音頻系統的聲音品質

Sound Quality of Audio Systems

Part 5: 揚聲器非線性參數的量測
Part 5: Measurement of Nonlinear Loudspeaker Parameters

2022
by Prof. Wolfgang Klippel,
University of Technology Dresden
Klippel GmbH

Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 1
 集總參數模型
Lumped Parameter Model
How to measure the free model parameters ?
K
Bl [N/A]
3,0 6
N/mm
nonlinear suspension
2,5 5

2,0 4

1,5 3

1,0 2

0,5 1

inductance 0,0
-6
force factor
-4 -2 0 2
Displacement X [mm]
4 6 -10.0
stiffness
-7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5
displacement
5.0
x mm
7.5 10.0
radiation area port resistance
inductance force factor stiffness radiation area port resistance
RE(t) LE(ω,x,i,t) F=Bl(x,t)i
RE(t) LE(ω,x,i,t) F=Bl(x,t)i
RL(ω,x,i,t) FA q qp
i RL(ω,x,i,t) FA SD(ω,x) q qp
i Frel(x,i) SD(ω,x) RAP(qp)
Frel(x,i) RAP(qp)
CAB(x,pbox)
u Bl(x,t)v Bl(x,t) MMS KMS(ω,x,t)-1-1 RMS(ω,v,t)-1-1 CAB(x,pbox) RAB
u Bl(x,t)v Bl(x,t) v MMS KMS(ω,x,t) RMS(ω,v,t) RAB
v p
p
pbox MMAP
CCAR(p(prear) ) pbox AP
AR rear

electrical
electricaldomain
domain mechanical
mechanicaldomain
domain acoustical
acousticaldomain
domain

非線性參數需要大信號測量
可在小信號域測量線性參數
Nonlinear parameters require a
Linear parameters can be large signal measurements
measured in the small-signal domain

Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 2
 投票 Poll:
您是否使用非線性參數進行揚聲器診斷？
Are you using the nonlinear parameters for loudspeaker diagnostics ?
(multiple responses are possible)

A. 我從來沒有聽說過I have never heard about those

B. 我熟悉這個概念，但我從未使用過它們I am familiar with the
concept but I never used them
C. 我測量參數，我可以解釋非線性曲線I measure the parameters
and I can interpret the nonlinear curves
D. 我用有限元素法（FEM）模擬非線性曲線I simulate the nonlinear
curve with finite element method (FEM)
E. 其他 Others

Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 3
 非線性參數的需求
Need for Nonlinear Parameters

線性 非線性 熱學
Linear Nonlinear Thermal
Parameters Parameters Parameters

被動驅動設計 被動系統設計 主動控制器設計

Passive Driver Design Passive System Design Active Controller Design
限制條件的評估 線性頻率反應 等化
Assessing Limits Linear Frequency Equalization
(thermal, mechanical) Response (linear transfer response)

缺陷與非線性診斷 最大的輸出聲壓 線性
Diagnostics Maximal Linearization
(defects, nonlinearities) Acoustic Output (distortion reduction)

性能與成本 最小的密閉尺寸 保護
Performance/Cost Minimal Size of Protection
(weight, efficiency, output) Enclosure (mechanical and thermal)

Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 7
 大信號參數的測量
Measurement of Large Signal Parameters

剛性Stiffness
Kms(x)
磁力轉換因數
Force Factor
Bl(x)

電感
Inductance
Le(x)

Defined in IEC Standard 62458:2010

Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 8
 參數測量方法
Parameter Measurements Methods
K
Bl [N/A]
3,0 6
N/mm
nonlinear suspension
2,5 5

2,0 4

1,5 3

1,0 2

0,5 1

0,0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -10.0 -7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
Displacement X [mm]
displacement x mm

inductance force factor stiffness radiation area port resistance

R (t) LE(ω,x,i,t) F=Bl(x,t)i

L(i) L(x) Kms(x) Rms(v) RAP(vP)
Bl(x) SD(x)
Cms(x)
Harman 2004
Static method

Incremental method

Dumax 1992-2002

Klippel LSI
Full dynamic method

Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 9
 例子：勁度係數的靜態測量
Example: Static Measurement of Kms
割線
F secant
Method:
x
• 工作範圍的取樣
Sample the working range

• 激發直流位移
Generate DC displacementxDC FDC
KMS(x)=
• 測量相關的狀態信號 xDC
Measure associated state signals FDC

