halide 65
Standard HP Sodium 22
Daylight 100
Source: Lighting Research Center, RPI, NY

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 Intensity (Candlepower)
− Light emitted by a source in a specific direction
− Value of the Intensity depends on the direction
− Uniform intensity source has same intensity in ALL
directions
− Defined as Amount of light in a unit Solid angle

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 Lighting Terminology

• Intensity (Candlepower) - Polar Curve

600 Cd
45 Cd
1000 Cd

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 Illuminance
− Calculated as amount of lumens per unit area
− Denoted in Lux (lm/m2) or footcandle (lm/ft2)
− Horizontal illuminace, vertical illuminance etc

R2-Law

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 Area or Activity Lux
Industrial Assembly/Inspection
simple 300
difficult (garment factory etc.) 1500
exact (lapidary- cutting, shaping of jewellery) 7500
Machine shops
rough machining 300
automatic machine, grinding, polishing 750
fine bench work 3000
Material handling
wrapping, packing, labelling 300
stock taking, classifying 300
loading, unloading 150

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 Area or Activity Lux
Reading printed matter
6-point typeface 750
8 t0 10-point typeface 300
newsprint 300
telephone directory 750
Office space
minor clerical work 300 ~ 500
computer/typing 500 ~1000
drawing/sketching 1000 ~ 2000
Residential space
living room 150 ~ 300
reading room 300 ~ 500
kitchen/bedroom 150 (general), 300 (local)

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• Illumination required for reading printed matter
depends on the age of the reader too.

Age Lux
10 ~ 20 years 200
40 years 300 ~ 500
above 60 years 1000 or above

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 It is about total light It is about light level
emitted

It is about light emitted in a It is about visual

given direction brightness

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 Luminaires (Light Fixture)
◦ Complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp, starting
device and the components designated to distribute
light and protect & power it
◦ Luminaire Efficiency is defined as the ratio of luminous
flux emitted by the luminaire to that emitted by the
lamp alone

Lumens _ emitted _ by _ the _ lumnaire

Efficiency 
Lumens _ emitted _ by _ the _ lamp

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 Three (3) major categories
◦ Incandescent lamps.
◦ Fluorescent lamps.
◦ High Intensity Discharge (HID)
lamps.
 An emerging fourth category
◦ Light emitting diodes (LEDs).
◦ White LED lamps.

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 Standard Incandescent
− Nomenclature (ex: 40 T 10)
− Life (average rated)
− 750 – 2000 hrs, dimming extends life, switching no effect,
using at rated or higher voltages effects life
− Distribution (both non directional or directional)
− CRI 95+
− CCT 2500-3000 K (warm white)
− Efficacy – around 10-15 lm/W

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 Halogen
− Filament lamp with inert gas with trace of halogen
− Nomenclature (ex: 60 A/HAL 10)
− Life (average rated)
− 2000 hrs, dimming reduces life, switching no effect, using
at rated or higher voltages extends life
− Distribution (both non directional or directional)
− CRI 95+, CCT 3000K (warm white)
− Efficacy about 25 lm/W

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 Linear Fluorescent
− UV generated within the gas inside the lamp converted
to light by a phosphor coating
− Nomenclature (F 32 T 8 / RE 8 30)
− Life (7500-10000 hrs)
− CRI (75-85)
− CCT (3000-6500 K, cool white to daylight)
− Efficacy (25-100 lm/W)
− T12, T8 & T5 lamp types

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Type Rated Power (W) Light Output Efficacy (lm/W)
l
(lm)
T5 35 3600 100
T8 32 2800 85
T12 40 2650 70

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 Compact Fluorescent
− Nomenclature (same as linear with CF lamp type)
− Life (7500-10000 hrs)
− Distribution (normally directional)
− CRI (80-85)
− CCT (2700 – 5000 K)
− Efficacy (25-70 lm/W)

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 Ballasts for Fluorescent
− Device used for electric arc discharge lamps to control
voltage, current & wave form
− Operation of Fluorescent and HID lamps
− Ballasts for fluorescent formerly magnetic,
electromagnetic (operating 60 Hz) and currently
electronic (20,000 -60,000 Hz)
− Electronic ballasts convert power to light more efficiently

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• High Intensity Discharge (HID)
− Produce light using an electric arc tube
− Arc tube contains a starting gas depending on the type of
lamp and also contains metals or Halides
− Lamp types are Mercury Vapour, Metal Halide, High/low
Pressure Sodium
− Mercury Vapour lamps excite Mercury atoms
− Metal Halide lamps excite several types of atoms
− Sodium lamps excite Sodium atoms
− HID lamps emit visible radiation and do not require
Phosphor coating
− Starting device is needed
− Superior efficacy, low CRI, longer life

