Ceramics of The Qatar National Museum-5969788

Ceramics of the Qatar National
Museum
A report and catalogue by Dr R. A. Carter
10 June 2011
Ceramics of the Qatar National Museum
Dr Robert Carter
with a contribution by Therese Sundblad
10 June 2011
Contents
1 Introduction, Summary and Acknowledgments ........................................................................................... 3
2 Glazed and Unglazed Earthenwares in the PT Series ................................................................................ 4
2.1 Unglazed Gulf earthenwares ............................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Introductory comments: Types and Wares .................................................................................. 4
2.1.2 Small and medium water jars ...................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Basins .......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.4 Julfar Ware Pots .......................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.5 Open-mouthed Jars (“Flowerpots”) ............................................................................................. 9
2.1.6 Storage Jars .............................................................................................................................. 10
2.1.7 Lids. ........................................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.8 Incense Burners ......................................................................................................................... 14
2.2 Glazed Gulf earthenwares ................................................................................................................. 15
2.3 Miscellaneous Unglazed Vessels ...................................................................................................... 16
2.4 Stonewares ........................................................................................................................................ 17
2.5 Miscellaneous Glazed Vessels .......................................................................................................... 18
3 Chinese Ceramics (PT and CE series)...................................................................................................... 18
4 Porcelains and Refined White Wares (CE Series) .................................................................................... 20
4.1 Introductory comments on the CE Series and Sample Selection ..................................................... 20
4.2 European Refined White Wares and Japanese Imitations (section by Therese Sundblad) ............ 20
4.2.1 Introduction and Methodology ................................................................................................... 20
4.2.2 Countries of Origin and Manufacturers ...................................................................................... 21
4.2.3 Details of European Manufacturers ........................................................................................... 23
4.2.4 Designs ...................................................................................................................................... 24
4.2.5 Dating the Refined White Wares and their Designs .................................................................. 25
4.3 Teapots (CE series) ........................................................................................................................... 26
4.4 Copper Lustre Ware (CE Series) ....................................................................................................... 27
5 The AR Series (Archaeological Display Collection) .................................................................................. 28
5.1 Introduction to the AR Series ............................................................................................................. 28
5.2 Pottery in the AR Series .................................................................................................................... 28
5.2.1 Prehistoric Pottery (Ubaid Ware) ............................................................................................... 28
5.2.2 Late pre-Islamic to Abbasid ceramics ........................................................................................ 28
5.2.3 ‘Ali Ware..................................................................................................................................... 28
5.2.4 Cooking Pots in Local Coarse Ware .......................................................................................... 29
5.2.5 Julfar Ware................................................................................................................................. 29
5.2.6 Glazed Gulf Earthenwares......................................................................................................... 29
5.2.7 Miscellaneous Earthenwares ..................................................................................................... 29
5.2.8 Frit .............................................................................................................................................. 30
5.2.9 Chinese Ceramics ..................................................................................................................... 30
6 Discussion of the QNM Pottery (PT, CE and AR Series) .......................................................................... 31
7 Ware Descriptions ..................................................................................................................................... 33
7.1 Introductory comments on the wares ................................................................................................ 33
7.2 Local Gulf Earthenwares: Unglazed .................................................................................................. 33
7.2.1 ‘Ali Ware..................................................................................................................................... 33
7.2.2 ‘Ali 2 (“Brown ‘Ali Ware”)............................................................................................................ 33
7.2.3 Brown Incised Cooking Pot Ware .............................................................................................. 34
7.2.4 Brown Sandy Cooking Pot Ware ............................................................................................... 34
7.2.5 Coarse Gritty Ware .................................................................................................................... 34
7.2.6 Cream Ware .............................................................................................................................. 34
1
7.2.7 Incense Burner Ware 1 (Lima Ware?) ....................................................................................... 35
7.2.8 Incense Burner Ware 2 .............................................................................................................. 35
7.2.9 Incense Burner Ware 3 .............................................................................................................. 35
7.2.10 Incised Buff Ware ...................................................................................................................... 35
7.2.11 Julfar Ware................................................................................................................................. 36
7.2.12 Limy Ware .................................................................................................................................. 36
7.2.13 Pale Gritty Ware ........................................................................................................................ 36
7.2.14 Sandy Ware ............................................................................................................................... 36
7.3 Local Gulf Earthenwares: Glazed ...................................................................................................... 36
7.3.1 Late Islamic Green Glaze .......................................................................................................... 37
7.3.2 Manganese Purple Underglaze Painted Ware .......................................................................... 37
7.3.3 Khunj/Bahla Ware ...................................................................................................................... 37
7.3.4 Frit .............................................................................................................................................. 37
7.4 Early and Anomalous Wares ............................................................................................................. 37
7.4.1 “Clinky” ....................................................................................................................................... 37
7.4.2 Indian Red Polished Ware ......................................................................................................... 38
7.4.3 Turquoise Glaze Ware ............................................................................................................... 38
7.5 Imported Glazed Wares ..................................................................................................................... 38
7.5.1 Porcelain .................................................................................................................................... 38
7.5.2 Stoneware .................................................................................................................................. 39
7.5.3 Refined White Ware................................................................................................................... 39
7.5.4 Copper Lustre Ware .................................................................................................................. 39
7.5.5 Glazed Terracotta ...................................................................................................................... 39
8 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 40
9 Catalogue of Ceramics in the PT (“Pottery”) series, with Addition of Incense Burners (IB Series)........... 42
10 Catalogue of Ceramics in the CE Series ............................................................................................. 187
11 Catalogue of Ceramics in the AR Series (former archaeological display) .......................................... 248
List of Figures
Figure 1: Water jars in Pale Gritty Ware (1-4) and 'Ali Ware (5-7). ..................................................................... 5
Figure 2: Water Jars in "Brown 'Ali Ware" (1-2) and Cream Ware (3-8).
Figure 3: Jars in Sandy Ware (1-2) and Incised Buff Ware (3-4) ........................................................................ 7
Figure 4: Basins in Pale Gritty Ware (1-4) and Cream Ware (5-6). .................................................................... 8
Figure 5: Julfar Cooking Pots. ............................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 6: Open-mouthed jars in Cream Ware. .................................................................................................. 10
Figure 7: Storage Jars in Pale Gritty Ware. ....................................................................................................... 12
Figure 8: Storage Jars in Coarse Gritty Ware. .................................................................................................. 13
Figure 9: Lids in Pale Gritty Ware (1-3), Sandy Ware (4) and 'Ali Ware (5). ..................................................... 14
Figure 10: Incense Burners. .............................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 11: Late Islamic Green Glazed Ware. .................................................................................................... 15
Figure 12: Anomalous pottery. .......................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 13: Chinese Ceramics ............................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 14: Origin of Refined White Ware bowls and dishes in the collection. ................................................... 21
Figure 15: Breakdown of Refined White Wares by manufacturer ..................................................................... 23
Figure 16: Breakdown of Refined White Wares by pattern ............................................................................... 25
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1 INTRODUCTION, SUMMARY AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1.1. The ceramics of the Qatar National Museum collection offer a snapshot of the final traditional pottery
assemblage of Qatar, as used for practical purposes in the every-day life of the towns and villages of Qatar
from the late 19th to the mid 20th century. They also contain a suite of imported luxury wares used by the
wealthy and middle class inhabitants of Qatar. The collection therefore gives insights into the now-vanished
traditional ways of life in the country, as well as the tastes and aspirations of its elites, and its economic
relations during this time.
1.2. The full illustrated record in this report, with colour catalogues, will prove invaluable to ethnographers,
historians, social scientists and archaeologists working on Qatar and its people during the pre-oil era. In
particular it will be useful to archaeologists currently working on the historic towns and villages of Qatar;
material of this type occurs frequently on archaeological sites but has rarely been published. This body of
largely-complete vessels will therefore comprise an invaluable aid to the diagnosis and dating of numerous
archaeological collections and sites. Moreover, the assemblage has relevance to the wider Gulf region, as
many of the types represented in the QNM collection are also found in the coastal and inland areas of the
UAE, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Indeed, some of the imported material has a much wider distribution
throughout Arabia and beyond. As excavations in the region progress, and as greater attention is paid to the
more recent Islamic past, this material will come to be regarded as a key benchmark assemblage.
1.3. The majority of the material in the QNM collection dates to the late 19th century and the first half of the
th
20 century. Some of the material can be dated more closely, particularly the glazed European imports, which
mainly date to between 1890 and 1930, corresponding to a period of wealth in the region at the peak of the
pearling boom. The earthenwares local to the Gulf potentially have a longer date range, and may have been
used up to the 1950s or even 1960s. Around this time oil revenues were irrevocably changing the lifestyle of
most Qataris, and traditional ceramics were no longer considered necessary or desirable.
1.4. In additional to local and imported pottery of the later 19th and early 20th centuries there is a small
quantity of much earlier pottery, generally of uncertain provenance but presumably originally derived from
archaeological excavations in Qatar and elsewhere. Finally, there is a small selection of very recent
commercial ceramics, presumably introduced through recent donation.
1.5. Most of the earthenwares in the collection are local to the Gulf, most likely manufactured in Bahrain,
the UAE, Iran and possibly Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Very little is likely to have been made in Qatar itself, though
this remains to be tested scientifically. Imports were plentiful from Europe, mainly Holland but also the UK,
and largely consisted of Refined White Wares (a kind of fine glazed pottery decorated with colourful painted
and printed patterns). Japanese copies of European Refined White wares were also present. There were
lesser quantities of porcelain from China. Several sets of porcelain coffee cups in the collection, mainly from
China, all appeared to be of very recent manufacture and were excluded from this report and the appended
catalogues.
1.6. Note that in addition to having a unique QNM number, the objects had previously been numbered
according to two separate series, PT for “Pottery” and CE for “Ceramics”. These series are treated separately in
this report, and have separate catalogues. In addition there was a set of incense burners which had been
numbered according to a completely different system and which lacked QMN numbers; these have been included
in the PT discussion and catalogue, with their numbers prefixed by IB for Incense Burner. Finally, there was a
collection of archaeological material which was numbered according to a different series prefixed with AR
(presumably for Archaeology); these have been accorded a separated discussion and catalogue in this report.
1.7. Note also that the separation of the CE and PT series is not based on any valid technical, semantic or
taxonomic distinction: all the items in both series can be defined as both pottery AND ceramic, except for a
quantity of glass in the CE series, which is neither. The division instead broadly corresponds to Earthenwares on
the one hand (PT series) and a combination of Porcelains and Refined White Wares on the other (CE series),
with Stonewares being found in both groups (see Section 7 for a definition of these terms). Two carved stone
vessels had also been included in the PT series.
1.8. Acknowledgments are firstly due to Sheikha Mayassa bint Khalifa al-Thani for the support of the QMA.
Thanks are also due to Faisal al-Noemi, Heiko Kallweit, Meghan Magee and Lisa Usman for facilitating the
research. The pottery illustrations and some photographs were by Ania Kotarba-Morley, and many thanks are due
to both her and Therese Sundblad for their assistance, unstinting support and cheerfulness.
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2 GLAZED AND UNGLAZED EARTHENWARES IN THE PT SERIES
2.1 Unglazed Gulf earthenwares
2.1.1 Introductory comments: Types and Wares

2.1.1.1. The Unglazed Gulf Earthenwares were of diverse function and origin within the Gulf, but most
examples in the collection were utilitarian in nature and manufactured and circulated in the region up to the
mid 20th century. There were several frequently occurring varieties which showed consistent form (shapes or
types of vessel), fabric (the nature of the clay and its inclusions) and surface treatment (decoration, slip, glaze,
burnish, appliqué etc.). These varieties are described as “wares” in this report, and are considered to have
originated from a discrete geographical area. In some cases it was possible to assign a likely geographical
origin to the wares in the collection. Some of the wares have been previously defined (e.g. Julfar Ware, ‘Ali
Ware), in which case existing nomenclature was adopted. See Section 7 for a description of the key wares.
2.1.1.2. It was also possible to group the Gulf earthenwares according to functional type, which relates to
separate uses (e.g. water jars, storage jars, cooking pots, basins etc.). These groups were considered more
meaningful than the ware categories from the perspective of those who actually used the pottery, and by
focusing on the types rather than the wares it is possible to make a guess at the typical composition of a
traditional household assemblage. The illustrations and discussion below are therefore arranged according to
broad functional types, as defined by the author. The wares of each vessel are identified in the text, captions
and catalogue, however.
2.1.1.3. Alongside the late 19th and early-mid 20th century Gulf earthenwares, a few examples of the PT series
consisted of rare and odd vessels and types, including ancient archaeological examples, donations from other
regions, mid 20th century stonewares, late 20th century commercial wares, products of late 20th century artists
or hobbyist workshops, and perhaps also a garden or gate ornament. These are discussed in Sections 2.3-
2.5.
2.1.2 Small and medium water jars

2.1.2.1. Small and medium-sized water jars are typically found in ‘Ali Ware or Pale Gritty Ware, and less
commonly in other wares. Most are presumed to be water-jars, but some may have had a general use to hold
any liquids, or a more specialised function to contain or process milk. Other specialised functions are also
possible for some examples, for instance those with sieve necks.
2.1.2.2. The frequency of these jars by ware is given in Table 1, along with other summary information, while
Figures 1-3 show drawings of the vessels. Note that not all examples of a type in each ware are illustrated, as
many vessels were identical. Please refer to the catalogue in Section 9 to see photographs of each vessel.
occurrences Mean height Comments

in PT series rim dia. range
Pale Gritty Ware 15 7 28-42 Commonest variant is small with one handle
and spout; larger ones have incised decoration.
Cream Ware 6 8 30-39 Some have sieve necks
‘Ali Ware 5 7 21-24 Combed decoration on shoulders.
“Brown ‘Ali” Ware 3 8 25-27 Combed decoration on shoulders
Sandy Ware 3 10 42-44
Incised Buff Ware 3 10 33-37 Combed decoration
Table 1: Small and Medium Jars: summary information on Ware and other features
2.1.2.3. The examples in Pale Gritty Ware (fig. 1: 1-4), which is probably of Iranian origin, included two
medium-sized jars with three handles and combed decoration around the shoulder (only one illustrated: fig.
1:1), and another with one handle and an incised wavy line (fig. 1: 2). More common were smaller examples
with spouts and single handles (10 examples in the collection) (fig. 1: 3-4). The same kind of small vessel in
Pale Gritty Ware with spout and handle was commonly observed in an archaeological assemblage excavated
in Muharraq, Bahrain, albeit with a slightly different rim (e.g. Carter & Naranjo-Santana 2011 fig. 42: 6-9). The
Muharraq assemblage is dated largely to the first three decades of the 20th century, but earthenware water-
4
jars such as these probably continued to be used beyond this time in Qatar, probably up to the advent of
significant oil revenues in the 1950s or even later.
Figure 1: Water jars in Pale Gritty Ware (1-4) and 'Ali Ware (5-7). 1: QNM.1358/PT.36; 2:
QNM.3627/PT.77; 3: QNM.1344/PT.22; 4: QNM.1392/PT.70; 5: QNM.1366/PT.44; 6: QMN.1365/PT.43; 7:
QNM.1363/PT.41
2.1.2.4. Water jars in ‘Ali Ware (numbering 5 in the PT collection) invariably had three handles, a ring base
and a simple straight rim (fig. 1: 5-7). ‘Ali Ware is considered to have originated in Bahrain. Combed
decoration on the shoulder and upper body was common but not universal. This kind of vessel had a long life
span, being found at sites in Qatar considered to be 18th century in date, including Ras Abaruk 5 and Huwayla
(Garlake 1978a fig. 2: 32-35; Garlake 1978b fig. 2: 5, 18-21). Similar vessels in “Cream Sandy Ware”, “Buff-
Cream Sandy Ware” and “Orange-Cream Sandy Ware” have been published from Ruwayda, Qatar, dating to
the first half of the 18th century (Petersen & Grey 2010 fig, 10: 8, 11). These would probably all be classified
as ‘Ali Ware by the current author. At Zekrit, Qatar, first half of the 19th c., clear examples of ‘Ali Ware are
spread across several of the ware classes defined by the excavators, and include handled water jars as well
as fragmentary lids (mistaken for bowl rims and knob bases) (Guérin & Na'imi 2008 fig. 7, Wares A, B, C).
Whole and almost complete examples of the three-handled water jars were found at Tawi Bedu Shwaiba, an
inland desert site in Abu Dhabi , and it is the most common type of vessel in Muharraq in the first three
decades of the 20th century (Hellyer 1998b: 152; Hellyer 1998a: 56; Carter & Naranjo-Santana 2011 fig. 40: 1-
8, 10-14). The author has observed the same kind of ‘Ali Ware vessel in the Zubara collections. However, the
Zubara assemblage also includes small, squat carinated examples, which are absent from the QNM collection
(except for an archaeological example in the exhibition collection, AR.77, probably from Zubara) and they
5
were also not observed in Muharraq, suggesting that the low carinated form had fallen out of use by the 20th
century.
2.1.2.5. Small water jars were also found in a possible variant of ‘Ali Ware (termed Ali 2, or “Brown ‘Ali”),
decorated with combed lines and zig-zags, one with two handles and one with a narrow bridge spout opposite
the single handle (fig. 2:1-2). Similar jars were found at Muharraq in early 20th century levels (Carter &
Naranjo-Santana 2011 fig. 41: 1-2), but these had pierced sides and appeared to be jars for tobacco water-
pipes.
2.1.2.6. A different decorative technique is seen on water jars in Cream Ware, where rouletting (fig. 2: 3, 6),
ribs and cordons are seen (fig 2: 5, 7, 8). The Cream Ware jars were variable in form compared to the highly
standardized Pale Gritty Ware and ‘Ali Ware jars, and questions may legitimately be raised about the validity
of the class (see Section 7.2.6). Two of the Cream Ware jars have sieve-necks, with one of these being
spouted (fig. 2: 7-8). The author is not aware of similar vessels in other Late Islamic assemblages of the
region, and speculates that this ware may have been imported from a neighbouring region which, like Qatar,
was inside the Turkish sphere of influence during the early 20th century, i.e. southern Iraq or al-Hasa. An
origin within Qatar is considered unlikely but can not be entirely ruled out.
Figure 2: Water Jars in "Brown 'Ali Ware" (1-2) and Cream Ware (3-8). 1: QNM.1364/PT.42; 2:
QNM.1323/PT.1; 3: QNM.1327/PT.5; 4: QNM.1360/PT.38; 5: QNM.1347/PT.25; 6: QNM.1393/PT.71; 7:
QNM.1385/PT.63; 8: QNM.1324/PT.2
2.1.2.7. Other medium-sized jars are shown on Figure 3. They include a heavy incised jar with three handles
in Sandy Ware (Ware 15) (fig 3:1). Although only one complete example was in the collection this was a
relatively common type: the collection also contains a rim in the same ware with three handle stumps and the
same incised decoration (PT.58/QNM.1380, not illustrated), while another complete identical example is on
display in the office of Faisal Noeimi. A more unusual vessel, in a green variant of Sandy Ware, contained a
spike at the base (fig. 3: 2). This has not been observed by the author before and its purpose is unknown.
One possibility is that the spike was intended to reduce the capacity of the vessel in a clandestine manner, i.e.
to cheat a customer if the jar was used in a measuring capacity of water or another substance. It is also
6
feasible that the spike played a role in processing a substance, e.g. milk, perhaps fulfilling some kind of
mechanical purpose during the shaking of the jar.
2.1.2.8. Two round-bottomed thin-walled jars in Incised Buff Ware conform to a type which is common in the
Lower Gulf region (the UAE and northern Oman) (fig. 3: 3-4). These were intended to be hung up, and their
porous fabric encouraged the evaporation of water, which cooled the contents. Elaborate and extensive
combed decoration is seen on the shoulder of one and the neck of the other. This is seen on similar published
and unpublished pots from Abu Dhabi (Hellyer 1998a: 50, 61).
Figure 3: Jars in Sandy Ware (1-2) and Incised Buff Ware (3-4). 1: QNM.1337/PT.15; 2: QNM.1349/PT.27;
3: QNM.3638/PT.88; 4: QNM.3653/PT.103
2.1.3 Basins
2.1.3.1. The collection contained a series of straight-sided basins with flat bottoms (fig. 4). All were in Pale
Gritty Ware (7 examples) or a variant of Cream Ware (4 examples). The Cream Ware examples were
characterised by occasional dark spalled inclusions (see Section 7.2.6 for comments on the validity and
homogeneity of Cream Ware).
2.1.3.2. The exact usage of the basins, which were clearly part of the standard assemblage of Qatar and
Bahrain in the early 20th century, must await ethnographic study, but they would have been suitable for
serving or processing either dry foodstuffs or liquids, and as basins for ablution or washing objects.
7
no. Mean height Comments
occurrences rim dia. range
in PT series
Pale Gritty Ware 7 32 11-19 One with incised decoration on rim
Cream Ware 4 33 12 Two with incised decoration on rim
Table 2: Basins: summary information on Ware and other features
2.1.3.3. Parallels for the Pale Gritty Ware basins are plentiful at Muharraq (Carter & Naranjo-Santana 2011
fig. 42: 1-5), while a similar basin from Abu Dhabi has been published (Hellyer 1998a: 61). Another example,
very similar to fig. 4: 2, was found at a recent Islamic settlement in the Wadi Madab, Fujairah, UAE (Carter
2008). The examples from the Emirates, as well as certain ones in the QNM collection (e.g.
QNM.1389/PT.67), seem to be slightly grittier than standard Pale Gritty Ware, and a different attribution can
not be ruled out (see also Section 37).
2.1.3.4. No similar examples have been identified elsewhere in Cream Ware, and basins of this sort were not
reported from Zekrit.
Figure 4: Basins in Pale Gritty Ware (1-4) and Cream Ware (5-6). 1: QNM.1387/PT.65; 2:
QNM.1388/PT.66; 3: QNM.3632/PT.82; 4: QNM.3678/PT.129; 5: QNM.3663/PT.114; 6: QNM.3654/PT.164
2.1.4 Julfar Ware Pots