• 計算瞬時的變數
Calculate instantaneous parameters

• 在其他工作點重複測量
Repeat the measurement at other working points

Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 11
 例子：剛性係數的靜態測量
Example: Static Measurement of Kms

Ringlstetter Harman Becker Straubing 2004

Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 12
 完整動態量測
Full dynamic Measurement
F secant

Method: FAC(t)
• 用大的交流信號激發揚聲器
Excite speaker with large AC-signal
x
• 測量狀態變數XAC(t)和FAC(t)
Measure a state variables XAC(t) and FAC(t)
• 估計勁度係數Kms來描述輸入FAC和輸出
XAC之間的關係
EstimateKMS(x) to describe relationship between
input FAC and outputXAC XAC(t)

F
KMS(x)=
X

Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 25
 完整動態測試
Full dynamic Measurement

優點Advantages:
• 揚聲器工作在正常條件下
Large Signal Identification (LSI)

Loudspeaker under normal working

conditions
• 線上測試
On-line identification (with music)

Motor and Suspension Check (QC)

缺點Disadvantage:
• 需要更先進的技術
Requires advanced techniques (nonlinear
system identification)
Suspension Part Measurement (SPM)

Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 26
 LSI結果應用在LSI、PWT以及控制應用
Results of the Large Signal Identification
used in LSI, PWT and control applications
Stimulus
Noise, A
Audio signals V
(music, noise)
Power
Multi-tone amplifier Voltage & current Speaker
complex
Nonlinear
Digital State Variables
System
processing • peak displacement during measurement
Identification • voice coil temperature
unit • eletrical input power,

Linear Parameters Nonlinear Parameters Thermal Parameters

• T/S parameters at x=0 • nonlinearities Bl(x), Kms(x), Cms(x), • Thermal resistances Rtv, Rtm
• Box parameters fb,Qb Rms(v), L(x), L(i) • Thermal capacity Ctv, Ctm
• Impedance at x=0 • Voice coil offset • Air convection cooling
• Suspension asymmetry
• Maximal peak displacement (Xmax)
Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 37
 大訊號識別LSI
Large Signal Identification
used for R&D (LSI, PWT, …) and Loudspeaker Control
L2(x,i)
nonlinear
Re (Tv) Le(x,i) Fm (x,i) Mms Rms(v) Cms(x) qp
elements Sdv

v
i
R2(x,i)
linear
u Bl(x)v Bl(x) Bl(x)i Sd pbox Cab Ral Map
elements

General assumptions:
• 電動式換能器
Electro-dynamical transducer with 2nd-order resonantor
• 考慮非線性之集中參數模型
Lumped parameter model considering nonlinearities: Bl(x), Le(i), Le(x), Rms(v) and Kms(x)
• 用額外的機械或聲學振動子來描述具有低音反射孔的音箱
Additional mechanical or acoustical 2nd-order resonator to describe ported enclosures and drones
• 基於電壓與電流監測的適應性量測
Adaptive measurement based on voltage and current monitoring
• 語音訊號為測試訊號
Audio-like stimuls (noise)
• 可用(也可不需要)雷射量測
Laser measurement supported but not required

Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 38
 DEMO
How to interpret the results of the KLIPPEL module
LARGE SIGNAL MEASUREMENTS (LSI)

1. Download free KLIPPEL software

dB-Lab
2. www.KLIPPEL.de

3. Open database example-212.kdbx

4. Select folder diagnostics and object

1 Example „4“ woofer with coil offset

5. Click on operation 2a LSI

Nonlinear Parameters

Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 40
 總結 Summary
非線性測量參數
Measurement of Nonlinear Parameters

• 完整的動態量測技術更適合揚聲器
Full dynamic measurement technique is most suitable for loudspeakers
• 現代的識別技術可以針對大小訊號進行即時的量測
Modern identification techniques can measure small and large signal parameters
on-line (in enclosure, music)
• 利用揚聲器作為感測器是可以進行快速量測與長時間監控
Very fast measurements and long-term monitoring is possible using loudspeaker
as sensor
• 不受環境噪音的影響
Immunity against ambient noise
• 對於大訊號參數的解釋遠比解釋失真來得簡單
Interpretation of large signal parameters is simpler than the the interpretation of
distortion

Klippel: Sound Quality of Audio Systems, part 5, Large Signal Parameter Measurement, 54