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 Lighting Technologies & Efficiency
Source Rated Life (hours)
Incandescent 1000
Halogen 2000
Fluorescent 7500-10000
Mercury Vapour 24000
Metal Halide 12000
HP Sodium 24000
LP Sodium 15000
LED 1000-100,000*

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 LEDs
− Solid state light source
− Powerful enough and becoming cheaper to replace
conventional lamps, highly adaptable in form
− LEDs need special packaging for protection, light
distribution & heat dissipation
− White LEDs are the state of art
− Heat dissipation has a huge impact on life
− Efficacies in 65-120* lm/W, life 100,000* hrs !
− low UV and no Hg content

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 LEDs

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• Luminaire (Light Fitting)
− Types
− Reflective, refractive or combined
− Distribution
− control the directional properties of the source ex: direct,
indirect
− Use reflectors, lenses diffused or prismatic
− Shielding
○ shield lamp, block unwanted light
○ Use louvers, baffles

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• Lighting Controls
− Functions
− Switching off when not needed (energy money save)
− Adjust the quantity of light in response to the end use
(energy save, change ambiance)
− Types
○ Timer clocks (simple & cheap, manual or programmed)
○ Occupancy sensors (IR, Ultrasonic)
○ Daylight sensing

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• Lighting Controls
− Application
− Sensor sensitivity and coverage area are issues
− Occupancy sensors have potential for Intermittent use
− In general around 30% of lighting energy savings possible
− Emerging
○ Digital control, wireless control devices
○ Lighting automation through Building Automation Systems
(BAS)

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 Lighting Controls

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 Three different technologies
− Infrared (IR)
− Ultrasonic
− Dual technology
− A photocell for day light sensing is sometimes
incorporated in to these products.
 They are mature technologies.
 Payback potential is great if employed
strategically.
 For good utilisation, proper selection and
mounting is important.

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• Daylight
− Best source of Lighting
− Almost highest level of efficacy (100 lm/W)
− Reference for many CRI estimation
− Found to have favorable impact on Human health
• Use of Daylight
− To be integrated to a maximum
− Consider at building design stage
− Attention to glare issue, sky models

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• Standards & labels
− Minimum Efficiency Performance Standard (MEPS)
− Labels pull the appliance performance in the market
over and above MEPS
− Identified as an economically attractive method for
energy efficiency
− Advantage for product developers
• Starting Energy Management Program
− Strategy ???

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 Simple Payback Period (SPP)
 Estimate the SPP for replacing 100 nos. of 75W incandescent lamps with 15 W
CFL lamps if they operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week when electricity tariff
is $ 0.10 /kWh.

 Costs ($) – Incandescent 1.0, CFL 15.0

 Life (hours) – Incandescent 1000, CFL 8000

 Energy savings per lamp = (75-15) = 60 W

 Energy savings per day = 60 x 100 x 24 = 144 kWh/day
 Annual energy savings = 144 x 365 x 0.10 = $ 5250
 SPP = $(15 x 100)/$ 5250 = 0.3 years

Source: Energy Efficient Building Systems, L Jayamaha, Mc Graw-Hill, 2006

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 What does world of lighting want?
−Acceptable return on investment (ROI)
− Easy installation, O & M
−Proven & tested products
−Successful use technology is found
elsewhere
−Dissemination & communication with
developers, designers & owners

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 Typical Steps involved in an EE Lighting Design
◦ Input parameters of the space (size, openings..)
◦ Type of tasks carried out
◦ Illuminance levels to be complied
◦ Portfolio of artificial light sources & use of sunlight
◦ Selection of appropriate sources in terms of Intensity,
Lumens, CRI, efficacy
◦ Aspect of glare and quality of light
◦ Uniformity on the working plane

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 Installation of CFL/LEDs in place of incandescent
lamps
 Installation of efficient linear fluorescents in place
conventional fluorescents
 Use electronic ballasts
 Installation of occupancy/motion sensors where
appropriate
 Offer night lights to prevent lights at night

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 Use LEDs where appropriate
 Use appropriate HIDs for exterior lighting
 Ballast factor 1-1.2
 Use of Lighting design software (ex:USDOE)

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A GOOD LIGHTING DESIGN SHOULD
• Look good!
• Provide the proper amount of light in every space.
• Be built and constructed within budget, code, and other
constraints.
• Be environmentally responsible.
• Respond to the Architecture and Interior Design
• Produce good color
• Achieve the desired moods of each space
• Be able to control the lights

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Source: 2005 James Benya
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 End of Presentation

Thank you

SLIIT / Professor
SLEMA – Past President
Email – rattalage@hotmail.com

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