2.1.4.1. Several examples of Julfar Ware were found, a kind of pottery named after the medieval site of Julfar
in Ras al-Khaimah, UAE. It was made in the mountains close to Julfar, and continued to be manufactured up
to the mid 20th century, long after the abandonment of the town of Julfar itself. It is widely distributed in the
Gulf. All the Julfar Ware pots were rounded vessels, and nearly all had the same shape, rim form and
decoration. They have been counted here as a single functional type. Note that although this kind of vessel is
usually considered a cooking pot, not all showed burning at the base and they could also have been used a
for a variety of storage and processing purposes.
2.1.4.2. Seven of the eight examples in the PT series (fig. 5: 2-6) can be compared to a Julfar cooking pot
form which is highly characteristic of the late 19th and 20th centuries, as seen in Ras al-Khaimah, Muharraq
8
and Abu Dhabi (Kennet 2004: 55, Table 22, CP.4, and fig. 23; Hansman 1985 fig. 16: m; Carter & Naranjo-
Santana 2011 fig 44: 2-4; Hellyer 1998b: 152; Hellyer 1998a: 18, 53). One further example of this type was
observed in the AR collection (AR.36). The type is characterised not only by its globular shape but also its flat
topped, or sometimes indented, triangular rim. The decoration, in maroon or blackish paint, is relatively
standardised, consisting of panel of pendant triangles above parallel lines (fig. 5: 2, 3) or long pendant
triangles below parallel lines (fig. 5: 5-6 and probably 4, which is eroded). An almost identical example to fig.
5: 3 is seen in the museum collection of the National Museum of Ras al-Khaimah, described as “Bani
Shumayli pottery” i.e. pottery made by the Banu Shumayli tribe of Shimal, Ras al-Khaimah, who were the
manufacturers of Julfar pottery up to the mid 20th century (Stocks 1996 fig. 6: second row and second column
from top right). Identical vessels are also seen on display in the fort of Khasab, Oman, on the Musandam
peninsula.
2.1.4.3. Note that Kennet’s dating of this type (CP.4 in his 2004 typology) is probably too early, as is Hellyer’s
caption to one of his images. It does not appear to occur before the mid 19th century. For example, the type is
absent from Zekrit, where an earlier form of Julfar Ware cooking pot is found, along with other types of Julfar
Ware vessel (Guérin & Na'imi 2008 fig. 7). Note also that the Julfar Ware in the Zekrit report was erroneously
conflated with a local coarse gritty cooking pot ware which has a more pronounced everted rim, and with
which it bears a superficial resemblance (Guérin & Na'imi 2008 fig. 11, encampement, particularly the
examples on bottom right).
Figure 5: Julfar Cooking Pots. 1: QNM.1353/PT.32; 2: QNM.3634/PT.84; 3: QNM.1357/PT.35; 4:

QNM.69/PT.47; 5: QNM.1355/PT.33; 6: QNM.1356/PT.34
2.1.5 Open-mouthed Jars (“Flowerpots”)

2.1.5.1. The collection contained 11 examples of a distinctive variety of medium-sized wide-mouthed jar, all in
Cream Ware (fig. 6). Height varied between 25 cm and 28 cm, with rim diameters between 19 and 30cm.
Some bore simple combed decoration on the shoulders. Others showed signs of burnishing and rouletting on
the shoulders.
2.1.5.2. One example (PT.17/QNM.1339, not illustrated) showed the mirror image of a trade mark repeated on
its shoulder, indicating that a patterned object had been rolled over its surface during the rouletting procedure.
The trade mark reads “FEUERHAND”, followed by two small disks, and a larger circular motif. The words
9
“MADE IN” can also be faintly seen in places. Feuerhand was a German company which specialised in
hurricane lamps. The full motif represented by the two discs is uncertain, but the partial circular motif evident
on the pot can be seen in full on other objects made by the company, and consisted of a hand holding a flame
inside a circular pattern. It is unlikely that Feuerhand made objects specifically for treating the surface of
pottery, so it appears that a stamped object was reused for rouletting the pots.
Figure 6: Open-mouthed jars in Cream Ware. 1: QNM.3651/PT.101; 2: QNM.3626/PT.76; 3:

QNM.3630/PT.80; 4: QNM.1350/PT.28; 5: QNM.3636/PT.86
2.1.5.3. Parallels for these forms have not been found elsewhere in the Gulf. As with the Cream Ware jars and
basins (Sections 2.1.2, 2.1.3), it is tentatively proposed that these kinds of vessel were made somewhere in
the Ottoman sphere of influence, i.e. Qatar, al-Hasa or Iraq. The presence of rouletted marks on one vessel
which appear to relate to a German manufacturer supports this hypothesis: Germany and the Ottoman Empire
th
developed close trading relations towards the end of the 19 century which persisted into the period of the
First World War. Objects of German manufacture were therefore more likely to be found in the Ottoman
sphere of influence than elsewhere in the Gulf. The factory which made Feuerhand lanterns was founded in
1902.
2.1.6 Storage Jars

2.1.6.1. Eighteen large and medium-large storage jars were found in Pale Gritty Ware (fig. 7) and Coarse
Gritty Ware (fig. 8). Because their fabrics have similar inclusions there are questions over the assignation of
one or two vessels, which had fabrics similar to both.
10
2.1.6.2. There are three basic forms among the 13 Pale Gritty Ware storage jars:
• Form 1, with a carination and a long tapering base: two occurrences, exemplified by fig. 7: 1-2
• Form 2, with a rounded carination halfway down the body: three occurrences, exemplified by fig. 7: 3-
4 (the unillustrated example being QNM.3731/PT.110)
• Form 3, with a high shoulder: six occurrences, exemplified by fig. 7: 5-6 (the unillustrated examples
being QMN.1338/PT.16; QMN.1340/PT.18; QMN.1395/PT.73 and QMN.1359/PT.109).
• Additionally there is the form shown in fig. 7: 7, which is unique, and a vessel which was too broken to
assign to any form (QNM.3656/PT.106).
2.1.6.3. Forms 1 and 2 (fig. 7: 1-4) have excellent parallels with material found in early 20th century contexts in
Bahrain, specifically at the Fakhro ‘Amara warehouse complex, where identical vessels were used to collect
date syrup (dibs) draining from date presses (madabes) (Carter & Naranjo-Santana 2011 fig. 43: 1-5). At that
site the jars were plastered into the date press structures, and the narrow bases and presence of plaster on
some of the examples in the QNM collections suggests that some of these were also set into structures as
permanent installations. Some of the QNM jars (Forms 2 and 3) had wider bases and not all showed plaster;
these could have been free standing. There is no reason why they could not have been used to store
materials other than date syrup, e.g. water, or dry goods such as grain. As noted in Section 7.2.13, it is
speculated that Pale Gritty Ware originated from the Iranian side of the Gulf.
no.
Mean height
occurrences Comments
rim dia. range
in PT series
Pale Gritty Ware
2 30 80-84 Both with plaster up to half-way point
Form 1
Pale Gritty Ware One with plaster around base, one with
3 21 72-80
Form 2 plaster up to top
Pale Gritty Ware
6 21 54-58 One is plastered up to top
Form 3
Pale Gritty Ware
2 20 72 One is unique, one is fragmentary
Miscellaneous
Coarse gritty Ware 5 31 68-88+ Two with plaster up to middle
Table 3: Occurrences of Storage Jars, by Form and Ware
2.1.6.4. A second category of storage jar consisted of large vessels with handles, incised and impressed
cordon decoration in Coarse Gritty Ware, which was usually darker and grittier than Pale Gritty Ware. As well
as the three illustrated, another example was present which almost identical to fig. 8: 2. This pot,
QNM.1342/PT.20, was very large and still boxed; it was not removed from the box and consequently the
catalogue has no photograph. A large base was also assigned to Coarse Gritty Ware (QNM.3657/PT.107),
though this was a borderline case which could arguably have been assigned to Pale Gritty Ware.
2.1.6.5. Similarities between the fabric of Coarse Gritty ware and Julfar Ware suggests that it may have been
made at the same group of kilns as Julfar Ware (in the Wadi Haqil, near Shimal, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE), or
nearby in the northern Emirates. Parallels are rare. Although such jars are common in the region, particularly
as complete examples in the museum collections of the UAE (e.g. at the National Museum of Ras al-
Khaimah), they have not been drawn and published.
11
Figure 7: Storage Jars in Pale Gritty Ware. Dotted lines indicate areas thickly covered with plaster. 1:
QNM.3649/PT.99; 2: QNM.3624/PT.74; 3: QNM.3647/PT.97; 4: QNM.3648/PT.98; 5: QNM3633/PT.83; 6:
QNM.1348/PT.26; 7: QNM.1336/PT.14
12
Figure 8: Storage Jars in Coarse Gritty Ware. 1: QNM.3652/PT.102; 2: QNM.1341/PT.19; 3:
QNM.3650/PT.100
2.1.7 Lids.
2.1.7.1. Jar lids were found in ‘Ali Ware (1 example), Pale Gritty Ware (5 examples) and Sandy Ware (1
example). Wooden lids were also found associated with jars in the PT series. In some cases the lids did not
have independent QNM or PT numbers, but shared a number with the pot with which they were associated
upon accession. More than one type of lid was represented, with one small example of 8cm diameter clearly
intended to close the top of a small water jar (fig. 9: 5), while larger cloche-shaped lids were found with
diameters up to 33 cm, some pierced (fig. 9: 1-4).
2.1.7.2. The function of the cloche-shaped examples merits ethnographic investigation. Archaeological
examples seen elsewhere by the author (e.g. at Huwaylah, Qatar, and at Muharraq, Bahrain) usually show
traces of soot or burning around the lip of the rim, suggesting that they were placed over cooking pots or
hearths. The piercings in many examples are consistent with such usage. It appears, however, that in some
cases the cloche-shaped lids were used to cover the tops of large storage jars. They can therefore be
regarded as multifunctional objects.
13
Figure 9: Lids in Pale Gritty Ware (1-3), Sandy Ware (4) and 'Ali Ware (5). 1: QNM.3677/PT.128; 2:
QNM.3640/PT.90; 3: QNM.3676/PT.127; 4: QNM.1390/PT.68; 5: QNM.1377/PT.55
2.1.7.3. Similar lids are common at the Fakhro ‘Amara, Muharraq, all in ‘Ali Ware (Carter & Naranjo-Santana
2011 fig. 40: 20-23). They are seen at Huwaylah (Garlake 1978b fig. 2: 1-4, 22), where they were mistaken for
bowl rims or knob bases and drawn upside down. At Zekrit, Qatar (early 19th century) many of the apparent
bowl rims and knob bases are also likely to be upside-down lids in ‘Ali Ware (Guérin & Na'imi 2008 fig. 7,
Ware A, bottom 2, Ware B: top and 3rd and 4th down, Ware C, bottom 4).
2.1.7.4. The archaeological evidence from Zekrit and Huwayla suggests that unpierced lids in ‘Ali Ware were
common in Qatar in the 18th and early 19th century, but by the time of the final traditional assemblage
represented in the QNM collection (assumed to be mainly the first half of the 20th century) the lids were nearly
all in Pale Gritty Ware.
2.1.8 Incense Burners

2.1.8.1. Three types of incense burners were identified, one being represented only by one example, and the
other two being more frequent and both relatively standardized. The first variety (fig. 10: 1) was larger than the
other two types and had a pronounced cordon round the middle, with rouletted decoration on the rim and
cordon, and both long and short piercings. Its fabric was brown, with no visible inclusions, and a burnished
exterior.
2.1.8.2. The second variety (six examples) had a sandy red-brown fabric with pierced sides and simple
decoration consisting of a rouletted cordon around the body (fig. 10: 2-3). All but one had a single handle. The
origin of these burners remains unknown.
Figure 10: Incense Burners. 1: QNM.3673/PT.124; 2: QNM.3670/PT.121; 3: QNM.3664/PT.120; 4: no. 207;

5: no. 218
14
2.1.8.3. The other variety (fig. 10: 4-5) was more common (16 examples) and had more elaborate and highly
textured decoration. The fabric was pale red-brown with white flecks, and decoration included maroon paint
and a range of incised and rouletted patterns; and variety of shapes were used for the piercings. These
examples can be identified as Lima Ware, which was traditionally manufactured in the village of Lima, on the
Musandam Peninsula in Oman. Near-identical incense burners are on display at Khasab Museum, also on
Musandam, identified as Lima Ware. They may have come to Qatar along the same trading network as the
Julfar Ware, which was manufactured only a few hours from Lima by sail.
2.2 Glazed Gulf earthenwares

2.2.1. Glazed wares originating from the Gulf region were notably rare in the collection, consisting only of a
single green glazed jar in the PT Series, and another in the AR collection. The example present in the PT
Series (fig. 11: 1) was a small pot with four handles, a cream fabric and a flaking green glaze inside an out,
which only came part way down the vessel externally. It smelled strongly of stale milk, suggesting relatively
recent usage. The one in the AR collection (Section 5.2.6) had better-preserved, greener glaze, and two
handles, but also had glaze only coming part-way down the body externally.
2.2.2. Notable absences from the repertoire include Manganese Purple Underglaze Painted Ware,
Khunj/Bahla Ware and Mustard Glaze Ware, all of which are common in the 18th and 19th century
assemblages of Qatar and elsewhere in the Gulf. Their absence from the QNM collection is for chronological
reasons, i.e. they were no longer circulated during the time period represented by the collection (late 19th to
mid 20th century). It is likely that they were supplanted during the last decades and first few decades of the
20th century by the imported European and Japanese Refined White Wares
Figure 11: Late Islamic Green Glazed Ware. 1: QNM.1371/PT.49
15
2.3 Miscellaneous Unglazed Vessels
2.3.1. Several vessels were found which were considered anomalous, being either much earlier than the
bulk of the collection, and/or probably brought into the collection by donation from distant regions. Some may
have been found in unofficial excavations in Qatar, while others could have been presented by visiting
dignitaries or museum staff from outside the region.
2.3.2. Two canister-shaped pots (fig. 12: 1-2) relate to the Samad horizon of Oman, which is thought to
cover the late Iron Age up to around the 1st century AD, ca. 500 BC-100 AD (Kennet 2007: 101). Good
parallels can be found in the graves of the Wadi Samad, which show the same shape, rim form and incised
decoration (Yule 2001 e.g. Taf. 18, M2715: 2, Taf. 61, S10608: 6, Taf. 84, S10680: 5, Taf. 129, S108814: 1,
Taf. 132, S10815: 1, Taf. 136, S10817: 1, Taf. 146, S10824: 2, Taf. 149, S.10825: 2, Taf. 225, S101190: 1,
Taf. 405, S2606: 1, Taf. 417, S2615: 1, Taf. 451, S3018: 9). Cairn burials in Qatar are known to date to this
period so the pots could have been excavated in Qatar, but it remains possible that they arrived in the QNM
collection through donation from Oman or the UAE
Figure 12: Anomalous pottery. 1: QNM.1352/PT.30; 2: QNM.1343/PT.21; 3: QNM.1362/PT.40; 4:

QNM.1375/PT.53; 5: QNM.1325/PT.3; 6: QNM.3642/PT.92; 7: QNM.1394/PT.72; 8: QNM.1332/PT.10; 9:
QNM.1330/PT.8; 10: QNM.1328/PT.6
2.3.3. Three pots in a hard red-brown and dark grey fabric (fig 12: 3-5) are likely to be of Sasanian or early
Islamic date. The ware compares to Kennet’s Clinky and SMAG categories (Kennet 2004: 62-3). The fabric is
closer to Kennet’s description of Clinky, but the rim forms of the jar with handles, is closer to SMAG (Kennet
2004 fig. 37). Clinky is known from Qatar at al-Khor (Carter & Killick 2010: 25). There is also a parallel
16
between the two small double-handled vessels with “hard-fired ware” from tombs in Bahrain, Type CQ, dated
to the late Parthian or early Sasanian period (Andersen 2007 fig. 564). Again it is possible that these pots
were recovered from burial cairns in Qatar, in which case a Sasanian date is likely. Judging from an old index
card, one of them (fig. 12: 5) appears to have been purchased from an antiques dealer, Abdullah Jamal, who
supplied most of the collection at the foundation of the museum in 1973, and one speculates that it was
recovered during unofficial excavations or development works in Qatar. On this card the vessel was
numbered differently (QNM.1373, PT.51), but it appears to be exactly the same pot. The photo on the original
index card shows that it was originally complete, with two handles and a lid. It has since been badly broken.
Another (fig. 12: 4) has had a very crude repair added to the rim with painted plaster
2.3.4. The oil lamp (fig. 12: 6) is of a type common in the early Islamic to Abbasid era (for a comparable
example see e.g. Grey 1994 fig. 4: right ). It may have been recovered from an archaeological site in Qatar,
e.g. Murwab, or have been introduced from elsewhere. An incised beaker (fig. 12: 7) could not be identified.
2.3.5. Additionally, three vessels in a wheelmade grey ware were found (fig. 12: 8-10), one of which (fig. 12:
9) has writing on the bottom in Arabic which identify it as coming from Gaza, in Palestine. The jars correspond
to a 19th-20th century type, “Gaza Ware”, ware found at Tel el-Hesi and Jezreel and used to make identical
handled water jugs (ibriq) (Grey 1994: 61). Many thanks to Tony Grey for this identification and reference.
2.3.6. Finally, a selection of unglazed earthenwares were present which are likely to be of very recent
manufacture, though a more ancient origin outside the Gulf cannot be entirely excluded for some. These
include a small mended urn with a red-brown fabric and concrete adhering to its base, which is perhaps a
modern gate or garden ornament (see PT Catalogue: QNM.1382/PT.60); an orange two-handled jar with a
bright slip which might be a modern purchase from a garden centre or hardware store (QNM.1386/PT.64); a
small unused burner from a shisha waterpipe (QNM.3655/PT.105); and an unused modern shisha water-pipe
bottle (QNM.3664/PT.115). None of these should be considered for display, except perhaps for the shisha
pipe elements.
2.4 Stonewares
2.4.1. The PT Series contains a small selection of stonewares, including a large jar stamped with
Govancroft Pottery, Glasgow (QNM.1378/PT.56). According to research by T. Sundblad, this factory was
founded in 1911 or 1913 and produced stoneware and jolleyed ware for ginger beer, jam, ink, stout and the
chemical industry. It ceased to operate in 1976 (information originally derived from Miranda Goodby, Stone on
Trent Museums, and Marks4ceramics.com).
2.4.2. Another large stoneware jar (QNM.3634/PT.96) retains its screw-top lid, and is stamped with 2 GN,
1953, and an oval with RANIPET E.I.D. WARE. This indicates a 2 Gallon capacity, presumably with
manufacture in 1953 at Ranipet, a town in Tamil Nadu, southern India. The company is EID Parry, which ran
from the late 19th to the mid-late 20th century AD.
2.4.3. There is also a small globular stoneware pot with an uneven surface, a greenish grey glaze and dark
horizontal lines painted beneath the glaze below the shoulder (QNM.1383/PT.61). The origin of this is not
known, but it resembles certain pottery of southeast Asia, e.g. Myanmar or Thailand.
2.4.4. Other stoneware vessels include a small jar with a speckled and streaked brown glaze on its upper
half, marked I C Hoffman (QNM.1384/PT.62). This dates to the second half of the 20th century: Irene C.
Hoffman was born in 1924 and was employed for nearly forty years with SW Bell in Kansas City, retiring in
1984 and mainly manufacturing functional pottery with simple glazes and relief
(http://www.leintzfh.com/archives2004.html;
http://www.marks4ceramics.com/porcelain_pottery_marks/ceramics_marks_H.html).
2.4.5. Lastly there is a globular vessel with a glossy brown glaze on the upper half and a grey glaze on the
lower part, marked with a capacity of 2 litres (“2 LIT”) (QMN.1381/PT.59). The origin of this is not known, but it
is likely to date to the 20th century AD.
17
2.5 Miscellaneous Glazed Vessels
2.5.1. Several glazed vessels in the PT series are likely to be of relatively recent date. These include three
glazed terracotta cooking vessels, one glazed on both sides (QNM.1326/PT.4) and two on the inside only
(QNM.1334/PT.12, QNM.1372/PT.50). These are recent commercial kitchen vessels of unknown origin.
2.5.2. Also found was a rounded brown earthenware vessel with an internal glaze and a thick brown glaze
externally on the shoulder. In terms of shape and fabric this resembles an Indian cooking pot, but
archaeological examples seen by the author are never glazed. It is nonetheless likely to be from India, or
perhaps Pakistan, and is probably a 20th century glazed version of a type of vessels with a much older history.
2.5.3. A drum shaped vessel with clear glaze on a brown body and green and brown splashed decoration
was present (QNM.1333/PT.11). The technique of splashed decoration goes back to the 9th century in the
region, but this is more likely to be the product of a modern workshop. Likewise, a yellow-glazed bowl with
brown underglaze decoration harks back to earlier techniques, but is probably a recent product
(QNM.1329/PT.7).
2.5.4. Lastly, there is a series of four green-glazed and brown-glazed shisha waterpipe burners, three with
fixed metal attachments to guard from the wind. (QNM.3665/PT.116-QNM.3668/PT.119). These appear to be
relatively recently made.
3 CHINESE CERAMICS (PT AND CE SERIES)

3.2. This section includes vessels from both the PT series (QNM.3658/PT.108) and the CE series (all
other Chinese ceramics). Apart from those presented in the catalogues, three examples were drawn as they
were of particular interest (fig. 13).
3.3. The most unusual vessel is a brown-glazed earthenware (or perhaps stoneware) jar with four small
handles and two stamps bearing the same Chinese character (QNM.3658/PT.108: fig. 13: 1). It has a large
dent in one side which must have originated during firing. This vessel has a wide date range and could be as
early as the 16th century, or as late as the 19th (pers. comm. Zhao Bing). The likelihood is that it is earlier than
the other Chinese pottery in the collection, but it was only slightly damaged (cracked) and retained a wooden
lid which fitted well and may have been original. It smelled of milk, suggesting that even if it was of
considerable age it had been relatively recently used. It’s provenance within Qatar is unknown, and if it was
originally from a Qatari household it may have been carefully preserved as an heirloom.
3.4. A small pot of Chinese Blue and White porcelain was drawn because it is identical to two examples
found in excavations at Muharraq, in early 20th century levels (Carter & Naranjo Santana 2011 fig. 47, and
sherds 18-19, pp. 76-77). The one in the QNM collection (fig. 13: 2) contained the remains of some kind of
scented ointment or unguent. It can be compared to “sauce pots” made at the Dehua kilns in China, of the late
19th or early 20th century (Yeo and Martin 1978, 286, Plate 191).
3.5. Additionally, a small plain Chinese snuff-bottle with broken handles was recorded in full and drawn
(fig. 13: 3), as it had been reused to contain kohl. Kohl was a characteristic element of male and female
personal adornment in the Gulf region, and as such the piece may be suitable for display.
18
Figure 13: Chinese Ceramics. 1: QNM.3658/PT.108; 2: QNM.688/CE.43; 3: QNM.687/CE.42
3.6. Examples which were not drawn but are illustrated in the catalogue include deep porcelain bowls and
corresponding lids, with polychrome enamelled decoration in pink, green, blue and red (see CE Catalogue:
QNM.656/CE.11, QNM.658/CE.13, QNM.675/CE.30). These are in a tradition of polychrome enamelled
porcelains descended from the famille verte and famille rose ceramics which were developed in China in the
17th century, and which became extremely popular in the Gulf during the 18th and 19th centuries. Numerous
fragments of such vessels are found at Huwayla and Zubara. Specialist work would be required to obtain a
close dating of the two bowls and the one lid in the QNM collection.
3.7. Many of the numerous sets of porcelain coffee cups in the CE collection are also of Chinese origin,
being stamped with Made in China on the bottom. Some of the unmarked examples may be of Chinese,
European or Japanese manufacture. None appear to be of any antiquity, and they will not be further
discussed here. Neither are they included in the catalogue below.
19
4 PORCELAINS AND REFINED WHITE WARES (CE SERIES)
4.1 Introductory comments on the CE Series and Sample Selection

4.1.1. The following discussion and catalogue (Section 10) gives details of those vessels in the CE
(“Ceramics”) Series present on the shelves of the Fahad bin Ali store which were photographed and recorded
in the database by R. Carter and A. Kotarba-Morley. Further analysis and identification of most of this pottery,
particularly the Refined White Wares, was carried out by Ms Therese Sundblad (Section 4.2 below).
4.1.2. The CE Series was a heterogeneous collection which, along with numerous objects of considerable
interest, contained many items of recent manufacture, negligible academic interest and negative aesthetic
value. Some vessels in the CE series were therefore not recorded, due to pressure of time, and this is
therefore not a complete sample of the collection. Those which were thought to be earlier than the 1940s were
targeted, particularly painted and printed bowls and dishes in Refined White Ware (Section 4.2). Also targeted
were Chinese porcelains (Chinese Blue and White, and Chinese Polychrome Enamelled Porcelains – see
Section 3 above), and 19th century Copper Lustre Ware of probable English manufacture, which was present
in the form of jugs. A selection of teapots was also recorded, though not those examples which are likely to
date to the second half of the twentieth century.
4.1.3. Notable exclusions include coffee cups, which are a frequent element of collections and domestic
archaeological assemblages from the mid or late 19th century onwards, and perhaps earlier. They are present
in the CE collection, but all appeared to be late in date, and the kind of fluted examples known from the 19th
and early 20th centuries were absent. Other varieties of pottery which were not recorded include rose-water or
perfume shakers, small ceramic clock faces, a few glazed and painted earthenwares, some printed Brazilian
ceramics and a pair of printed porcelain coffee pots of Iranian manufacture, all considered to be of relatively
recent manufacture. Also excluded from the recording process was a jar marked underneath with “Microwave
and Dishwasher Safe” (QNM.717/CE.72). A reasonable amount of glass was also present in the CE series;
this was not recorded.
4.1.4. The vessels in the CE collection were not generally amenable to technical drawing, having
polychrome and/or very detailed designs. Only a small selection of the Chinese material was therefore drawn
(Section 3). For illustrations to accompany the text in the following sections, please refer to the illustrated
catalogue (Section 10).
4.2 European Refined White Wares and Japanese Imitations (section by

Therese Sundblad)
4.2.1 Introduction and Methodology

4.2.1.1. The following section and the majority of the catalogue entries for the CE Series were written by
Therese Sundblad, who conducted research into the date and origins of the European ceramics selected for
study by Dr Carter. In particular, this section focuses on the so-called Refined White Wares, a class of glazed
semi-porcelain with a fine white body and either painted and sponge-printed decoration, or transfer-printed
decoration. Dr Carter added some additional elements, including the discussion of Japanese imitations of
European Refined White Wares, and the section on designs. The discussion and statistical summaries in this
section cover only bowls and dishes in Refined White Ware, and their Japanese imitations (some of which
may actually be porcelain), which made up the majority of the material. A selection of teapots in Refined White
Ware and porcelain are covered in a different section.
4.2.1.2. Refined White Wares are distinctive and widespread, turning up frequently in the museum collections
and archaeological assemblages of the Gulf, and a better understanding of their characteristics, origins and
date ranges would be extremely useful to those working in the museums and archaeological sectors of the
region. Note that the phrase ”Refined White Ware” is the one used by the Museum of London as a generic
term for this material, and at the time of its manufacture it went under a variety of other names, including
Chinaware. In the context of the Gulf they are sometimes referred to as “Late Trade Wares”, a rather broad
th th
category which also includes cheap 19 -20 century Chinese Blue and White porcelain, porcelain coffee cups
of European, Chinese or Japanese manufacture, and various types of European stonewares and glazed
earthenwares.
20
4.2.1.3. There appears to be no existing publication which adequately summarises the range of Refined White
Wares represented in this collection, or which provides illustrations of comparable whole vessels complete
with marker’s marks, though fragments of similar or identical wares sometimes appear in publications of
recent historical sites in the UK, US and Australia, and as web resources (e.g. Harrisson 1995, Goodwin &
Barker 2009; Stelle 2001; http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Index.htm). The most appropriate methodology at
this stage was therefore to approach experts and museum curators directly. Additionally, a range of specialist
expertise on maker’s marks and pottery designs is available through the web, sometimes for a fee. Ms
Sundblad would like to thank Wim Dijkman, Curator at the Centre Céramique for his help in dating and
identifying the Dutch pottery; and Miranda Goodby, Ceramics Collections Officer at Stoke-on-Trent Museums
for helping with the ceramics from the United Kingdom. Lastly she would like to thank Elizabeth at
Marks4Ceramics.com to help identify and date the Russian, Italian, Belgian and French objects.
4.2.1.4. Finally, note that one or two of the Japanese or probable Japanese vessels may have been made of
true porcelain rather than Refined White Ware (QNM.647/CE.2, QNM.649/CE.4, QNM.697/CE.52), but they
are included in this section as they are imitation of the European Refined White Ware.
4.2.1.5. Table 4 gives a breakdown of the European Refined White Ware dishes and bowls, and their
Japanese imitations, with details of pattern, origin and suggested date ranges.
4.2.2 Countries of Origin and Manufacturers

4.2.2.1. Forty-five bowls and dishes were identified as European Refined White Wares of the late 19th or early
20th century, or Japanese imitations thereof. Table 4 gives a breakdown of the Refined White Ware bowls and
dishes with their origin, manufacturer, patterns and dates ranges suggested by the specialists.
4.2.2.2. The country of origin could be identified for thirty-nine of the bowls by their maker’s marks (fig. 14),
which generally also identified the manufacturing company. Nearly half were from Holland (22 examples), with
Japan being the next most prolific contributor (6 vessels). The UK supplied only four identifiable pots. This is
contrary to expectation, as the UK might be assumed to have been a major supplier, given both its dominance
in the Gulf and its extremely large export trade in ceramics. The strong representation of Japanese ceramics
was also unexpected, and it is possible that both phenomena relate to Qatar’s trading orientation being
influenced by its ties with the Turkish state, as opposed to the UK.
1 1 1
Belgium
4
Germany
4 Italy
22 France
England
6 Unknown
Japan
Holland
6
Figure 14: Origin of Refined White Ware bowls and dishes in the collection (total 45).
21
Pattern Object No. Date range Producer Country
QNM.647/CE.2 1922-1940 Unknown Japan
QNM.648/CE.3 1885-1932 Petrus Regout & Co. Holland
Toko QNM.665/CE.20 1885-1932 Petrus Regout & Co. Holland
QNM.701/CE.56 1890-1940 Imperiale et Royale Belgium
QNM.3351/CE.78 1922-1940 S S Crown Japan
“Green Leaf and QNM.680/CE.35 1875-1925 Unknown Unknown
Red Flower” QNM.698/CE.53 1875-1925 Petrus Regout & Co. Holland
QNM.2537/CE.77 1875-1925 Unknown Unknown
QNM.655/CE.10 1840-1940 Unknown England
QNM.672/CE.27 ca. 1920 Société Céramique Holland
QNM.673/CE.28 1908-1930 Ceranord France
Leaf and Flower
QNM.677/CE.32 ca. 1900 Petrus Regout & Co. Holland
variant
QNM.682/CE.37 1900-1925 Société Céramique Holland
QNM.662/CE.17 ca. 1920 Société Céramique Holland
“Moon and Star” QNM.678/CE.33 1900-1920 Société Céramique Holland
QNM.683/CE.38 ca. 1896 Petrus Regout & Co. Holland
Tancrede QNM.668/CE.23 1871-1932 Petrus Regout & Co. Holland
QNM.681/CE.36 1870-1935 Unknown Unknown
QNM.653/CE.8 1874-1930 Villeroy & Boch Germany
Simple lines or
QNM.686/CE.41 20th c. AD? Unknown Unknown
plain
QNM.689/CE.44 after 1907 Wood & Sons England
Alpine
Bali
QNM.708/CE.63 1920-1950 Sarreguemines France
Goudkust
Cenis
QNM.697/CE.52 1890-1930 Unknown (prob. Japanese) Unknown
QNM.699/CE.54 1922-1940 Yamasho Japan
Lion and Palm
QNM.703/CE.58 1922-1940 S S Crown Japan
Awa QNM.695/CE.50 1853-1910 Société Céramique Holland
Buckingham QNM.684 CE39 1884-1895 Unknown England
James Broadhurst & Sons
Windsor QNM.671/CE.26 1890s-1922 England
Ltd.
Other painted or
stencilled
Other transfer- QNM.666/CE.21 1873-1896 Societa Ceramica Richard Italy
printed QNM.674/CE.29 after 1940? Unknown Unknown
Table 4: Details of Refined White Ware bowls and dishes, with Japanese imitations. Blue text indicates
patterns which were not explicitly named on the vessel but which correspond to named designs on
other vessels, or to patterns which been assigned names by the author. Date ranges as given for each
vessel by Wim Dijkman (Dutch pottery), Miranda Goodby (English and other European pottery) and
Robert Carter (Japanese pottery).
4.2.2.3. Figure 15 shows the breakdown by manufacturer, which shows that Qatar’s imports of Refined White
Wares were dominated by two firms in Holland, Petrus Regout & Co. and Société Céramique. Note that at
22
least three of the ones of unknown manufacturer were stamped as being from Japan, and probably one or two
of the unmarked ones were also Japanese.
Petrus Regout & Co.

1 1 1
1 1 1 Société Céramique
1
11 Unknown
Ceranord
2
S S Crown
3 Imperiale et Royale
Yamasho
Villeroy & Boch
Wood & Sons
11 Societa Ceramica Richard
11
Sarreguemines
James Broadhurst & Sons Ltd.
Figure 15: Breakdown of Refined White Wares by manufacturer
4.2.3 Details of European Manufacturers
4.2.3.1 Petrus Regout & Co. (Holland)

In 1836 Petrus Regout founded a factory in Maastricht, Holland. It took almost two decades until the products
equalled the quality of the English earthenwares and were exported across the world (Geheugen van
Nederland n.d.). The company was recognized as one of the most important tableware producers in Holland
from mid-nineteenth century until WWII (GoAntiques.com n.d.). By the end of the nineteenth century the
company had obtained trade monopolies for thirty-one export markets. In 1899 the company changed the
name to Sphinx, having used the image of a reclined sphinx as its logo since 1879, but the name Petrus
Regout was maintained on the logo beneath the sphinx. In 1969 the company stopped producing earthenware
and manufactured sanitary ware and tiles only (Geheugen van Nederland n.d.).
4.2.3.2 Société Céramique (Holland)

Société Céramique was founded in 1851 by Winand Nicolaas Clermont and Charles Chainaye in Wijck,
Maastricht, Holland. In 1859 the company was taken over by Guillaume Lambert, a Belgian engineer and
transformed to a limited partnership. In 1863 the company became generally known as Société Céramique.
The company flourished and became the main competitor of Petrus Regout & Co. In 1958 the company
merged with its competitor, now called the Sphinx. The factory was demolished in the early 1990’s (Geheugen
van Nederland n.d.).
4.2.3.3 Ceranord (France)

The first earthenware factory in St. Amand opened in 1705, but Ceranord was not established until 1908. It
was one of the few companies in the area that continued production during the First World War. Ceranord was
the last factory in the area to close its doors in 1962 (Info Faience n.d.-b).
4.2.3.4 James Broadhurst & Sons Ltd. (England)

Broadhurst & Sons commenced potting at the Crown Pottery in Stafford Street, Longton in about 1855 until
1872 when they moved the operations to the Portland pottery in Victoria Road, Fenton (thepotteries.org n.d.-
a). In 1897 "& Sons" was added to the company name and "Ltd" from 1922 when half the company was
purchased by Edward Roper. Churchill China was adopted in 1984 as a name for the whole group of small
family run companies. The group was fully owned by the Roper family until 1994 when the company publicly
listed on the London stock exchange. The Roper family still maintains overall control of the firm
(aimquoted.com 2007).
23
4.2.3.5 Manufacture Imperiale et Royale (Belgium)
This factory was located in Nimy, Belgium and operated from 1789 to 1951. It was renamed to Mouzin Lecat
& Cie in 1851 and acquired by Kermis Bock Freres in the 1870s (Marks4ceramics.com n.d.).
4.2.3.6 Sarreguemines (France)

The production of ceramics in Sarreguemines started in 1790 by Nicolas-Henri Jacobi. The factory was taken
over in 1800 and became known as Utzschneider & Cie . Napoleon I became one of his costumers and the
business expanded (Sarreguemines museum n.d.). In 1838 the factory associated itself with Villeroy & Boch
which contributed to the growth of production. By the turn of the century the pottery had become one of the
largest in Europe (Shantique Gallery n.d.). After the First World War the factory became known as
Sarreguemines – Digoin – Vitry-le-François. The company was taken over by the Lunéville - Badonviller –
Saint Clément Group in 1979 after stopping the production of porcelain and majolica and concentrated on the
production of floor and wall tiles (Info Faience n.d.-a). In 1982 the company was renamed Sarreguemines –
Bâtiment (Porcelain Marks & More n.d.). The earthenware factory in Sarreguemines no longer exists after the
court ordered liquidation in 2007, but Lunéville - Saint Clément continues to produce some of the models that
made Sarreguemines famous (Info Faience n.d.-a). The old facility are now part of the Sarreguemines
museum (Sarreguemines museum n.d.).
4.2.3.7 Societa Ceramica Richard (Italy)

The manufacture of ceramics in Doccia started in 1737 by Carlo Ginori, while Societa Ceramica Richard was
founded in 1873 by Richard Giulio Richard. The two companies merged in 1896 and formed Societa
Ceramica Richard-Ginori that is still in operation today under the name Mouzin Lecat & Cie
(Marks4ceramics.com n.d.).
4.2.3.8 Villeroy & Boch (Germany)

The Boch family began to manufacture tableware in 1748, and in 1766 the company opened a factory in
Luxembourg and was permitted to call itself “Manufacture Impériale et Royale”. Nicolas Villeroy acquired an
earthenware factory in Wallerfangen together with two partners in 1771, but in 1797 he became the sole
owner (Villeroy & Boch n.d.). The Villeroy and Boch companies merged in 1836. After the merger the
company expanded and developed an export market in many countries. By 1908 the company ran nine plants
producing table wares, sanitary wares, and tiles (Keramikmuseum Mettlach n.d.). The Wallerfangen
earthenware factory closed its doors in 1931 (Answer.com n.d.). The company is still in operations and has
factories in various countries such as Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium, Austria, Holland, and France
(Marks4ceramics.com n.d.).
4.2.3.9 Wood & Sons (England)

Wood & Sons started operating in 1865 although the family had a history of pottery making dating back to the
mid eighteenth century (thepotteries.org n.d.-b). In 1910 the firm Wood & Sons Ltd. was established when
three family member’s potteries merged into one company (Villa Pottery, New Warf Pottery, and B.J. Wood).
The firm now had about 1,000 employees. In 1931 the company ran two factories the Stanley Pottery and the
Crown Pottery. The company prospered until 1979 when a major recession started (thepotteries.org n.d.-c).
The Yorke family bought the company in 1982 (thepotteries.org n.d.-c), but sadly the receivers was called in
2005 (thepotteries.org n.d.-b).
4.2.4 Designs
4.2.4.1. Designs were applied to the vessels using a variety of techniques. One of the commonest used
brightly coloured hand-painted leaf and flower motifs combined with smaller sponge-printed flowers and
repeated motifs. Equally common was the technique of transfer-printing, which allowed the same detailed
design to be applied quickly and cheaply to numerous vessels. The Japanese bowls and dishes usually
employed a combination of transfer-printing with splashes of painted or dabbed colour. Finally, some vessels
probably used stencils to apply their designs, though laborious hand-painting may have been used to achieve
the same effect, for example in the Moon and Star design (see below).
4.2.4.2. Several patterns recurred repeatedly in the corpus of Refined White Ware bowls and dishes,
particularly in the transfer-printed examples but also in the painted designs, where there was intrinsically more
scope for individualisation. Most of the transfer-printed designs had names attached to them by the
manufacturers (Toko, Bali etc.), which were included in the maker’s stamps on the base of the vessels. In
some cases the same designs were used by more than one manufacturer and named as such on the vessel,
24
such as Tancrede, Alpine and Goudkust, all used and explicitly named by both by Petrus Regout & Co. and
Société Céramique. Table 4 gives the designs associated with each Refined White Ware bowl and dish.
4.2.4.3. Some of the same designs were also used by other manufacturers, without the name being made
explicit. For example, the most popular design, Toko, is used and named by Petrus Regout & Co., but is also
used without being named by Imperiale et Royale (Belgium) and by Japanese manufacturers. The Toko
pattern is additionally seen on a bowl from 20th century levels at Zubara (Walmsley et al. 2010 fig. 10), but
interestingly the stamp on this bowl (which read “Made in Holland, Societe Ceramique, Maestricht”, with the
lion motif) referred to the pattern as Joko, not Toko. This may be the result of a decision by Société
Céramique to rename the pattern, or a misprint on a particular production run (cf. “Made ni Holland” on some
vessels of ca. 1920).
4.2.4.4. Design names were not attached to the painted and sponge-printed bowls and dishes, but certain
designs were intentionally replicated, with varying degrees of exactitude. Some of these have been given
names by the author (R. Carter). One of the most distinctive, designated “Green Leaf and Red Flower” is
commonly found in archaeological assemblages as well as museum collections, and shows a line of green
leaves divided by large red flowers and smaller blue sponge-printed flowers. A range of similar designs also
exists with differences in the disposition and shape of flowers and leaves, and differently coloured paints.
These were designated “Leaf and Flower variant”, but they do not form a coherent category. Another common
design, made by both Petrus Regout & Co. and Société Céramique shows a repeated white crescent moon
and star motif in a band around the edge of the dish (designated “Moon and Star”). This design was perhaps
stencilled rather than painted freehand.
4.2.4.5. Some of the patterns, particularly the “Moon and Star”, and the Japanese pattern designated “Lion
and Palm Tree”, were clearly specifically designed for export to the Muslim or Arab world. A Japanese-made
dish found in Sabah (now part of Malaysia), dated to ca. 1920, shows similar motivations, bearing a variant of
the European Leaf and Flower pattern with large a moon and star motif placed incongruously in the middle
(Harrisson 1995 Pl. 53a).
Toko
11 “Green Leaf and Red Flower”
1
1 2 Leaf and Flower variant
7 “Moon and Star”
Tancrede
2
Simple lines or plain
2 Alpine
6 Bali
2
Goudkust
2 Cenis
Lion and Palm
2 5 Awa
3 Buckingham
3 5 Windsor
Other painted or stencilled
Other transfer-printed
Figure 16: Breakdown of Refined White Wares by pattern
4.2.5 Dating the Refined White Wares and their Designs

4.2.5.1. The date ranges given above in Table 4 are as stated by the experts who examined photographs of
the pottery (chiefly Wim Dijkman and Miranda Goodby). In part their dates are based on the known period of
production for the factories in question, but the designs and maker’s marks may also give an indication of
date. For example, a misprint of “Made ni Holland” is found on two of the Société Céramique vessels
(QNM.662/CE.17 and QNM.672/CE.27), both of which were assigned by Wim Dijkman to around 1920.
According to Harrisson’s discussion of the Petrus Regout output, the earliest examples had no stamp, then
simply “Petrus Regout” was used up to 1878, with “Petrus Regout & Co.” used up to 1899, following which the
vessels were marked with “Petrus Regout & Co.” along with the Sphinx motif. This framework must be
questioned as it does not seem to have been used by Wim Dijkman, Curator at the Centre Céramique in
Maastricht, who gives ranges starting in the 1870s or 1880s for numerous examples which bear the Sphinx
25
motif. Indeed, every single one of the identifiable Petrus Regout vessels in the QMN collection bears the
Sphinx motif.
4.2.5.2. The corpus of published illustrated material available for comparative work is small, but stratified
examples of identical Refined White Wares were found in very late 19th and early 20th century levels in
Muharraq, Bahrain (Carter & Naranjo-Santana 2011). A very precise parallel can be found in the Princessehof
Museum for QNM.677/CE.32, a painted and sponge-printed dish with a distinctive variant of the Leaf and
Flower design. The Princessehof example is dated to 1901 and produced by the same maker, Petrus Regout
(aka Sphinx). Harrison is also able to show exactly the same vessel in a design prototype produced by
Société Céramique in 1900, showing how closely the two factories mirrored each other’s output (Harrisson
1995 Pl. 52, top left, Pl. 51, lower). Another bowl with a Leaf and Flower variant design, QNM.655/CE.10, also
has an excellent parallel in the Princessehof Museum, where it is dated to c. 1920 (Harrison 1995 Pl. 52,
bottom left).
4.2.5.3. An unexpected parallel was found for the pattern on a vessel with a variant of the Leaf and Flower
motif (QNM.705/CE.60), manufactured by Ceranord (France), and dated by Miranda Goodby to ca. 1908-
1930. This was a painting by Beatrix Potter of a kitten, Moppet, being washed in The Tale of Tom Kitten,
published in 1907 (see back cover of this report).
4.2.5.4. Regarding the date of the Japanese imitations, it is considered that prior to September 1921 Japanese
exports had been marked “Made in Nippon” rather than “Made in Japan” (Gaston 1983: 13). It is also considered
unlikely that Japanese ceramics entered the British-controlled Gulf following their formal alliance with the Axis
powers in 1940, early in the Second World War.
4.2.5.5. The study of the designs will in some cases provide useful dating evidence to archaeologists, who
often find small pieces of Refined White Wares with no identifiable stamp, but which bear recognisable
designs. Thus, according to the date ranges given in Table 4, the “Green Leaf and Red Flower” pattern would
appear to be older than the Toko design, though there is considerable overlap. Inj fact, the Green Leaf and
Red Flower pattern has one of the longest ranges, accounting for some of the oldest vessels in the collection,
which do not bear maker’s stamps (QNM.680/CE.35 QNM.2537/CE.77), but also likely to have been
manufactured up to or beyond the middle of the 1920s. The “Moon and Star” pattern would appear to be
th
restricted to the 20 century. In some cases, however, the potential range is rather long based on pattern
alone. The appearance of Japanese imitations extended the life span of at least one old design into the 1920s
and perhaps even the 1930s, namely Toko which potentially goes back to the 1880s.
4.2.5.6. In general, the date ranges of most of the designs and vessels cover the period between 1875 and
1930. In the opinion of the author (R. Carter) the vast majority probably date to the first two decades of the
20th century, with a smaller selection belonging to the last decade of the 19th century and the third decade of
the 20th. Although more museum collections would need to be examined to confirm this, the impression is that
English pottery was more common in the late 19th century, and that European ceramics, particularly Holland,
came to dominate the market in the early 20th century. In the 1920s Japanese versions of European designs
began to replace the European vessels. Although some of these are of low quality they were clearly popular,
perhaps because they were cheaper than the European vessels, or because production of the desired types
was discontinued in Europe.
4.3 Teapots (CE series)

4.3.1. Several teapots in porcelain and Refined White Ware were present in the collection, and five were
included in this report and catalogue. These are QNM.676/CE.31, QNM.693/CE.48, QNM.700/CE.55,
QNM.710/CE.65, QNM.2626/CE.79.
4.3.2. One is Chinese porcelain, with a straight spout and polychrome enamelled decoration of pink and
green leaf and flower sprays (QNM.676/CE.31). It is likely to date to the 19th or early 20th century.
Unfortunately its handle is broken and it is missing its lid.
4.3.3. Another has heavily moulded decoration painted in red, blue and green. Its maker is currently
unknown but it is stamped on the underside with a double bird motif. The handle is broken and the cracked
body is held together with a metal frame.
26
4.3.4. A third teapot provides the only confirmed Russian import in the collection (QNM.710/CE.65). It is in
Refined White Ware with transfer printed floral decoration in blue and grey. The base is stamped with the
maker's mark in Russian, with a double-headed eagle. Illegible Arabic characters below the mark signify that
this was designed for the Arab market. The manufacturer was Gardner. An Englishman, Francis Gardner,
founded the factory in the mid 18th century, and his descendants ran it until 1891 when it was purchased by
Kuznetsov. The double-headed eagle mark continued to be used after the factory was absorbed by Kuznetsov
(Notebook n.d.). It probably dates to the late 19th or early 20th century (research by T. Sundblad).
4.3.5. Finally, there are two identical teapots made by the same unidentified Japanese manufacturer. Their
widely separated QNM and CE numbers (QNM.700/CE.55 and QNM.2626/CE.79) imply that they were not
acquired by the Museum at the same time as a pair. Like the “Lion and Palm Tree” pattern on two Refined
White Ware dishes, the design on these two teapots has clearly been aimed at the Muslim or Arab market,
including a crescent moon and star in gold, along with blue, green, yellow, pink and red floral motifs, bunches
of grapes(?) and ribbons. The maker’s mark says Made in Japan in both English and Arabic.
4.3.6. Interestingly, no teacups were identified in the collection.
4.4 Copper Lustre Ware (CE Series)

4.4.1. The CE Series contained several jugs with extensive gold decoration, of a type usually known as
Copper Lustre Ware, and sometimes as Victorian Lustre Ware. These were QNM.660/CE.15,
QNM.690/CE.45, QNM.692/CE.47, QNM.3561/CE.138 (and perhaps QNM.659/CE.14, which is rather simpler
in decoration and may not strictly belong to this class). It is not clear what kind of fabric was associated with
this vessels, as no breaks or undecorated areas were visible (except on QNM.659/CE.14).
4.4.2. Two of them QNM.660/CE.15 and QNM.3561/CE.138 bore yellow bands containing leaf and flower
patterns in gold between wide bands of gold, the former having two such yellow bands, and the latter having
only a single broad one on the neck. The latter has been repaired with a metal frame. Another two have the
same design but with blue bands rather than yellow ones. Again, one has two bands (QNM.690/CE.45) and
the other has just one wide one on the neck (QNM. 692/CE.47). The final example (QNM.659/CE.14) has only
a wide band of gold at the top and a thin one close to the base, with no coloured panels or floral decoration
and a simpler handle; most of it is instead covered with a clear glaze over a brown earthenware body. It may
not be appropriate to consider it Copper Lustre Ware.
4.4.3. Copper Lustre Ware was manufactured in England is generally dated to between 1840 and 1900. It
was extremely common and numerous examples can still be found in the antiques markets. Such jugs are
relatively common in the museum collections of the Gulf, but have not yet been seen by this author in any
excavated archaeological collections, perhaps because they were regarded as particularly valuable, and
therefore carefully cared for. Potentially they are older than the painted and printed Refined White Ware bowls
th
and dishes, and they are certainly older than the few examples which can be exclusively dated to the 20
century. In reality they should probably be regarded as contemporary elements of a typical wealthy or middle
class household assemblage in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. If, as suggested above, they were
preferentially cared for then they would have stayed in use after the turn of the century, well beyond their date
of manufacture.
27
5 THE AR SERIES (ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISPLAY COLLECTION)
5.1 Introduction to the AR Series

5.1.1. On the last day of Dr Carter’s study a further collection of pottery was shown to him, consisting of
complete pots, partial vessels and broken sherds, which had been used in a travelling archaeological
exhibition. Constraints of time meant that the AR pottery could not be drawn. The vessels and sherds already
had an AR number, but no PT or QNM numbers. They are catalogued and shown in Section 11.
5.1.2. It was not always possible to ascertain the provenance of the pieces, but most or all were clearly
derived from archaeological excavation, and the site of some could be identified. Taken as a whole, the
assemblage was qualitatively different from the one present in the Fahad bin Ali store. Several earlier wares
were present which were absent from the store, owing to their recovery from archaeological sites rather than
markets, antiques shops, personal collections and 20th century domestic contexts.
5.2 Pottery in the AR Series
5.2.1 Prehistoric Pottery (Ubaid Ware)

5.2.1.1. AR.13 was a collection of eroded sherds of Ubaid pottery of the 5th or late 6th millennium BC. The
markings on some sherds identified them as coming from the sites of Ras Abaruk 4b and al-Da’asa, two sites
excavated by Beatrice de Cardi’s team in the early 1970s (Smith 1978a; Smith 1978b). One bore traces of
black paint. Also included was a greenish rim sherd which may be later in date (possibly Islamic) and a flint
tile tool.
5.2.1.2. This material was traded into the Gulf from southern Iraq around 7000 years ago, and it is relatively
common at coastal Neolithic sites in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Qatar, as well as
being found at coastal sites in the UAE. It represents the traces of one of the world’s oldest maritime trading
networks (Carter 2006). Oates considers that the Ubaid pottery found in Qatar should be dated to the
Terminal Ubaid period (Ubaid 5) (Oates 1978), which would date it towards the end of the 5th millennium BC,
but the excavated collections seen by this author, including this one, are too eroded to be certain about their
exact attribution.
5.2.2 Late pre-Islamic to Abbasid ceramics

5.2.2.1. AR.19 comprises a single small sherd of Late pre-Islamic or early Islamic pottery from Umm al-Ma
(perhaps from one of the cairns excavated there by the Japanese expedition). It is fine, red-brown and has a
brick red slip. It is scored or roughly burnished on the outside. This probably conforms to Kennet’s category of
Indian Red Polished Ware, or perhaps Fine Indian Red Earthenware (Kennet 2004: 89-90). Such wares may
originally have been imitations of Roman pottery, but it is clear that they continued to be manufactured well
beyond the Roman period, and indeed excavations at Kush suggest they were still common as late as the 8th
century AD.
5.2.2.2. Also present are Abbasid glazed wares, in AR.26 ( a Turquoise Glaze jar with two handles), AR.34 (a
collection of sherds of Turquoise Glaze, other degraded Abbasid glazed wares and brown earthenwares) and
possibly AR.29 (a water-eroded jar with two handles and damaged turquoise or green glaze). The latter may,
however, be post-Medieval in date (see Glazed Gulf Earthenwares below). Regarding Turquoise Glaze, this
was a common variety of alkaline-glazed pottery during the Sasanian and Early Islamic period, probably
originating from southern Iraq (Kennet 2004: 36-37). It was probably in use until around the 10th century. Up to
the 8th century it was the only or main variety of glazed ware in use, but from the early 9th century it was joined
by a collection of varied Abbasid tin-glazed wares, decorated with splashes of colour, lustre paint and incised
patterns collectively known as Samarra Horizon pottery, after the Abbasid capital where such ceramics are
plentiful (Kennet 2004: 38-42). Some of these coloured glazed wares appear to be present in AR.34, but they
are too degraded to identify more closely. It is possible that the pottery in AR.26 and AR.34 originates from
Murwab, although this is not marked on the sherds, because this is the only major excavated site of this
period in Qatar.
5.2.3 ‘Ali Ware
28
5.2.3.1. Examples of ‘Ali Ware are found in AR.15 (a collection of glazed and unglazed sherds, including a rim
formed by the joining of three thick handles), AR.38 (a small carinated bowl), AR.57 (a water-pipe burner),
AR.76 (a small lid) and AR.77 (the body of a low carinated water jar which would originally have had three
handles). Some of these are likely to have come from Zubara, but they could also have come from almost any
of the existing towns in Qatar (which mainly appear to have been founded in the 18th and 19th centuries), or
any of a number of abandoned towns of the same date (i.e. archaeological sites at Huwaylah, Zekrit).
5.2.3.2. Most of the ‘Ali Ware types represented in the AR Series do not appear on the shelves of the store (in
the PT Series), and these archaeological examples, which are likely to date to the 18th or 19th centuries, offer
a useful comparison to the late 19th-20th century assemblage found in the PT Series. It is therefore reasonable
to suggest that carinated bowls (cf. AR.38), low carinated water-jars (cf. AR.77) and rims formed by three
thick handles arching down to come together (cf. AR.15, central piece) are features of the 18th-19th century ‘Ali
Ware assemblage, and perhaps earlier, but not that of the late 19th and 20th centuries.
5.2.4 Cooking Pots in Local Coarse Ware

5.2.4.1. Three largely complete cooking pots of in local coarse ware were present, with carinated forms and
rounded bases. Two different varieties are present, namely Brown Incised Cooking Pot Ware (AR.37, said to
be from Dukhan, and AR.41), and Brown Sandy Cooking Pot Ware (AR.39) (see Section 7.2.3, 7.2.4 for ware
descriptions). The former two have incised decoration and three unevenly spaced lugs, while the latter has a
punctuated cordon and probably originally two lugs.
5.2.4.2. These wares have not been noted elsewhere in the Gulf by the author, except for examples of Brown
Incised Ware at Site 30, Jebel Dhanna, not far from Qatar on the coast of Abu Dhabi emirate (Carter 2003 fig.
3: 6-8, and p. 64). They are therefore likely to be of Qatari manufacture. Note that the Brown Incised Ware
seen in these vessels is relatively common in the collections made by the British team in 1973, associated
with other material of 17th-19th date, and is frequent at Huwaylah (considered to the largely 18th century in
date).
5.2.5 Julfar Ware

5.2.5.1. A single pot of Julfar Ware was noted (AR.36). This was identical to those on the shelves in the PT
series, and a date in the first half of the 20th century or the late 19th is proposed.
5.2.6 Glazed Gulf Earthenwares

5.2.6.1. Three varieties of glazed earthenwares were present which are considered local to the Gulf:
Manganese Purple Underglaze Painted Ware, Khunj/Bahla Ware, and Late Islamic Green Glaze.
5.2.6.2. The Manganese Purple was present as green-glazed sherds with blackish underglaze paint in AR.15
(three sherds on the left, bottom row). Little more can be said other than that they were from bowls, probably
of the 18th or first half of the 19th century AD but possibly earlier. This ware was probably of Iranian
manufacture, or perhaps Iraqi.
5.2.6.3. Khunj/Bahla Ware was represented by the brown-glazed base of a bowl in AR.74. This type of pottery
was very common in the 18th and 19th centuries (first appearing as early as the 14th, perhaps as imitations of
Chinese brown-glazed pottery), but appears to have gone out of use by the early 20th century. It is thought to
have been made in southern Iran, at the site of Khunj, but some suggest that it was instead made in Bahla,
Oman.
5.2.6.4. A single Late Islamic Green Glaze jug with two handles is represented by AR.42. Like the Green
Glaze jug in the PT Series (QNM.1371/PT.49), this smelled of old milk, which indicates its function and
relatively recent usage. The shape and nature of the glaze of the two vessels are not identical, indicating
variation within this class. In addition, a further eroded glazed jug (AR.29) may belong to this category, but it
could also be an Abbasid Turquoise Glaze vessel.
5.2.7 Miscellaneous Earthenwares

5.2.7.1. A single sherd of white-speckled brown earthenware is present in AR.15 (top left), referred to as Limy
Ware in this report. This equates to Kennet’s LIME category (Kennet 2004: 79, fig. 31). It is found as early as
the 14th century at Julfar, Ras al-Khaimah, but does not feature in the assemblages of the late 19th and 20th
29
century. Priestman speculates that it went of use in the late 16th or early 17th century, but this remains
unproven (Priestman 2005: 210).
5.2.7.2. Also of interest is a clay tobacco pipe, with moulded decoration at the stem end and bands of white
and brown clay creating a swirled pattern on the bowl (AR.73, from Zubara). The general type, which would
have had a long tube inserted in the stem end, was common in the 18th and 19th centuries. A closely
comparable example is known from Huwaylah, also with patterns in coloured clay on the bowl (Garlake 1978b
fig. 2: 14).
5.2.8 Frit
5.2.8.1. The bottom of a small white-glazed fritware bottle was present in AR.61. Frit is made of a fused stone-
paste rather than clay, and the examples found in the Gulf are usually considered to have been made in Iran.
It is common at Huwaylah and Ruwayda (both 18th century), and appears to have gone out of circulation some
time in the 19th century.
5.2.9 Chinese Ceramics

5.2.9.1. Chinese ceramics in the AR Series include a collection of various small sherds in AR.44, probably
from Zubara but possibly Huwayla; a small complete Chinese Blue and White lid in AR.59 (Zubara); and part
of a small Blue and White cup with fish-scale design (AR.60, Zubara). All. are likely to date to the 18th century.
5.2.9.2. The collection in AR.44 includes fragments of Chinese Blue and White, as well as red and green
enamelled porcelain, and so-called Batavian Ware. The latter is highly characteristic of the 18th century, and
typically has a brown glaze, with panels in which motifs are picked out in coloured enamel. Examination of the
pottery in the Antiquities Department indicates that it was particularly common at Huwayla, but it is also
present at Zubara.
5.2.9.3. Regarding the Chinese Blue and White, half a small bowl with wheel decoration is present in AR.44.
This particular kind of bowl with wheel pattern is a characteristic and common occurrence in the 18th century
assemblages of the Gulf, and was clearly a frequent import, perhaps used for tea. The fish-scale pattern seen
on the cup in AR.60, as well as on one of the sherds in AR.44, also appears to be relatively common in the
Gulf. The cup would have been suitable for use as a coffee-cup or tea-cup.
30
6 DISCUSSION OF THE QNM POTTERY (PT, CE AND AR SERIES)
6.1. As noted in the introduction, the PT and CE assemblages offer an insight into the final traditional
pottery assemblage of Qatar and the Gulf, as used up to the coming of oil revenues in the mid 20th century.
The suite of earthenwares in the PT Series presents a wide and comprehensive sample of the kinds of
vessels and types used in everyday life by Qataris of all social classes, largely for the storage, processing and
serving of food and drink.
6.2. The CE pottery, especially the European and Japanese Refined White Wares, and also the Copper
Lustre jugs and Chinese imports represent the luxury imports used mainly by the wealthier members of
society, i.e. the sheikhs, pearl merchants and other traders of Qatar. These ceramics were presumably
sometimes used to serve food and drink but would also have functioned as display items. In present day
museum displays in various countries of the Gulf, such pottery is displayed in the wall niches and on the
shelves of the public and private rooms of traditional elite residences. Although such displays were mainly
designed in the 1980s or later they are likely to intentionally reflect actual practice in the late 19th and early
20th century.
6.3. The bulk of the CE ceramics were clearly designed for export, for example the dishes with the Moon
and Star motif as well as the Japanese pottery with Lion and Palm Tree decoration, and the teapots with
Arabic script. Wim Dijkman described several of the Dutch bowls and dishes as “Old Colonial Ware”, and
these too were specifically intended for export. Certain elements which are common in European and
American assemblages of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, are absent, e.g. Blue Willow Pattern,
underlining the specific nature of the assemblage.
6.4. The quality of the some of the European White Wares, the Japanese imitations and the Chinese
pottery is quite low, but these ceramics should nonetheless be regarded as luxuries. More archaeological and
ethnographic work would be required to establish whether ownership of such pottery also extended to other
sectors of society, i.e. the pearl-diving townspeople and bedouin who made up the bulk of Qatar’s population.
6.5. As a general trend it can be suggested that Chinese ceramics, which had been entering the Gulf in
quantity since the 14th century and were still common in the 18th century (for example at Zubara and Huwayla)
became less frequent during the 19th century as European Refined White Wares entered the market. English
products may have initially been significant in the mid to late 19th century, but Dutch ceramics dominated the
market by the early 20th century. During the 1920s Japanese pottery became increasingly significant, a trend
also noted in excavations in Muharraq (Carter & Naranjo-Santana 2011).
6.6. Apart from the European and Far Eastern ceramics, it appears that the majority of types in the QNM
collections originated from production centres outside Qatar in the Gulf, for example ‘Ali Ware (Bahrain), Julfar
Ware (Ras al-Khaimah), Lima Ware (Oman) and Pale Gritty Ware (probably Iran). It should be stressed that
these suggested provenances have not been tested with scientific analyses, but if true, then pottery does not
appear to have been made in Qatar, apart from the cooking pots in the AR Series pottery and possibly Cream
Ware, which has not been observed elsewhere.
6.7. It is notable that in qualitative terms the combined PT and CE assemblages are effectively identical to
late 19th-early 20th century archaeological assemblages observed by the author in Muharraq (Carter &
Naranjo-Santana 2011) and in surface collections from the Abu Dhabi islands, with the exception of the
Cream Ware and the anomalous ceramics in the PT series. To that extent the QNM collection can be
regarded as exemplary of the late 19th-early 20th assemblage, not only of Qatar but also the wider Gulf. This
may not be true in quantitative terms, due to biases caused by differential preservation and recovery (e.g.
Refined White Wares are likely over-represented, while low cost and fragile earthenware types are probably
under-represented).
6.8. Finally, some recommendations can be made for further study of the ceramics collections. In the first
place, detailed ethnographic work should take place while use of the ceramics is still in living memory, on the
etic categorisation, function and origin of the ceramics. A surviving index card from the 1973 acquisition gives
the names of a kind of small water jar (abreek or karaaz), and more of this kind of information would be
invaluable.
6.9. Secondly, scientific provenance analyses would be useful to determine the geographical origin of the
pottery circulating in the Gulf in the pre-oil era (e.g. thin section petrographic analysis or compositional
31
techniques such as ICP or PIXE-PIGME analysis). This could be compared to any ethnographic data
gathered in this topic, as well as historical records of trade in ceramics in the Gulf.
6.10. Thirdly, useful further work could be conducted on the designs of the Refined White Wares,
particularly into the manufacturer’s archives in the Netherlands, the UK and elsewhere, for example to identify
the pattern prototypes and establish when they were designed. This could considerably narrow the date range
of many of these vessels.
32
7 WARE DESCRIPTIONS
7.1 Introductory comments on the wares

7.1.1. The following sections give descriptions and comments on the wares used to categorize the pottery,
divided into broad groups (e.g. Unglazed Gulf Earthenwares) and then listed in alphabetical order. The names
and descriptions are the author’s own, but in most cases these coincide with existing categories, defined
previously in earlier studies.
7.1.2. Several rare wares occur in the collection which do not feature in the widely used typologies
developed by Kennet and Priestman. The chief examples, as illustrated on fig. 12, include the two Samad
horizon pots (QNM.1352/PT.30, QNM.1343/PT.21), the oil lamp (QNM.3642/PT.92), the incised earthenware
beaker (QNM.1394/PT.72) and the grey pottery from Gaza (QNM.1332/PT.10, QNM.1330/PT.8,
QNM.1328/PT.6). These were not assigned individual ware categories and are therefore not discussed below.
7.2 Local Gulf Earthenwares: Unglazed
7.2.1 ‘Ali Ware

7.2.1.1. ‘Ali Ware (also sometimes spelled Aali Ware) is generally cream coloured or pale brown, sometimes
which a whitish chalky surface. It is evenly fired, medium-hard and wheelmade. The fabric usually has small
whitish inclusions which vary in frequency, and close examination reveals the presence of rounded quartz
grains. Incised decoration is common, usually combed onto the shoulder of water jars with a three- or four-
pronged tool.
7.2.1.2. Forms are limited and include small and medium-sized water-jars with three handles, combed
decoration and ring bases, as seen in the QNM collection (PT Series), as well as lids, the edges of which are
usually mistaken for bowl rims (e.g. Garlake 1978b fig. 2:1-4, Guérin & Na'imi 2008 fig. 7), but often show
burning, which indicates they were placed over hearths or cooking pots. Carinated bowls are also found, as in
the AR Series (AR.38, cf. Garlake 1978b fig. 2: 24-27)
7.2.1.3. ‘Ali Ware was named thus by Andrew Williamson in the 1970s, who studied sherds from Huwaylah,
Qatar, and considered them to have been manufactured at the village of ‘Ali, Bahrain (Garlake 1978b: 174,
type 12, fig. 2:1-5, 18-21). As well as Huwayla, it is also found in Qatar at Ras Abaruk 5 (Garlake 1978a fig. 2:
29-30, 32-35), Zekrit, where it was included in more than one Ware Group (Guérin & Na'imi 2008 fig. 7, Wares
A, B, C), Ruwaydah (Petersen & Grey 2010 fig. 10:2-3, Cream Sandy Ware), al-Khor (Carter & Killick 2010
fig. 22:6) and Zubara. In the urban excavations at Muharraq, Bahrain, it was by far the commonest variety of
pottery in the identifiable 19th/20th century assemblage (44%), which supports a Bahraini origin (Carter &
Naranjo-Santana 2011: 48). It is also extremely common at sites in the Abu Dhabi coastal area (Carter 2003:
57)..
7.2.1.4. ‘Ali Ware is often assumed to date to the 18th century, but the QNM collection, coupled with the
Muharraq excavations, show conclusively that it continued to be used at least the 1920s or 1930s, and
th
probably up to the middle of the 20 century. It appears that a low, carinated version is associated with the
earlier periods (see AR.77) which was out of use by the 20th century, and it is also possible that simpler
incised decoration was favoured at the end of its period of use (horizontal lines on the shoulder, as seen in the
PT Series collection), while lined descending from the shoulder and more complex chevron patterns were
favoured up to the early 20th century.
7.2.2 ‘Ali 2 (“Brown ‘Ali Ware”)

7.2.2.1. Brown ‘Ali Ware was named thus because small fragments can closely resemble ‘Ali Ware but
browner, though complete examples (as in the PT Series) appear to show different characteristics. There is a
risk that the name is misleading, and that it was in fact made in a completely different place to ‘Ali Ware. The
fabric is fine and brown, well fired and medium hard. It bears incised (combed decoration) in horizontal lines
and chevrons, and is associated with medium-sized wheelmade water jars with two handles
(QNM.1364/PT.42), or one handle and a bridge spout (QNM.1323/PT.1).
7.2.2.2. This variety has not been clearly described elsewhere, but it appears to have been used in Bahrain in
the early 20th century for tobacco water-pipe jars (Carter & Naranjo-Santana 2011: 49, fig. 41: 1-2).
33
7.2.3 Brown Incised Cooking Pot Ware
7.2.3.1. This ware was only present in the AR Series (archaeological material), and was represented by two
vessels (AR.37 and AR.41). The fabric is soft and porous, with inclusions of quartz sand and pale sub-angular
grits, perhaps gypsum, with a brown surface and grey core. It is handmade and the surface is lumpy, though
smoothed. Its most distinctive feature is crudely incised decoration on the upper part of the body. The most
complete example (AR.41) shows three small unevenly spaced lugs. Both examples show signs of burning,
having been set directly on a fire.
7.2.3.2. Regarding date, it may be significant that no local ceramic cooking pots of any kind were seen on the
shelves in the PT Series, probably indicating that such vessels were no longer used by the early to mid 20th
century, and that they had been entirely replaced with metal equivalents by the time the museum collection
was gathered. On the other hand, their fragile nature does not favour survival and their low status could have
excluded them from selection.
7.2.3.3. This particular type is also known from Site 30 at Jebel Dhannah (UAE), where a Bronze Age
attribution was wrongly speculated (Carter 2003 fig. 3: 6-8, and p. 64). Better comparative evidence is now
available: it is frequent at Huwaylah (considered to the largely 18th century in date) but does not appear to be
present at Zekrit (early 19th century), where a simpler variety is seen without incised decoration or cordons
(Guérin & Na'imi 2008 fig. 11, Ware F, encampement, right hand side, bottom six). The simpler variety has
been observed by the author at Zubara, where it has a gritty pink or reddish fabric that can sometimes
resemble Julfar ware. As a highly tentative working hypothesis it is therefore proposed that Brown Incised
Cooking Pot Ware (and perhaps also Brown Sandy Cooking Pot Ware) went out of use in the late 18th or
early 19th century, while the plain pink gritty variety (which is not in the QNM collection) went out of use later,
presumably some time during the 19th century. Analysis of the excavated pottery at Zubara may confirm or
disprove his hypothesis.
7.2.4 Brown Sandy Cooking Pot Ware

7.2.4.1. This variety, represented by one vessel (AR.39), is similar to Brown Incised Cooking Pot Ware, being
crude, soft and porous, but perhaps having a greater proportion of coarse grey quartz sand. It also has
different decorative characteristics, as it lacks the incised decoration but has instead a notched cordon on the
upper body, and a different shape of vertically-pinched lug (one surviving but probably two originally).
7.2.4.2. Further work is required to identify comparative material and date this ware, but it is likely to be similar
in date to Incised Brown Cooking Pot Ware.
7.2.5 Coarse Gritty Ware

7.2.5.1. Coarse Gritty Ware was used for large storage jars (see fig. 8). As the name implies, its fabric
contained a high quantity of grits, comprising grey or redbrown flat angular platelets, with variable amounts of
whitish limy inclusions and sometimes irregular voids. The fabric is medium hard and has an abrasive feel on
the break, and its colour varies from grey to redbrown and sometimes pinkish or purplish, as a result of
uneven firing. There was invariably a grey or red-brown external slip, and the storage jars were decorated with
appliqué cordons (both plain and indented) and sometimes incised patterns. Coarse Gritty Ware appears to
be wheelmade, and there is occasionally some doubt over whether a vessel should be assigned to this
category or to Pale Gritty Ware.
7.2.5.2. The similarities of the fabric to Julfar Ware suggests that this ware originates from the same
production centre (in the Wadi Haqil, close to the village of Shimal, in Ras al-Khaimah), but this has not been
established scientifically (and note that Julfar Ware is not wheel made). These kinds of relatively recent
storage jars have not been published previously, but storage jars identical to those in the QNM collection can
be seen in the museum collection of Ras al-Khaimah, and still set in situ in the mountain villages of the
Musandam Peninsula (Ras al-Khaimah and Oman).
7.2.6 Cream Ware

7.2.6.1. Cream Ware has a pale cream-coloured fabric, sometimes tending to greenish (in the case of the
water-jars) or pale brown, sometimes with a chalky surface. It is wheelmade, soft to medium hard and has no
visible inclusions. It was used to make medium-sized water-jars (fig. 2: 3-8), open mouthed “flower-pot” jars
(fig. 6), and straight sided basins (fig. 4: 5-6). Rouletting was used to decorate some of the jars, and also to
34
smooth the surfaces of the “flower-pot” jars, particularly on the shoulders, where cylindrical objects had been
rolled over.
7.2.6.2. Cream Ware is not a particularly coherent class: each of the water jars is different from the other
(though the method of joining the handles on PT.5/QNM.1327 and PT.2/QNM.1324 is very similar), and
although the basins and flower-pot jars each form homogeneous categories, the presence of red stains or
exploded inclusions in the fabric of some of the basins may indicate that it should be assigned to a separate
ware. Moreover, small pieces (e.g. in an archaeological collection) would be difficult or impossible to
distinguish from ‘Ali Ware, as they are similar in colour and both have relatively “clean” fabrics, with little in the
way of distinctive inclusions or characteristics. For the same reason it is hard to be certain that the open-
mouthed “flower-pot” jars and the various water jars should be included in the same category. It is not
impossible that they have different origins and should therefore be divided into separate ware. Indeed, the
author originally considered that the flowerpot jars were a variant of ‘Ali Ware, but eventually assigned them to
Cream Ware on account of the technique of rouletting (found on both the “flowerpots” and the water jars but
not on ‘Ali Ware), and because he had not seem comparable forms in the Bahrain assemblages (unlike the
‘Ali Ware water jars, which were extremely common in Bahrain).
7.2.6.3. Note that Cream Ware has not been seen by this author in other assemblages in Bahrain and the
UAE, except perhaps in very small pieces where it may have been confused with ‘Ali Ware. It is therefore a
distinguishing feature of the final Qatari traditional assemblage, and is likely to be either a local Qatari product,
or an import from other regions of Turkish Arabia, e.g. al-Hasa (in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia) or
southern Iraq.
7.2.7 Incense Burner Ware 1 (Lima Ware?)

7.2.7.1. This was associated with the most common variety of incense burner (fig. 10: 4-5). The fabric was
red-brown and contained abundant white inclusions, sometimes quite large, as well as grey and red sub-
angular grits. The incense burners bore thin red-brown paint in bands and were always associated with
elaborate decoration consisting of lattice-piercing, rouletting and possibly stamping.
7.2.7.2. Identical examples with the same fabric and decoration were seen by the author in Khasab Museum
(Musandam Peninsula, Oman), where they were identified as Lima Ware. Lima is a village in Musandam
whose members specialised in making ceramics, and this is the likely origin of the incense burners in the
QNM collection.
7.2.8 Incense Burner Ware 2

7.2.8.1. Simpler incense burners were associated with a different fabric, which was pale brown with quartz
sand inclusions (fig. 10: 2-3). Decoration was limited to rouletting around the middle.
7.2.8.2. The origin of this ware is unknown.
7.2.9 Incense Burner Ware 3

7.2.9.1. One incense burner had a different fabric (fig. 10: 1) which was fine, brown and had no visible temper.
It had rouletted and slashed decoration and the surface was smoothed or burnished.
7.2.9.2. The origin of this ware is unknown.
7.2.10 Incised Buff Ware

7.2.10.1. The globular water jars in the collection (fig. 3: 3-4) shared a fine buff or cream fabric with
small white limy inclusions and the occasional small red inclusion or stain. The bodies were hand-formed but
the rims and necks showed evidence of manufacture by wheel. The walls of the vessel were thin (ca. 3mm)
and porous, with the intention of allowing evaporation, which cooled the water. The jars were intended to be
suspended.
7.2.10.2. Such vessels are common in the UAE and Oman, which indicates a possible source area. A
similar vessel from Fujairah, but with a flat base, is published and described as a minawi water vessel
(Ziolkowski & Al-Sharqi 2008: 126, Pl. 9), but it is not known if this term should also be applied to the
examples known from Qatar.
35
7.2.11 Julfar Ware
7.2.11.1. Julfar Ware is extremely common in the Gulf, and was manufactured by the Banu Shumayli in
the Wadi Haqil, near Ras al-Khaimah. The class has been comprehensively described by Kennet (Kennet
2004: 70-76), though Kennet’s subdivisions (Julfar.1, Julfar.2 etc) are not relevant to the 19th-20th century
product. The fabric is brittle, red-brown or grey and typified by abundant flat sub-angular grey or red-brown
grits, sometimes described as platelets, with varying quantities of white limy inclusions. Julfar Ware is hand-
made and usually bears red-brown paint over a cream, grey or red-brown slip, except in the case of certain
unpainted cooking pots.
7.2.11.2. The potential date range of Julfar Ware is extremely long, from the 12th to the 20th c. AD, but
the examples found in the QNM should be dated to the late 19th or early to mid 20th century.
7.2.12 Limy Ware

7.2.12.1. Just one sherd of this was present. It was a rim with small handle stumps in AR.15 (top left of
photo). The fabric is brown, medium hard, fairly coarse but wheelmade, and contains abundant white
inclusions, probably of limestone, as well as frequent quartz sand grains.
7.2.12.2. It equates to Kennet and Priestman’s category of Lime-Tempered Ware, which they associate
with the 14th-16th centuries (Kennet 2004: 79; Priestman 2005: 210). They speculate that it went out of use in
the late 16th/early 17th century, but further evidence is required to confirm this. The other sherds in AR.15 have
a long range and could be as late as the 19th century.
7.2.13 Pale Gritty Ware

7.2.13.1. Pale Gritty Ware was used for small water jars, straight-sided basins and large storage jars
(fig. 1: 1-4, fig. 4: 1-4, fig. 7). It is typified by a brown fabric with moderate quantities of black or grey sub-
angular grits, and white limy inclusions. The colour can also range to pinkish, greenish or grey. It bears a
brown, red-brown or grey slip. The inclusions can resemble those of Julfar Ware, but are less frequent; the
fabric is browner than Julfar Ware, and unlike the latter, Pale Gritty Ware is always wheel-made.
7.2.13.2. There are also similarities with a gritty cream or grey earthenware with large dark sub-angular
grits, sometimes referred to as “choc-chip” ware, which is common in the UAE and Oman. Similar or identical
basins are found in this ware, and the distinction between the two wares is therefore not always clear-cut. Two
of the basins in the QNM collection (QNM.1388/PT.66 and QNM.1389/PT.67), both with rope-cordons on their
rims and unusually gritty fabrics, might belong to the “choc-chip” category, but scientific analyses would be
required to establish the relationship between the two wares. Additionally, there is also occasionally some
doubt over whether certain storage jars should be assigned to Pale Gritty Ware or Coarse Gritty Ware.
7.2.13.3. Pale Gritty Ware is one of the most common varieties of earthenware in the late
archaeological assemblages of the Central Gulf (e.g. 26% of the late 19th/early 20th century assemblage
excavated in Muharraq), and was probably manufactured in Iran. This last supposition is based on the
author’s familiarity with Islamic period earthenwares from coastal Iran and Arabia, but has not been proven
scientifically.
7.2.14 Sandy Ware

7.2.14.1. As the name suggests, this ware has a sandy fabric, with abundant quartz sand and variable
quantities and sizes of limy inclusions. It is usually quite dense and heavy, with an abrasive feel. The colour is
usually cream on the surface and orange or red-brown in the core, but greenish examples are also seen. It
sometimes bears incised decoration, and appears to have been used mainly or exclusively for medium-sized
water-jars.
7.2.14.2. Vessels with a similar fabric are found as early as the 14th century at Julfar, perhaps earlier,
but the examples seen in the QNM collection, with narrow thick-walled bases and three thick handles joining
the shoulder and rim (fig. 3: 1-2), are the same as 19th and 20th century examples seen elsewhere by the
author (in Muharraq and surface collections from the Abu Dhabi islands).
7.3 Local Gulf Earthenwares: Glazed
36
7.3.1 Late Islamic Green Glaze
7.3.1.1. Only two or three examples of this were identified in the collections (QNM.1371/PT.49, AR.42 and
possibly AR.29). It is not a homogenous category: the well preserved examples have quite different glazes,
the former being bluish green and glassy, the latter being thinner and bright green, as well as different shapes
and numbers of handles. In both bases the fabric was, wheelmade, fine and cream or pale brown.
7.3.1.2. Both vessels smelled of milk, as did a jar in brown-glazed Chinese stoneware jar
(QNM.3658/PT.108), indicating the typical function of glazed jars.
7.3.2 Manganese Purple Underglaze Painted Ware

7.3.2.1. This category was present only in the AR collection (fragments in AR.15). It has a soft porous cream
fabric, sometimes with white lumps or inclusions, and a greenish or turquoise glaze above purplish black
paint, which stains the underlying fabric. The class is named after the pigment used in the paint.
7.3.2.2. As a generic class or technique, Manganese Purple is very common in the assemblages in the Gulf,
and has a long history, going back to the 11th century (Kennet 2004: 52; Priestman 2005: 260-262). The
variety seen here, which is closest to Kennet and Priestman’s class MGP.2, is typified by bowls with either a
looped floral motif or simple grid decoration in the centre, and is extremely common in the 18th and 19th
centuries. The excavated sequence at Muharraq suggests that it largely went out of use in the late 19th
century, with some debased examples with simplified patterns appearing in the early 20th century (Carter &
Naranjo-Santana 2011: 54).
7.3.2.3. The absence of Manganese Purple from the PT Series provides further confirmation that it was no
longer common after the start of the 20th century.
7.3.3 Khunj/Bahla Ware

7.3.2.4. Khunj or Bahla Ware was also present only in the AR collection. It has a fine, dense grey or red-
brown fabric with a thin speckled brown glaze inside and out (sometimes green), and is noticeably ridged from
its manufacture by wheel. Forms usually consist of bowls, as seen in AR.74.
7.3.2.5. The type was named by Andrew Williamson after the site of Khunj, where he believed it was made,
but there were subsequent reports that an identical or very similar ware was made in Bahla, Oman, hence the
equivocation over the naming (Kennet 2004: 54). There is a certain amount of variation in the fabric and
glaze, particularly in the earlier periods and in the opinion of this author the examples found in the Gulf region
were almost certainly made in more than one locality in southern Iran.
7.3.2.6. Its absence from the PT series indicates that it was no longer in circulation after the start of the 20th
century, and it has been suggested on the basis of test trenching in Ras al-Khaimah town that it was already
out of use by the start of the 19th century (Priestman 2005: 270). However, according to excavations by this
author at Bu Maher Fort, Muharraq, it is likely to have still been in use during the first half of the 19th century,
and it is also apparently found in the early 19th century assemblage of Zekrit, where brown and olive glazed
ceramics are mentioned (Guérin & Na'imi 2008: 173).
7.3.4 Frit
7.3.4.1. Just one example of frit was seen, comprising a small bottle base with a white degraded glaze
(AR.61). Frit is not pure clay but a quartz-based “stone paste”, developed in Iran or Egypt by the 11th century
(Kennet 2004: 47). It was a common product of Iran, often painted in cobalt blue and sometimes used to
imitate porcelain.
7.3.4.2. Frit had certainly ceased to circulate in the Gulf by the later 19th century but it is not entirely clear
when it went out of use. The Zubara sequence will produce valuable information regarding whether it was still
used in the later 18th century.
7.4 Early and Anomalous Wares
7.4.1 “Clinky”
37
7.4.1.1. This class equates to Kennet’s “Clinky-fired Earthenware” (Kennet 2004: 84), and is represented by
QNM.1362/PT.40, QNM.1375/PT.53 and QNM.1325/PT.3. The fabric is hard, dense, wheel-made and dark
grey, sometimes tending to red-brown or purplish, with white inclusions and speckling. Two of the examples in
the QNM collection had grey slips, and one had incised decoration. Note that
7.4.1.2. As noted in Section 3.3 this ware is found elsewhere in Qatar at al-Khor, where a late Sasanian date
is thought probable (Carter & Killick 2010: 25), but its date range also extends into the early Islamic period.
Note also that it is also comparable to Kennet’s SMAG, particularly the subdivision defined by Priestman
known as SMAG.A (Priestman 2005: 174-5). It is not clear that the two classes should be separated.
7.4.2 Indian Red Polished Ware

7.4.2.1. Indian Red Polished Ware (IRPW) is present only in the AR collection (AR.19). It typically has a fine
red-brown fabric, sometimes with visible mica particles, and a polished brick-red slip.
7.4.2.2. According to Kennet it was probably produced in Gujarat and first appeared around the 1st century
AD, and may have continued to circulate as late as the 8th century AD (Kennet 2004: 89).
7.4.3 Turquoise Glaze Ware

7.4.3.1. Turquoise Glaze Ware was present only in the AR collection, as body sherds in AR.34 and as a
medium-sized jar with two small handles (AR.25); another possible occurrence is an eroded jar in AR.29.
Some (e.g. Priestman) prefer the term “Alkaline Glaze” as the colour varies between blue and green, though
turquoise or blue is most common. It has a fine cream fabric, sometimes with occasional quartz sand
inclusions, and the glaze often degrades to whitish.
7.4.3.2. The type has a long date range of nearly a thousand years, potentially between the Parthian Period
and the 10th century AD, though the earlier examples tend to have a more olive-green coloured glaze, while
rim form and vessel shape can narrow the dating. The examples in the AR collection probably originate from
Murwab and can therefore be assigned to the 9th century AD.
7.5 Imported Glazed Wares
7.5.1 Porcelain
7.5.1.1. Porcelain has a very hard, fully vitrified, fine white fabric which is translucent when thin. It was
developed in China and later successfully imitated in Europe, though European attempts to replicate it initially
resulted in a range of similar wares which should not strictly be described as porcelain (including Refined
White Wares – see below). Chinese porcelain typically has a clear glassy glaze.
7.5.1.2. Decoration can take the form of underglaze blue or greyish blue paint, as seen in Chinese Blue and
White, which was first imported into the Gulf in significant amounts in the 15th century, and which was still
arriving in the early 20th century (e.g. in the form of small pots such as QNM.688/CE.43). A particularly
common type in the 18th century consisted of small bowls with circle or wheel motifs, as seen in AR.44.
7.5.1.3. Another decorative technique includes overglaze painting, known as enamelling, often in many
colours. Famille Rose and Famille Verte are categories of Chinese enamelled pottery, but are not always
useful diagnostic categories when dealing with small pieces from excavated contexts. Chinese enamelled
porcelain is extremely common at Huwaylah and Zubara, indicating that it was common in the Gulf in the 18th
century. It is not known whether it was entering the Gulf in the 17th century, owing to the lack of excavated
material of that date. Examples were still circulating in the Gulf in the late 19th or early 20th century, usually in
the form of deep bowls and their lids, as seen in the CE Series and in excavated material in Muharraq,
Bahrain.
7.5.1.4. Polychrome enamelled decoration is seen on Batavian Ware, also a Chinese product, in which a
brown glaze surrounded open white panels bearing enamelled decoration. This distinctive type, seen in
AR.44, is associated with the 18th century and was clearly popular in the Gulf.
7.5.1.5. Note that some of the Japanese imitations of European Refined White Ware bowls could be porcelain
rather than Refined White Ware; it is not always possible to identify the fabric without breaking the vessel.
38
7.5.2 Stoneware
7.5.2.1. It is not always easy to distinguish stoneware from porcelain, largely because no clear distinction can
be made on technical grounds. As a rule of thumb, it is considered a stoneware if the fabric is hard, opaque
and grey. It has a slightly rougher fracture than porcelain, and is less suitable for decoration than porcelain
because it does not provide a clean white background.
7.5.2.2. The examples in the QNM collection are largely utilitarian jars manufactured in Europe, the USA and
India (according to European models). The exception is another jar of probable southeast Asian manufacture,
which has a stoneware body (QNM.1383/PT.61). It is possible that the Chinese brown-glazed jar, which has a
hard grey fabric, could be defined as a stoneware rather than an earthenware.
7.5.3 Refined White Ware

7.5.3.1. “Refined White Ware”, or sometimes ‘Refined White Earthenware” is the term used by archaeologists
in the UK to describe a range of 18th-20th century glazed ceramics with a fine white fabric, which is softer than
porcelain, opaque and not vitrified. Its white colour provides an excellent background for polychrome painting
and transfer-printing.
7.5.3.2. The examples in the CE Series were divided into broad categories of Painted and Sponge-Printed
Refined White Ware, and Transfer-Printed White Ware, which could be further defined by pattern (Section
4.2.4). Stencilled decoration was also seen, and this was also applied as a category. All the examples seen in
the collection belonged to the late 19th or early 20th century AD.
7.5.4 Copper Lustre Ware

7.5.3.3. Copper Lustre Ware is characterised by the abundant use of gold, which covers the vessel except for
panels in which blue or yellow panels in which leaf decoration is found. White glaze is seen inside. As noted in
Section 4.4 it is dated between 1840 and 1900 AD, and was manufactured in England, mainly in Staffordshire.
Because no broken sherds were observed its fabric remains unknown.
7.5.5 Glazed Terracotta

7.5.5.1. The term “terracotta” is sometimes used to signify any earthenware, but in this report it is used to
denote ceramics with a fine, well-fired, red-brown earthenware fabric. Glazed examples in the collection can
be identified as 20th century cooking pots.
39
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41
9 CATALOGUE OF CERAMICS IN THE PT (“POTTERY”) SERIES, WITH ADDITION OF
INCENSE BURNERS (IB SERIES)
The following catalogue comprises a complete record of the ceramics in the PT series which were located on
and around the shelves in the Fahad bin Ali store. As noted in the main body of the report (Section 2), the vast
majority consists of local earthenwares, mainly unglazed, which are representative of the final traditional
assemblage of Qatar and, to an extent, the Gulf. Some elements are present which are likely to be relatively
recent in date, from late 20th century craft workshops or garden centres, while a small number of others are
very much older, of late Iron Age to Sasanian date. Also included are two softstone vessels; these have been
included for the sake of completeness although they are not actually ceramics. Finally, a series of incense
burners was present on the shelves which did not have QNM or PT numbers, but had apparently been
numbered according to a different series. These are included at the end of the catalogue, and their numbers
are here referred to as the IB series.
Provenance/Donor: Ware: Preservation: Rim Dia: Spot

QNM.1323 Abdullah Jamal Ali 2 (Brown Ali) Good 7 Date:
(Qatar) 19th-20th
PT.1 c. AD
Description: Small pouring jar with bridge spout and handle
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Combed parallel lines with 6-8 prong tool. Bridge-spout, single opposing handle
Further Comments:
42
Provenance/Donor: Ware: Preservation: Rim Spot
QNM.1324 Unknown Cream Ware Good Dia: Date:
8 19th-
PT.2 20th c.
AD?
Description: Medium sized pouring jar with spout and handle
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Heavy corrugations around body below carinated shoulder. Thick spout and
opposing handle. Sieve in neck. Whitish coating - not slip, like plaster, has been abraded off; white paint or plaster
blob on shoulder
Further Comments: Greenish Cream Ware, fabric is reminiscent of Mesopotamian (Iraqi) pottery
43
QNM.1325 Abdullah Jamal (Qatar) Clinky-Fired Poor but can be Dia: Date:
Earthenware restored 10 500 BC
PT.3 - 500
AD
Description: Small broken jar with two handles
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Two opposing handles
Further Comments: Same pot on old 1973 index card: no. 1373 pot 51. "Bought from Abdullah Jamal". Lid was
present, now gone. Sasanian? Possibly also earlier, i.e. Late Iron Age.
See also QNM.1362/PT.40 and QNM.1375/PT.53 for same or similar ware
44
QNM.1326 Unknown Brown-Glazed Good Dia: Date:
PT.4 Terracotta 17 20th c.
Description: Glazed red terracotta cooking pot of recent manufacture
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Glossy clear glaze inside and out, two lugs
Further Comments: Not very old
45
QNM.1327 Abdullah Jamal (Qatar) Cream Ware Moderate Dia: Date:
19th-20th
PT.5 c. AD
Description: Small water jar with handles
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Rouletted below two opposing handles, smoothing marks on surface
Further Comments:
46
Provenance/Donor: Ware: Preservation: Rim Spot Date:
QNM.1328 Unknown Unidentified or Unique Good Dia: 19th-20th c.
PT.6 Earthenware 6
Description: Grey spouted pouring jar, probably from Gaza (“Gaza Ware”)
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Handle with opposing bridge-spout. Rippled body
Further Comments: Comparison with QNM.1330/PT.8 suggests from Gaza, Palestine
47
QNM.1329 Unknown Unidentified or Unique Good Dia: Date:
PT.7 Underglaze Decorated 22 20th c.?
Description: Crude underglaze painted bowl, probably modern
Decoration/Surface Treatment: yellow with green and brown spots inside and out. Incised slashes on rim
Further Comments: From a modern workshop imitating earlier Islamic pottery?
48
QNM.1330 Gaza, Palestine Unidentified or Good Dia: Date:
Unique Earthenware 10 19th -
PT.8 20th c.
Description: Small grey jar with handle and rippled external surface. From Gaza, Palestine.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Dark grey slip externally? One handle. Rippled external surface below shoulder
Further Comments: Writing on underside says Gaza, Palestine, 1985.
49
Terracotta 20 19th-
PT.9 20th c.
Description: Round-bottomed cooking pot with brown glaze. Probably Indian
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Brown glaze inside and on upper part externally
Further Comments: An Indian shape and fabric but glaze is unusual
50
QNM.1332 Unknown Unidentified or Good Dia: Date:
Unique Earthenware 25 19th-20th
PT.10 c.?
Description: Large dark grey bowl, perhaps originally from Gaza
Decoration/Surface Treatment:
Further Comments: Similarity of fabric with QNM.1330/PT.8 suggests perhaps from Gaza, Palestine
51
QNM.1333 Unknown Unidentified or Good Dia: Date:
PT.11 Unique Underglaze 22 20th c.
Description: Splash-decorated glazed bowl with vertical sides
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Clear glaze with green and brown splashes. Grooved above base
Further Comments: Probably the product of a modern workshop
52
Description: Small terracotta cooking pot of recent manufacture
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Clear glaze inside and and overlapping rim externally. Two pierced lugs
below rim
Further Comments: Modern
53
QNM.1335 Sheikh Mohammed bin Softstone Moderate Dia: Date:
Hassan al-Thani 12 19th-
PT.13 20th c.
Description: Soft-stone cooking vessel with four lugs
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Four rectangular lugs. Incised decoration. Glossy patina or varnish.
Further Comments: Not pottery: softstone
54
QNM.1336 Unknown Pale Gritty Moderate Dia: Date:
Ware 20 19th c.-
PT.14 20th c.
Description: Large storage jar
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Dark grey-brown slip? Three cordons on neck. Plaster all over
Further Comments: Greenish variant of Pale Gritty Ware, or perhaps a different but similar ware
55
QNM.1337 Unknown Sandy Ware Moderate Dia: Date:
10 19th-
PT.15 20th c.
Description: Medium-sized jar with three handles and incised decoration
Decoration/Surface Treatment: 2-prong combed and wavy lines on top half of body and neck. Three
handles
Further Comments: Rim is damaged but otherwise largely in good condition
56
QNM.1338 Abdullah Jamal Pale Gritty Ware Moderate Dia: Date:
(Qatar) 20 19th c.-
PT.16 20th c.
Description: Medium sized storage jar
Decoration/Surface Treatment: One cordon round middle. Plaster all over
Further Comments: Record applies also to associated large knobbed pierced lid – in same ware but probably
not original usage of lid. 1973 label inside, so from original collection
57
QNM.1339 Unknown Cream Ware Good 20 Date:
early
PT.17 20th c.
Description: Medium sized open-mouthed jar
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Shoulder is rolled or burnished with object bearing text (backwards):
FEUERHAND, MADE IN [ILLEGIBLE] plus circular/rosette motif, plus 2 discs with vertical lines
Further Comments: An item made by Feuerhand has been used to roll over the surface
58
QNM.1340 Unknown Pale Gritty Ware Poor 20 Date:
19th c.-
PT.18 20th c.
Description: Medium sized storage jar, missing top
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Whitish slip externally? Two cordons around middle
Further Comments:
59
QNM.1341 Unknown Coarse Gritty Moderate Dia: Date:
Ware 34 19th -
PT.19 20th c.
Description: Large decorated storage jar, missing only inside part of base
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slip, incised criss-crosses on shoulder, straightand wavy cordons.
Four handles.
Further Comments: Associated with wooden lid
60
QNM.1342 Unknown Coarse Gritty Ware Good Dia: Date:
34 19th
PT.20 c.-20th
c.
Description: Large decorated storage jar
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slipy. Straight and wavy cordons. Four handles
Further Comments: Appears from photo on box to be nearly identical to QNM.1341, with same kind of
lid. Same provenance? Not studied directly as heavily boxed
Not taken out of box for photography
61
QNM.1343 Unknown Unidentified or Moderate Dia: Date:
Unique 21 late
PT.21 Earthenware 1st mil
BC?
Description: Medium sized jar with incised decoration
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Whitish slip? Incised wavy and straight lines on shoulder and body,
cordon on neck. Plaster stuck below rim
Further Comments: cf. Samad horizon of Oman, perhaps ca. 300 BC-100AD. If not donated could be
from unofficial burial mound excavations in Qatar. See also QNM.1352/PT.30
62
QNM.1344 Unknown (probably Pale Gritty Ware Good Dia: Date:
Qatar) 6 19th-
PT.22 20th c.
Description: Small spouted pouring jar with narrow neck
Decoration/Surface Treatment: One handle and opposing spout
Further Comments: Described in 1973 index sheet as abreek or karaaz. From 1973 collection.
63
QNM.1345 Unknown Softstone Moderate Dia: Date:
12 19th-
PT.23 20th c.
Description: Soft-stone cooking vessel with four lugs
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Four rectangular lugs. Glossy patina or varnish
Further Comments: Not pottery: softstone
64
QNM.1346 Unknown Pale Gritty Ware Poor Dia: Date:
19th c.-
PT.24 20th c.
Description: Base of medium-sized jar
Further Comments:
65
9 19th c.-
PT.25 20th c.
Description: Medium-sized narrow-necked water jar
Decoration/Surface Treatment: chattered decoration just above base. Three cordons on neck, one
below rim
Further Comments:
66
QNM.1348 Unknown Pale Gritty Ware Good Dia: Date:
22 19th c.-
PT.26 20th c.
Description: Medium sized decorated storage jar
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Whitish slip? Incised wavy lines on shoulder. Plain cordon above and
below shoulder, impressed cordon between
Further Comments:
67
QNM.1349 Abdullah Jamal (Qatar) Sandy Good Di Date:
Ware a: 19th-
PT.27 10 20th c.
Description: Medium sized jar with knob base, one handle and spike inside
Decoration/Surface Treatment: One handle
Further Comments: Spike in base has not been observed elsewhere
68
20 19th-
PT.28 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Three lines of combed decoration on shoulder
Further Comments:
69
QNM.1351 Unknown Julfar Ware Moderate Dia: Date:
PT.29 24 20th c.
Description: Large cooking pot in Julfar Ware
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Encrusted with whitish plaster-like material but traces of paint visible
Further Comments: Typical Late Julfar type
70
QNM.1352 Unknown Unidentified or Moderate Dia: Date:
Unique 19 late 1st
PT.30 Earthenware mil BC?
Description: Medium sized jar with incised decoration
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Whitish slip? Wavy and straight incised lines on shoulder, cordon on
neck
Further Comments: cf. Samad horizon of Oman, perhaps ca. 300 BC-100AD. If not donated could be
from unofficial burial mound excavations in Qatar. See also QNM.1343/PT.21
71
19 19th-
PT.31 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Burnished or rouletted externally on shoulder
Further Comments:
72
QNM.1354 Unknown Julfar Ware Poor Dia: Date:
22 19th c.-
PT.32 20th c.
Description: Cooking pot in Julfar Ware with base missing
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slip externally, Poorly applied
Further Comments: Simple hole-mouth rim, no paint
73
QNM.1355 Unknown Julfar Ware Good Dia: Date:
16 19th c.-
PT.33 20th c.
Description: Small cooking pot in Julfar Ware
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Faint redbrown paint
74
16 19th-
PT.34 20th c.
Description: Painted Julfar Ware pot
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slip? Red-brown paint
Further Comments: No signs of burning, but perhaps a cooking pot; typical late Julfar type
75
QNM.1357 Abdullah Jamal (Qatar) Julfar Ware Good Dia: Date:
16 19th
PT.35 c.-20th
c.
Description: Small cooking pot in Julfar Ware
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Cream slio on upper part, redbrown paint
76
8 19th-
PT.36 20th c.
Description: Medium sized water jar with three handles
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Brown slip. Combed parallel incised lines on shoulder. Three handles,
one of which is broken
Further Comments:
77
6 19th-
PT.37 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Cream slip? Handle with opposing spout
Further Comments:
78
9 19th c.-
PT.38 20th c.
Description: Medium-sized water jar with one handle
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Combed with 3-prong on top of shoulder. One handle
Further Comments:
79
QNM.1361 Mohammed Ahmad Pale Gritty Ware Good Dia: Date:
Zamal Kuwari 7 19th-
PT.39 20th c.
Description: Medium sized water jar with three handles
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Combed on shoulder. Three handles
Further Comments:
80
QNM.1362 Unknown Clinky-Fired Good Dia: Date:
PT.40 Earthenware 10 Sasanian?
Description: Small decorated jar with four handles
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slip externally? Straight and wavy incised lines on shoulder. Four
handles
Further Comments: See also See also QNM.1325/PT.3 and QNM.1375/PT.53 for same or similar ware.
Perhaps from an unofficially excavated tomb in Qatar
81
QNM.1363 Unknown 'Ali Ware Good Dia: Date:
5 19th-
PT.41 20th c.
Description: Small water jar with three handles
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Combed decoation on shoulder. Three handles
Further Comments:
82
QNM.1364 Abdullah Jamal Ali 2 (Brown Ali) Good Dia: Date:
(Qatar) 7 19th-
PT.42 20th c.
Description: Small jar with combed decoration and two handles, and pot sherd inside
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Combed decoration on shoulder. Two opposing handles
Further Comments: The pot sherd inside is larger than the neck and there are no signs of repair – it was
inserted before the pot was finished and fired, either as a riddle for an unknown function
83
QNM.1365 Unknown 'Ali Ware Good Dia: Date:
8 19th-
PT.43 20th c.
Description: Small water jar in 'Ali ware
Decoration/Surface Treatment: 3-pronged combed decoration on shoulder; three handles
Further Comments:
84
QNM.1366 Unknown 'Ali Ware Moderate Dia: Date:
7 19th-
PT.44 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: 3-pronged combed decoration on shoulder; three handles
Further Comments:
85
QNM.1367 Unknown Pale Gritty Ware Moderate Dia: Date:
7 19th-
PT.45 20th c.
Description: Small spouted pouring jar with narrow neck, missing part of top
Further Comments: No slip visible on this one
86
QNM.1368 Abdullah Jamal Pale Gritty Ware Moderate Dia: Date:
(Qatar) 7 19th-
PT.46 20th
c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slip? Handle with opposing spout
Further Comments: Heavily salted and altered fabric
87
13 19th-
PT.47 20th c.
Description: Small painted Julfar Ware pot
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Cream slip below rim, red-brown paint externally
Further Comments: No signs of burning, but perhaps a cooking pot; typical Late Julfar type
88
QNM.1370 Unknown Pale Gritty Moderate Dia: Date:
Ware 36 19th-
PT.48 20th c.
Description: Straight sided flat bottomed basin
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Dark grey slip inside and out. Eroded cordon on rim
Further Comments: Typical basin
89
QNM.1371 Unknown Late Islamic Moderate Dia: Date:
PT.49 Green Glaze 11 20th c.
Description: Green glazed jar with four handles
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Green glaze inside and half-way down outside; parallel incised lines on
shoulder below glaze. Four opposing handles
Further Comments: Strong smell of old milk – suggests has been used within the last few decades
90
Description: Glazed terracotta cooking pot
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Speckled brown glaze inside, matt wash outside. Two opposing handles
Further Comments:
91
QNM.1374 Unknown Pale Gritty Poor Dia: Date:
Ware 33 19th-
PT.52 20th c.
Description: Straight sided flat bottomed basin, poor condition
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Traces brown slip. Groove on rim
Further Comments:
92
QNM.1375 Unknown Clinky-Fired Poor but can be Dia: Date:
Earthenware restored 8 2nd half
PT.53 1st mil
BC?
Description: Small broken jar with two handles
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slip? Two opposing handles. Horrendous attempt at restoration
with plaster(?) and maroon paint
Further Comments: Sasanian? See also QNM.1325/PT.3 and QNM.1362/PT.40
93
QNM.1376 Unknown Pale Gritty Ware Moderate dia: Date:
7 19th-
PT.54 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: One handle, broken spout
Further Comments: Not slipped
94
QNM.1377 Unknown 'Ali Ware Good dia: Date:
7 19th-
PT.55 20th c.
Description: Small water jar with lid
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Combed decoration on shoulder, three handles
Further Comments: Lid is different ware – Pale Gritty Ware. Only lid drawn
95
QNM.1378 Unknown Miscellaneous Good dia: Date:
Stoneware 12 after
PT.56 1913
Description: Large stoneware jar marked with the maker's stamp, Govancroft Glasgow Pottery
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Brown glaze on top. One handle. Stamped Govancroft Glasgow Pottery
Further Comments: Identification by Miranda Goodby (Stoke-on-Trent Museums)
96
QNM.1380 Unknown Sandy Poor Dia: Date:
Ware 10 19th-
PT.58 20th c.
Description: Top of medium-sized jar with three handles and incised decoration
Decoration/Surface Treatment: 2-prong combed and wavy incised lines. Three handles
Further Comments: QNM number marked on pot is 1374, but on label is 1380; both labels have PT.58
97
Stoneware 12 20th
PT.59 c.
Description: Small rounded stoneware jar marked with a capacity of 2 litres
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Clear or grey glaze inside and most of outside, brown on top outside.
Stamped 2LITwith possibly a maker's mark adjacent
Further Comments:
98
QNM.1382 Unknown Unidentified or Unique Good dia: Date:
PT.60 Earthenware 9 20th c.
Description: Small brown urn, badly mended, concrete under base
Further Comments: Possibly a garden or gate ornament?
99
QNM.1383 Abdullah Jamal (Qatar) Unidentified or Good dia: Date:
Unique Glazed 7 20th
PT.61 c.?
Description: Small rounded glazed jar
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey-green speckled glaze. Grey underglaze painted lines on shoulder
Further Comments: Some kind of SE Asian (?) glazed stoneware
100
PT.62 Stoneware 6 20th c.
Description: Small barrel-shaped stoneware jar marked with the maker's stamp, I C Hoffmann
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Brown speckled or uneven glaze, darker on top outside. Stamped I C
Hoffmann
Further Comments:
101
QNM.1385 Unknown Cream Ware Moderate dia.: Date:
6 19th-20th
PT.63 c.
Description: Slender medium-sized jar with sieve-neck
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Cordons below shoulder and at base of neck. Sieve-neck
Further Comments:
102
Earthenware 1`4 20th
PT.64 c.?
Description: Medium sized red jar with two handles. Not local.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Synthetic red paint used as slip? Splotches of white and pale blue paint
Further Comments: Something from a garden centre?
103
QNM.1387 Unknown Pale Gritty Good dia: Date:
Ware 37 19th c.-
PT.65 20th c.
Description: Straight sided flat bottomed basin with incised decoration
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slip. Wavy lines incised on rim
Further Comments:
104
Ware 33 19th-
PT.66 20th c.
Description: Straight sided flat bottomed basin with impressed cordon on rim
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey-brown slip. Thumb-impressed cordon on rim
Further Comments:
105
Ware 34 19th-
PT.67 20th c.
Description: Straight sided flat bottomed basin with impressed cordon rim
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Dark brown slip. Thumb-impressed cordon on rim
Further Comments:
106
QNM.1390 Unknown Sandy Ware Poor dia: Date:
20 19th c.-
PT.68 20th c.
Description: Lid with knob, eroded, not pierced
Further Comments:
107
QNM.1391 Unknown Unidentified or Good dia: Date:
Unique 10 20th c.
PT.69 Earthenware
Description: Small brown bowl, ring-base, probably modern
Further Comments:
108
QNM.1392 Unknown Pale Gritty Ware Good dia: Date:
7 19th-
PT.70 20th c.
Further Comments: Not slipped
109
QNM.1393 Unknown Cream Ware Good dia: Date:
8 19th-
PT.71 20th c.
Description: Slender water jar
RDecoration/Surface Treatment: Rouletted below neck
Further Comments:
110
QNM.1394 Unknown Unidentified or Moderate dia: Date:
Unique 10 Unknown
PT.72 Earthenware
Description: Earthenware beaker with incised decoration
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey-brown slip externally. Combed decoration with wavy lines and
straight. Slightly facetted on lower part
Further Comments: African?
111
21 19th c.-
PT.73 20th c.
Description: Medium sized storage jar
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Two cordons around middle
Further Comments:
112
Ware 30 19th c.-
PT.74 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Whitish slip? Fainty wavy incised line on upper part, cordons around
middle. Plaster on lower part. Stained with black material outside (date syrup?)
Further Comments: Wavy incised decoration on upper part missed out on drawing
113
QNM.3625 Unknown Pale Gritty Poor dia: Date:
Ware 8 19th-
PT.75 20th c.
Description: Part of medium sized water jar, missing base and part of rim
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Streaky brown slip outside, one handle, no spout
Further Comments:
114
QNM.3626 Unknown Cream Ware Good dia: Date:
28 19th-
PT.76 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: 4-prong combed decoration on shoulder; groove at rim
Further Comments:
115
6 19th-
PT.77 20th c.
Description: Medium sized water jar with one handle
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Incised wavy line on shoulder; one handle, no slip
Further Comments:
116
19th-
PT.78 20th c.
Further Comments:
117
6 19th-
PT.79 20th c.
Further Comments:
118
QNM.3630 Unknown Cream Good dia: Date:
Ware 30 19th-
PT.80 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Groove below rim
Further Comments:
119
Ware 22 19th-
PT.81 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Poorly burnished or rouletted surface
Further Comments:
120
Ware 26 19th-
PT.82 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slip
Further Comments:
121
20 19th-
PT.83 20th c.
Description: Complete medium-sized storage jar, with deliberate(?) hole on one side
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey-brown slip. Cordons round middle
Further Comments: Associated with ill-fitting wooden lid
122
QNM.3634 Unknown Julfar Ware Moderate dia: Date:
24 19th c.-
PT.84 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slip outside. Faint redbrown paint
Further Comments: Typical Late Julfar
123
QNM.3635 Unknown Cream Ware Poor dia: Date:
25 19th-
PT.85 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Rouletted on shoulder
Further Comments: Poorly preserved and spalling
124
QNM.3636 Unknown Cream Moderate dia: Date:
Ware 19 19th c.-
PT.86 20th c.
Description: Medium-sized open-mouthed jar
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Combed decoration on shoulder
Further Comments:
125
19th-
PT.87 20th c.
Description: Small spouted pouring jar with narrow neck, missing top
Further Comments:
126
QNM.3638 Unknown Incised Buff Moderate dia: Date:
Ware 19th-
PT.88 20th c.
Description: Round water-jar, missing rim
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Fine combed decoraton
Further Comments:
127
Unique 19th-
PT.89 Earthenware 20th
c.?
Description: Medium-sized jar with missing handle and barrel-shaped middle body
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Traces of thick grey and dark brown slip. Handle stump
Further Comments: Unusual shape
128
QNM.3640 Unknown Pale Gritty Moderate dia: Date:
Ware 27 19th c.-
PT.90 20th c.
Description: Large pierced lid with knob handle
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Pierced 4 times. Knob handle
Further Comments:
129
Unique 20th c.
PT.91 Earthenware
Description: Base of medium sized vessel cut down into bowl shape
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Pencil marks where someone considered adding decoration
Further Comments: Maybe Cream Ware
130
QNM.3642 Unknown Unidentified or Unique Good dia: Date:300-
PT.92 Earthenware 3 700 AD?
Description: Small oil-lamp
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Knob handle. Moulded decoration
Further Comments: Byzantine/Early Islamic style
131
QNM.3643 Unknown Cream Ware Moderate dia: Date:
27 19th c.-
PT.93 20th c.
Description: Medium-sized open-mouthed jar in two pieces
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Combed decoration on shoulder
Further Comments: Could be easily mended
132
7 19th-
PT.94 20th c.
Further Comments:
133
QNM.3645 Unknown Julfar Ware Good dia: Date:
20 19th c.-
PT.95 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Faint redbrown paint. Burnt inside but not outside (cleaned?)
134
QNM.3646 Originally India Miscellaneous Moderate dia: Date:
Stoneware 12 mid
PT.96 20th c.
Description: Large stoneware jar with lid, marked with the date 1953 and capacity of 2 gallons
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Clear glaze inside and most of outside, brown on top. One handle.
Screw-top stoneware lid. Stamped: 2 GN, 1953, plus oval with RANIPET E.I.D. WARE
Further Comments: Ranipet is in Tamil Nadu, India
135
QNM.3647 OUnknown Pale Gritty Ware Good dia: Date:
19th c.-
PT.97 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Redbrown slip. Criss cross and horizontal combed decoration. Plaster
on lower part
Further Comments:
136
Ware 21 19th
PT.98 c.-20th
c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Dark grey slip. Combed decoration. Plaster on lower part
Further Comments:
137
Ware 30 19th
PT.99 c.-20th
c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Dark brown slip. Combed decoration below rim. Cordon at middle.
Plaster on lower part
Further Comments:
138
QNM.3650 Unknown Coarse Gritty Ware Good dia. Date:
29 19th c.-
PT.100 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slip. Impressed cordon at middle and on neck. Three handles.
Plaster on lower part
Further Comments: Photographed upside down – image has been reversed
139
QNM.3651 Unknown Cream Moderate dia: Date:
Ware 28 19th c.-
PT.101 20th c.
Description: Medium-sized open-mouthed jar
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Smoothed surfaces
Further Comments:
140
QNM.3652 Unknown Coarse Good dia: Date:
Gritty Ware 31 19th c.-
PT.102 20th c.
Description: Large storage jar, probably from UAE
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slip. Three impressed cordonson middle. Paster on lower part
Further Comments:
141
QNM.3653 Unknown Incised Moderate dia: Date:
Buff Ware 10 19th-
PT.103 20th c.
Description: Round-bodied water jar with incised decoration
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Combed and punctuate decoration on neck
Further Comments: Typical incised buff ware water jar
142
Ware 30 19th c.-
PT.164 20th c.
Description: Straight sided flat-bottomed bowl
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Wavy incised line on rim
Further Comments:
143
Unique 6 20th c.
PT.105 Earthenware
Description: Modern shisha burner
Further Comments:
144
QNM.3656 Unknown Pale Poor dia: Date:
Gritty 19th c.-
PT.106 Ware 20th c.
Description: Bottom part of large storage jar, in many pieces
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Dark grey slip, plaster on lower parts
Further Comments:
145
QNM.3657 Unknown Coarse Poor dia: Date:
Gritty 19th c.-
PT.107 Ware 20th c.
Description: Bottom part of large storage jar, in several pieces
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Dark brown slip
Further Comments: Actually should be Pale Gritty Ware?
146
QNM.3658 Unknown Chinese Brown- Moderate dia: Date:
Glazed 11 16th-
PT.108 Earthenware 19th c.
Description: Chinese brown-glazed jar with stamped character
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Dark brown glaze. Four small handles on top. Stamped twice with the
same Chinese character
Further Comments: Accompanied by small wooden lid and smells of milk, suggesting relatively recent
use, but date of manufacture could be much earlier
147
20 19th c.-
PT.109 20th c.
Description: Medium sized decorated storage jar
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Whitish slip? Faint wavy line on shoulder. Plain and impressed cordons
on middle
Further Comments:
148
QNM.3660 Unknown 'Ali Ware Good dia: Date:
6 19th-
PT.111 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Combed decoration on shoulder. Three handles
Further Comments: Classic 'Ali Ware water jug
149
Ware 30 19th-
PT.112 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Wavy incised lines on rim
Further Comments:
150
Ware 35 19th-
PT.113 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Oddly textured underside, as if added separately
Further Comments:
151
Ware 35 19th c.-
PT.114 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Oddly textured underside, as if added separately
Further Comments:
152
PT.115 Unique Earthenware 7 20th c.
Description: Modern shisha pipe bottle
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Incised decoration on side. Has hole for shisha pipe.
Further Comments:
153
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Green glaze
Further Comments:
154
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Green glaze
Further Comments:
155
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Dark green glaze
Further Comments:
156
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Brown glaze
Further Comments:
157
QNM.3669 Unknown Incense Burner Ware Good dia: Date:
PT.120 2 8 20th c.
Description: Incense burner
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Red-brown slip or paint below carination and around base. Rouletted
around carination/band. Pierced sides
Further Comments: Never any handle on this one
158
QNM.3670 Unknown Incense Good dia: Date:
Burner 8 20th c.
PT.121 Ware 2
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Red-brown slip or paint. Rouletted around carination/band. One handle.
Pierced sides.
Further Comments:
159
Burner 8 20th c.
PT.122 Ware 2
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Red-brown slip. Rouletted around carination/band. One handle. Pierced
sides.
Further Comments:
160
QNM.3672 Unknown Incense Burner Good dia: Date:
PT.123 Ware 2 8 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: One handle. Pierced sides.
Further Comments:
161
Burner 9 20th c.
PT.124 Ware 3
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Rouletted or incised around carination/band and rim. One handle on
lower part. Burnished exterior. Pierced
Further Comments:
162
QNM.3674 Unknown Incense Burner Ware Good dia: Date:
PT.125 2 8 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Red-brown slip? Rouletted around carination/band. One handle.
Pierced sides.
Further Comments:
163
QNM.3675 Unknown Incense Moderate dia: Date:
Burner 9 20th c.
PT.126 Ware 2
Description: Incense burner, broken in two
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Red-brown slip. Rouletted around carination/band. One handle. Pierced
sides.
Further Comments: Never a handle on this one
164
QNM.3676 Unknown Pale Moderate dia: Date:
Gritty 32 19th c.-
PT.127 Ware 20th c.
Description: Large pierced lid
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Notched knob, puntuate decoration below knob. Pierced five times
Further Comments:
165
QNM.3677 Unknown Pale Moderate dia: Date:
Gritty 23 19th c.-
PT.128 Ware 20th c.
Description: Pierced lid
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slip. Pierced three times. Signs of burning inside
Further Comments:
166
QNM.3678 Unknown Pale Good dia: Date:
Gritty 26 19th-
PT.129 Ware 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Brown slip
Further Comments:
167
QNM.3679 Unknown Cream Poor dia: Date:
Ware 19th c.-
PT.130 20th c.
Description: Base of medium-sized open-mouthed jar
Further Comments:
168
QNM.3680 Unknown Incised Poor dia: Date:
Buff Ware 19th c.-
PT.131 20th c.
Description: Shoulder and neck of incised water-jar
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Combed and punctuate decoration on neck
Further Comments:
169
21 19th c.-
PT.110 20th c.
Description: Large decorated storage jar with neck repaired
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Dark grey slip. Combed decoration. Repaired below rim with cord and
plaster. Plaster towards base where set in floor
Further Comments: Good example of traditional repairing techniques
170
Unknown Incense Burner Good dia: Date:
IB.215 Ware 1 (Lima 20th c.
Ware?)
Description: Incense burner with red paint, rouletted decoration and lattice piercing
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Red-brown paint, stamped/rouletted decoration, lattice-pierced, one
handle
Further Comments: Probably Lima Ware
171
Provenance/Donor: Ware: Preservation: Spot
Unknown Incense Burner Good Date:
Ware?)
handle
172
Ware?)
handle
173
Ware?)
handle
174
IB.210 Unknown Incense Burner Ware 1 Good Date:
(Lima Ware?) 20th c.
handle
175
handle
176
Unknown Incense Burner Poor Date:
Ware?)
Description: Incense burner with red paint, rouletted decoration and lattice piercing. Broken
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Red-brown paint, stamped/rouletted decoration, lattice-pierced, handle
missing
177
IB.214 Unknown Incense Burner Ware 1 Moderate Date:
Description: Incense burner with red paint, rouletted decoration and lattice piercing. Broken handle
missing
178
missing
179
Ware?)
handle
180
Ware?)
handle
181
Ware?)
handle
182
Ware?)
handle
183
Unknown Incense Poor Date:
IB.221 Burner Ware 20th c.
1 (Lima
Ware?)
Description: Damaged Incense burner with red paint, rouletted decoration and lattice piercing
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Red-brown paint, stamped/rouletted decoration, lattice-pierced, broken
handle
184
IB.220 Unknown Incense Burner Good Date:
Ware 1 (Lima Ware?) 20th c.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Red-brown paint, stamped/rouletted decoration, lattice-pierced, one handle
185
Provenance/Donor: Ware: No Preservation: Spot
Unknown Incense Items: Good Date:
IB.213 Burner Ware 1 20th c.
1 (Lima
Ware?)
handle
186
10 CATALOGUE OF CERAMICS IN THE CE SERIES
Ware: Producer Design Preservation: Rim Date
QNM.646 Transfer- Société Name: Good Dia: Range:
Printed Refined Céramique Goudkust 20 1900-
CE.1 White Ware (Holland) 1920
Description: Bowl with transfer printed geometrical decoration, “Goudkust” in brown and luster on a
white background. The base is stamped with the makers mark ‘Made in Holland, Société Céramique,
Maestricht, Goudkust’ and Lion symbol.
Identification by: Wim Dijkman (Centre Céramique, Maastricht, Netherlands)
Further comments and parallels: Also present at Muharraq (Carter &Naranjo Santana fig. 51:19).
Same pattern used by Petrus Regout & Co. (e.g. QNM.661/CE.16), with same name
187
QNM.647 Transfer- Unknown Name: Good Dia: Range:
Printed Refined (Japan) (Toko) 17 1922-
CE.2 White Ware (?) 1940
Description: Transfer-printed bowl with brown printed and lustre painted geometric and flower
decoration
Identification by: R. Carter
Further comments and parallels: Japanese version of the Toko pattern. “Made in Japan” stamp
indicates later than September 1921. Perhaps porcelain not Refined White Ware.
188
QNM.648 Transfer- Petrus Regout Name: Good Dia: Range:
Printed Refined & Co. Toko 20 1885-
Description: Bowl with transfer printed geometrical and floral decoration, “Toko” in brown and red on a
white background. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘Petrus Regout & Co., Maastricht, Toko,
Made in Holland’ and Sphinx symbol.
Further comments and parallels: Also present at Muharraq (Carter &Naranjo Santana fig. 51:19).
Same pattern used by Société Céramique, with same name. Cf. QNM.647/CE.2, QNM.649/CE.4,
QNM.665/CE.20, QNM.669/CE.24, QNM.701/CE.56
189
Printed Refined (Japan) (Toko) 20 1922-
Description: Transfer-printed bowl with brown and yellow geometric and flower decoration. Partially
obscured circular stamp reading “ …HSEE & Co. MADE IN JAPAN”
Identification by: R.Carter
Further comments and parallels: Japanese version of the Toko pattern. Possibly porcelain?
190
QNM.650 Stencilled Ceranord Name: Good Dia: Range:
Refined White (France) 20 1908-
CE.5 Ware 1930
Description: Bowl with stencilled floral decoration in green and red with gold lustre outline on a white
background. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘Nouvelles Usines Ceramiques Du Nord, St
Amand, Made in France’ and Swan symbol.
Identification by: Marks4ceramics
Further comments and parallels: Decoration is unusual in that it is stencilled, not printed or painted.
191
Printed Refined & Co. Cenis 20 1892 –
Description: Bowl with transfer printed floral decoration “Cenis” in green, red and lustre on a white
background. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘Petrus Regout & Co., Maastricht, Cenis, Made
in Holland’ and Sphinx symbol.
Further comments and parallels:
192
Ware: Producer: Design Preservation: Rim Date
Painted and
QNM.652 Sponge-Printed Regout & Petrus Name: Good Dia: Range:
“Green Leaf 25 1875-
CE.7 Refined White Co. and Red 1925
Ware (Holland) Flower”
Description: Bowl with handpainted and sponige-printed floral decoration, old colonial tableware in red,
blue and green on a white background. Slightly chipped rim. The base is stamped with a faint maker's
mark and Sphinx symbol.
Further comments and parallels: Cf. QNM.680/CE.35, QNM.698/CE.53, QNM.2537/CE.77
193
QNM.653 Transfer- Villeroy & Name: Good Dia: Range:
printed Refined Boch 25 1874 -
CE.8 White Ware (Germany) 1930
Description: Bowl with banded decoration in gold on a white background. The base is stamped with the
maker's mark ‘Villeroy & Boch, Wallerfangen’ and angel symbol.
Identification by: Marks4Ceramics.com
194
QNM.655 Sponge- Painted and Unknown Name: Good Dia: Range:
(England) Leaf and 27 ca. 1920
CE.10 Printed Refined Flower
White Ware variant
Description: Bowl with sponge-printed and painted floral decoration in red, brown, blue and green on a
white background. The base is stamped with 'M… Engla...'
Identification by: R. Carter (cf. Harrison 1995 Pl. 52)
Further comments and parallels: Damaged stamp must read “Made in England”
195
QNM.656 Polychrome Unknown Name: Good Dia: Range:
Enamelled (China) 17 19th/early
CE.11 Porcelain 20th c.
Description: Deep porcelain bowl with red, pink and green enamel decoration.
Further comments and parallels: See QNM.675
196
QNM.657 Unidentified Unknown Name: Good Dia: Range:
porcelain or 16 19th/20th
CE.12 Refined White c.
Ware
Description: Porcelain (?) lid with simple decoration blue painted decoration.
Further comments and parallels: Might be a Refined White Ware not porcelain
197
Description: Porcelain lid with red, pink and green enamel decoration.
Further comments and parallels: Lid for jar such as QNM.656 and QNM.675. Feasibly part of same
set as either of these – it fits both.
198
QNM.659 Copper Lustre Unknown Name: Good Dia: Range:
Ware (probably 8 19th- 20th
CE.14 England) c.
Description: Spouted jug with gold lustre bands at rim and on body, and wavy line decoration. "Copper
Lustre".
Further comments and parallels: Less complex than the typical Victorian Copper Lustre in the
collection.
199
Ware (England) 8 1840-
CE.15 1900
Description: Spouted jug with gold lustre and yellow panels containing vegetal lustre motifs. Victorian
"Copper Lustre".
Further comments and parallels: Typical Victorian Copper Lustre, possibly from Staffordshire
200
Printed Refined & Co. Goudkust 18 1869 –
Description: “Soup dish” with transfer printed geometrical decoration “Goudkust” in green and brown
on a white background. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘Petrus Regout & Co., Maastricht,
Goudkust, Made in Holland’ and Sphinx symbol.
Further comments and parallels: See QNM.646/CE.1 for same design on a bowl
201
QNM.662 Stencilled Société Name: Good Dia: Range:
Refined White Céramique “Moon 38 ca. 1920
CE.17 Ware (Holland) and Star”
Description: Deep dish with hand painted (stencilled?) moon and star motif in green on a white
background. Made for export market. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘MADE NI [sic.] ...,
SOCIÉTÉ CÉRAMIQU., MAESt…’ and Lion symbol.
Further comments and parallels: Cf. QNM.663/CE.18, QNM.678/CE.33, QNM.683/CE.38,
QNM.702/CE.57. See also QNM.672/CE.27 for “Made ni Holland’ stamp.
202
Refined White Céramique “Moon 39 ca. 1900
CE.18 Ware (Holland) and Star” - 1920
Description: Deep dish with hand painted (stencilled?) moon and star motif in brown on a white
background. Made for export market, stamped with a smudged maker's mark and Lion symbol.
QNM.702/CE.57
203
Printed Refined Céramique Tancrede 41 1880 -
Description: Deep dish with transfer printed geometrical and floral decoration, “Tancrede” in brown on
a white background. The base is stamped with the maker's mark 'Société Céramique, Maestricht,
Tancrede’ and Lion symbol.
Further comments and parallels: Faint markings show this was a 1973 acquisition. Cf.
QNM.668/CE.23, QNM.681/CE.36
204
QNM.665 Transfer- Regout & Co. Name: Good Dia: Range:
Printed Refined (Holland) Toko 28 1885 -
CE.20 White Ware 1932
Description: Deep dish with transfer printed geometrical and floral decoration “Toko” in brown on a
white background. Mended with clamp. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘Petrus Regout &
Co., Maastricht, Toko, Made in Holland’ and Sphinx symbol.
Further comments and parallels: QNM647/CE.2, QNM.648/CE.3, QNM.649/CE.4, QNM.669/CE.24,
QNM.701/CE.56
205
QNM.666 Transfer- Societa Name: Moderate Dia: Range:
Printed Refined Ceramica 23 1873-
CE.21 White Ware Richard (Italy) 1896
Description: “Soup dish” with transfer printed floral and bird decoration in brown on a white
background. Mended with clamps. Stamped with the maker's mark ‘Me..tto (?), Soccer.Richard'.
Identification by: Marks4ceramics.com
Further comments and parallels: The only Italian example identified in the collection, and probably a
slightly earlier vessel than most of the others.
206
QNM.667 Transfer- Société Name: Moderate Dia: Range:
Printed Refined Céramique Bali 35 ca. 1873
CE.22 White Ware (Holland) – 1909
Description: Deep dish with transfer printed geometric decoration, “Bali” with central rosette in brown
on a white background. Mended with clamps. The base is stamped with the maker's mark 'Made in
Holland, Société Céramique, Maestricht, Bali’ and Lion symbol.
Further comments and parallels: Badly joined print edges. Associated with 1973 label so part of
original collection – original label says 1973-339-5G
207
Printed Refined & Co (Holland) Tancrede 26 1871 -
Description: “Soup dish” with transfer printed geometrical and floral decoration, “Tancrede” in brown on
a white background. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘Petrus Regout & Co., Maastricht,
Tancrede, Made in Holland’ and Sphinx symbol.
Further comments and parallels: Cf. QNM.664/CE.19, QNM.681/CE.36
208
Printed Refined (Japan) (Toko) 1922-
Description: Dish with transfer-printed brown and red geometric and flower decoration (cf. Toko
design). Marked with crown and crossed key motif and ‘Made in Japan’.
Further comments and parallels: Cruder than Sphinx factory Toko. Has 1973 index card, 1973-747-
5P. See QNM.647/CE.2 for justification of date range.
209
Printed Refined & Co. Alpine 28 1863 -
Description: Deep dish with transfer printed geometric decoration, The base is stamped with the
maker's mark ‘Petrus Regout & Co., Maastricht, Made in Holland', 'Alpine', Made in Holland, and Sphinx
symbol.
210
QNM.671 Transfer- James Name: Good Dia: Range:
Printed Refined Broadhurst Windsor 27 ca.
CE.26 White Ware and Sons Ltd. 1890s -
(England) 1922
Description: Oval dish with moulded edge relief, transfer printed floral decoration in green, yellow, and
pink on a white background. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘Jas Broadhurst, Made in
England', 'Windsor'.
Identification by: Miranda Goodby (Stoke-on-Trent Museums)
211
Painted and
QNM.672 Sponge-Printed Céramique Société Name: Good Dia: Range:
Leaf & 27 ca. 1920
CE.27 Refined White (Holland) Flower
Ware variant
Description: Deep dish with handpainted and sponged floral decoration, old colonial ware in red and
pink on a white background. Chipped rim. The base is stamped with the maker's mark 'SOCIÉTÉ
CÉRAMIQUE, MAESTRICHT, MADE NI HOLLAND’ [sic] and Lion symbol.
Further comments and parallels: Variant of the Leaf and Flower pattern. Note misprint of "Made ni
Holland", cf. QNM.622/CE.17.
212
Painted and
QNM.673 Sponge-Printed (France) Ceranord Name: Good Dia: Range:
Leaf & 23 1908 -
CE.28 Refined White Flower 1930
Ware variant
Description: “Soup dish” with handpainted floral decoration in red and green on a white background.
The base is stamped with the maker's mark 'Ceranord, St. Amand Nord, Made In France’, plus ‘35l’(?)
and Swan symbol.
Identification by: T. Sundblad
Further comments and parallels: Cf. QNM.705/CE.60, also Ceranord
213
QNM.674 Porcelain? Unknown Name: Good Dia: Range:
26 after
CE.29 1940?
Description: Porcelain (?) dish with transfer printed floral decoration in blue, grey and green on a white
background.
Further comments and parallels: Decal transfer technique? Raised edges visible around edges of
transferred motifs. Appears to be porcelain rather than Refined White Ware. No maker’s stamp – brown
mark on back is just a stain.
214
Description: Deep porcelain bowl with red, pink and green enamel decoration.
Further comments and parallels: See QNM.656
215
QNM.676 Polychrome Unknown Name: Moderate Dia: Range:
th
Enamelled (China) 19 c.?
CE.31 Porcelain
Description: Porcelain teapot with pink, green,blue and black enamelled floral decoration. Broken handle.
Identification by: R. Carter
216
QNM.677 Painted and Petrus Regout Name: Good Dia: Range:
Sponge-Printed & Co. Leaf and 30 ca. 1900
CE.32 Refined White (Holland) Flower
Ware variant
Description: Deep dish with hand painted and sponge-printed floral decoration, “old colonial ware” in
red, blue, black on a white background. Mended with clamps. The base is stamped with the maker's
mark ‘Petrus Regout & Co., Maastricht, Made in Holland', and Sphinx symbol.
Further comments and parallels: Has an exact parallel in Muharraq, early 20th century (Carter &
Naranjo-Santana 2011). Also in Harrisson 1995 Pl. 51, Pl. 52.
217
Refined White Céramique “Moon 36 1900 -
CE.33 Ware (Holland) and Star” 1920
Description: Deep dish with handpainted moon and star motif in red on a white background. Made for
export market. Mended with clamps. The base is stamped with the maker's mark 'Société Céramique,
Maestricht, Made in Holland’ and Lion symbol.
QNM.702/CE.57
218
Printed Refined Céramique Alpine 41 1880 -
Description: Deep dish with transfer printed geometric decoration “Alpine” in brown on a white
background. The base is stamped with the maker's mark 'Made in Holland, Société Céramique,
Maestricht, Alpine’ and Lion symbol.
Further comments and parallels: Cf. QNM.670/CE.25
219
Painted and Unknown
QNM.680 Sponge-Printed (Dutch or “Green Leaf Name: Good Dia: Range:
25 1875 -
CE.35 Refined White UK) and Red 1925
Ware Flower”
Description: Bowl with handpainted floral decoration, “old colonial tableware” in red, blue and green on
a white background. No marker’s mark.
Further comments and parallels: One of the older examples, judging from staining and lack of
maker’s mark. Probably Petrus Regout & Co. (Wim Dijkman) or perhaps English. Cf. QNM.652/CE.7,
QNM.698/CE.53, QNM.2537/CE.77
220
Printed Refined (Tancrede) 29 1870-
Description: Deep dish with transfer printed geometrical and floral decoration in green on a white
background. Similar to "Tancrede" pattern. No maker’s mark.
Further comments and parallels: Date range based on that suggested for vessels with similar design
(Tancrede). A 1973 acquisition. Cf. QNM.664/CE.19, QNM.668/CE.23
221
Painted and Société
QNM.682 Sponge-Printed Céramique Leaf and Name: Good Dia: Range:
18 1900 -
CE.37 Refined White (Holland) Flower 1925
Ware variant
Description: Bowl with handpainted floral decoration, “old colonial tableware” in red, purple and green
on a white background. The base is stamped with the maker's mark 'Société Céramique, Maestricht’,
Made in Holland and Lion symbol.
222
QNM.683 Stencilled Petrus Regout Name: Good Dia: Range:
Refined White & Co. “Moon 31 ca. 1896
CE.38 Ware (Holland) and Star”
Description: Deep dish with handpainted moon and star motif in green on a white background. Made
for export market. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘Petrus Regout & Co., Maastricht, Made
in Holland', and Sphinx symbol.
QNM.702/CE.57
223
QNM.684 Transfer- Unknown (UK, Name: Good Dia: Range:
Printed Refined probably Buckingham 36 1884 -
CE.39 White Ware Staffordshire) 1895
Description: Oval dish with transfer printed floral motif in brown on a white background. Chipped rim. The
base is stamped with the maker's mark: Rd: 19540, Buckingham, I.G. & FB.
Further comments and parallels: Buckingham refers to pattern not location
224
QNM.686 Painted Unknown Name: Moderate Dia: Range:
th
Refined White 15 20 c.?
CE.41 Ware
Description: Bowl with banded decoration in blue on a white background. Mended, chipped rim.
Further comments and parallels: Moulded?
225
QNM.687 Unidentified Unknown Name: Moderate Dia: Range:
stoneware(?) (China) 1 Late
CE.42 th
19 /early
20th c.
Description: Small green-glazed Chinese snuff-bottle with weakly moulded chrysanthemum motif and
broken handles. Reused as kohl container.
Further comments and parallels: Possibly porcelain not stoneware.
226
QNM.688 Chinese Blue Possibly Name: Good Dia: Range:
and White Dehua kilns 3 Late
CE.43 Porcelain (China) 19th/early
20th c.
Description: Small bottle in Chinese Blue and White Porcelain, with perfumed contents.
Further comments and parallels: Contains remains of brown contents – some kind of scented
ointment. Cf. identical vessels from Muharraq (Carter & Naranjo Santana 2011: 76-77).
227
QNM.689 Refined White Wood & Sons Name: Good Dia: Range:
Ware (England) 18 after
CE.44 1907
Description: Plain white dish, “Hotel Ware”. The base is stamped with the maker's mark 'Hotel Ware,
Wood and sons, England', and a crown symbol.
Further comments and parallels: WOOD & SON changed to WOOD & SONS from c. 1907 (Godden
1964/1988: 689)
228
CE.45 1900
Description: Spouted jug with gold lustre and blue panels containing vegetal lustre motifs. Victorian
"Copper Lustre".
229
CE.47 1900
Description: Spouted jug with gold lustre and blue panel containing vegetal lustre motifs. Victorian
"Copper Lustre".
230
Unidentified Unknown Name: Moderate Dia: Range:
QNM.693 porcelain Late
19th-
CE.48 early
20th c.
Description: Teapot with moulded and painted floral decoration. Marked with double bird motif.
Cracked and mended with metal frame.
231
Printed Refined Céramique Awa 20 1853 –
Description: Bowl with transfer printed geometrical and floral decoration “Awa” in brown on a white
background. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘Société Céramique, Maestricht, Awa’ and Lion
symbol.
232
Painted and
QNM.696 Sponge-Printed & Co. Petrus Regout Name: Good Dia: Range:
Leaf and 23 1892 -
CE.51 Refined White (Holland) Flower 1930
Ware variant
Description: Bowl with handpainted and stamped floral decoration, “old colonial tableware” in red, blue
and green on a white background. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘Petrus Regout & Co.,
Maastricht, Made in Holland', and Sphinx symbol.
Further comments and parallels: Precise parallel in Harrisson 1995 Pl. 110, top centre. Also Petrus
Regout & Co. (Sphinx), and from a design prototype made before 1926.
233
Printed Refined (Japan?) (Cenis) 23 1890 –
Description: Bowl with transfer printed and painted floral decoration in green, orange and lustre on a
white background. No maker’s mark. Similar to "Cenis" design.
Further comments and parallels: Date estimate based on similarity to “Cenis” pattern design – see
QNM.651/CE.6. Crude decoration. Probably Japanese, in which case before 1922. Perhaps porcelain
not Refined White Ware
234
Painted and Petrus Regout Name: Good Dia: Range:
QNM.698 Sponge-Printed & Co (Holland) “Green 25 1875 -
Refined White Leaf and 1925
CE.53 Ware Red
Flower”
Description: Bowl with handpainted and stamped floral decoration, “old colonial tableware” in red, blue
and green on a white background. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘Petrus Regout & Co.,
Maastricht, Made in Holland', and Sphinx symbol.
Further comments and parallels: Cf. QNM.652/CE.7, QNM.680/CE.35, QNM.2537/CE.77
235
QNM.699 Transfer- Yamasho Name: Good Dia: Range:
Printed Refined (Japan) “Lion and 36 1922-
CE.54 White Ware Palm” 1940
Description: Deep dish with brown transfer-printed decoration and green paint showing lion and palm
tree, stamped with ‘Yamasho, Iron Stone China, Made in Japan’, with a crown motif
Further comments and parallels: Cf. QNM.703/CE.58. “Made in Japan” indicated after Sept 1921.
236
Unidentified
QNM.700 porcelain or Unknown Name: Moderate Dia: Range:
(Japan) 1922 or
CE.55 Refined White later
Ware
Description: Teapot with painted floral motifs in blue, red, pink, green and yellow, with moon and
crescent in gold, marked with ‘Made in Japan’, also wrritten in Arabic. Mended with metal frame.
Identification by:
Further comments and parallels: Cf. QMN.2626/CE.79 – identical
sz
237
QNM.701 Transfer- Manufacture Name: Good Dia: Range:
Printed Refined Imperiale et (Toko) 33 1890 –
CE.56 White Ware Royale 1940
(Belgium)
Description: Deep dish with transfer printed geometrical and floral decoration in brown and red on a
white background, similar to “Toko” pattern. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘Manufacture
Imperiale de Royale, Fabrication Belge, Made in Belgium', and crown symbol with 'Nimy'.
Further comments and parallels: Poor quality.
238
Refined White Céramique “Moon 31 1900 -
CE.57 Ware (Holland) and Star” 1920
Description: Deep dish with handpainted moon and star motif in green on a white background. Made
for export market. The base is stamped with the maker's mark ‘Société Céramique, Maestricht’ and Lion
symbol.
QNM.683/CE.38
239
QNM.703 Transfer- S. S. Crown Name: Good Dia: Range:
Printed Refined (Japan) “Lion 31 1922-
CE.58 White Ware and 1940
Palm”
Description: Deep dish with brown transfer-printed decoration showing lion and palm tree, stamped
“The Ironstone China, S. S. Crown, Made in Japan”, with 3-pointed crown motif flanked by S and S.
Mended with clamps.
Further comments and parallels: Cf. QNM.699/CE.54. “Made in Japan” indicated after Sept 1921.
240
QNM.705 Painted Ceranord Name: Good Dia: Range:
Refined White (France) Leaf and 24 1908-
CE.60 Ware Flower 1930
variant
Description:
Identification by: Marks4Ceramics.com
241
QNM.708 Transfer- Sarreguemines Name: Good Dia: Range:
Printed Refined (France) (Bali) 22 1920 –
Description: Bowl with transfer printed geometric decoration with central rosette in brown on a white
background, similar to “Bali”. Mended with clamps. The base is stamped with the maker's mark
‘Sarreguemines France, Sarreguemines et Digoin', and Heraldic Crest.
242
Unidentified Gardner Name: Moderate Dia: Range:
QNM.710 Porcelain or (Russia) Late
Refined White 19th -
CE.65 Ware early
20th
century
Description: Teapot with transfer printed floral decoration in blue and grey on a white background. The
base is stamped with the maker's mark in Russian (Gardner). The Arabic characters below the mark
signify that this was designed for the Islamic market. Metal sleeve on spout.
243
Painted and Unknown Name: Moderate Dia: Range:
QNM.2537 Sponge- (Dutch or “Green Leaf 25 1875 -
Printed UK) and Red 1925
CE.77 Refined White Flower”
Ware
Description: Bowl with handpainted and sponge-printed floral decoration, “old colonial tableware” in
red, blue and green on a white background. No maker’s mark.
Further comments and parallels: Condition and lack of maker’s mark suggests one of the earlier
examples. Cf. QNM.680/CE.35 especially, also QNM.652/CE.7, QNM.698/CE.56
244
QNM.3351 Printed Transfer- S.S. Crown Name: Good Dia: Range:
(Japan) (Toko) 26 1922-
CE.78 Refined White 1940
Ware
Description: “Soup dish” with brown geometric and flower transfer decoration and brown translucent
paint or lustre in version of ‘Toko’ pattern, stamped “The Ironstone China, S. S. Crown, Made in Japan”,
with 3-pointed crown motif flanked by S. and S.
Further comments and parallels: Same manufacturer as QNM.703/CE.58
245
QNM.2626 porcelain or Unidentified Uknown Name: Moderate Dia: Range:
(Japan) 1922 or
CE.79 Refined White later
Ware
Description: Teapot with painted floral motifs in blue, red, pink, green and yellow, with moon and crescent in
gold, marked with ‘Made in Japan’, also wrritten in Arabic. Mended with metal frame.
Further comments and parallels: Cf. QMN.700/CE.55 – identical
246
CE.138 1900
Description: Spouted jug with gold lustre and yellow panel containing vegetal lustre motifs. Victorian
"Copper Lustre". Cracked and repaired with metal frame.
247
11 CATALOGUE OF CERAMICS IN THE AR SERIES (FORMER ARCHAEOLOGICAL
DISPLAY)
Provenance: Ras Ware: No. Preservation: Poor Spot date:

Abaruk 4b and al- Mixed Items: 9 6th-5th mil BC
AR.13 Da’asa (and
Islamic?)
Description: Eroded Ubaid pottery (6th-5th mil. BC), plus rim of Islamic(?) green sandy ware marked “Surface” (top
left); and one Neolithic flint tool (top right)
Decoration/Surface Treatment: One with traces of black paint
Further Comments: Markings indicate sherds from both Ras Abaruk 4b and al-Da'asa
248
Provenance: Ware: No. Items: Preservation: Poor Spot
Unknown Mixed 15 date: 16th
AR.15 -18th c.
AD?
Description: Various pottery sherds, including ‘Ali Ware, Manganese Purple, Limy Ware
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Handles in ‘Ali Ware and handle stump on Limy Ware rim. Incised decoration on ‘Ali
Ware. Underglaze paint beneath green glaze on Manganese Purple.
Further Comments: Hard to date but Limy Ware and form of Ali Ware rim imply before 19th century
249
Provenance: Ware: Indian No. Preservation: Poor Spot date:
AR.19 Umm al-Ma Red Polished Items: 1 1st-8th c.
Ware (?) AD
Description: Very small sherd of red-slipped pottery, probably Indian Red Polished Ware, perhaps Fine Indian Red
Ware (Kennet 2004)
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Red external slip, roughly burnished
Further Comments: Note that the dating proposed here, based on Kennet 2004, conflicts with the earlier dating
given on the display card accompanying the sherd.
250
Provenance: Ware: No. Preservation: Spot date:
AR.26 Murwab? Turquoise Items: 1 Moderate 9th c. AD
Glaze
Description: Abbasid period Turquoise Glaze bottle, partially restored
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Turquoise glaze externally, degraded glaze inside. Two opposing handles.
Further Comments: Provenance is probably Murwab, based on the Abbasid identification of the pottery, but another
source can not be ruled out
251
Provenance: Ware: No. Preservation: Poor Spot date:
Unknown Degraded Items: 1 Uncertain
AR.29 Glazed
Earthenware
Description: Small turquoise or green glazed jar, heavily pitted and evidently recovered from the sea
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Degraded turquoise or green glaze. Two opposing handles.
Further Comments: Possibly from Zubara, like other material recovered from the sea, in which case probably 18th-
19th century. Could equally be an Abbasid Turquoise Glaze jar of the 9th or 10th century.
252
Provenance: Ware: No. Items: Preservation: Poor Spot
Murwab? Mixed 19 date: 9th-
AR.34 10th c.
AD
Description: Collection of 15 glazed sherds (all or mainly Turquoise Glaze, perhaps some Samarra Horizon glaze), 1
Incised White Ware (?), plus 3 unglazed earthenware bases. Probably all Abbasid
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Degraded glaze
Further Comments: Probably from Murwab, judging from the types present. Mainly Turquoise Glaze but one or two of
the glazed sherds may be other types of Samarra Horizon Abbasid glazed wares.
253
Provenance: Wakra Ware: No. Items: Preservation: Good Spot
Julfar 1 date: late
AR.36 Ware 19th-20th
c. AD
Description: Julfar Ware pot with faint red painted decoration
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Grey slip externally, faint red paint on neck/shoulder. Decoration partly obscured by
salts
Further Comments: Museum label says al-Wakra, 18th c., but form and decoration suggest late 19th or first decades
of 20th century.
254
Provenance: Ware: No. Items: Preservation: Spot
Dukhan Brown 1 Moderate date:
AR.37 Incised 17th-20th
Cooking Pot c. AD
Ware
Description: Largely complete handmade cooking pot in local earthenware, with incised decoration. One side
missing.
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Crude incised lines around shoulder. Crudely smoothed surfaces. Two lugs survive,
probably originally had three or four
Further Comments: Display label says Dukhan, 18th c, but potential date range is wider. See also AR.41
255
Provenance: Ware: ‘Ali No. Preservation: Spot date:
AR.38 Zubara? Ware Items: 1 Moderate 18th/early
19th c. AD
Description: Small carinated bowl, repaired
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Shaved surfaces externally on lower part of body
Further Comments: Probably from Zubara, ju dging from the shape, which is common there but absent from the late
19th/20th century assemblage. Relatively crude fabric with large white inclusions
256
Unknown Brown Sandy 1 Moderate date:
AR.39 Cooking Pot 17th-20th
Ware c. AD
Description: Largely complete handmade cooking pot in a local earthenware, with cordon decoration
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Notched cordon around neck. One surviving lug, but probably originally had two
opposing lugs
Further Comments: Slightly different sandier earthenware than AR.37, AR.41.
257
Unknown Brown 1 Moderate date:
AR.41 Incised 17th-
Cooking Pot 20th c.
Ware AD
Description: Largely complete handmade cooking pot in a local earthenware, with incised decoration, partially
restored. Repaired but base missing
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Incised with crude lines around shoulder; crudely smoothed surfaces; three lugs,
unevenly spaced
Further Comments: See AR.37
258
Provenance: Ware: Late No. Preservation: Good Spot
AR.42 Unknown Islamic Green Items: 1 date: 20th
Glaze c. AD
Description: Green-glazed jar in brown/cream earthenware
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Uneven thin speckled green internally and externally, extending 2/3rds down the
body externally. Two opposing handles
Further Comments: Smells of old milk, so probably used in the 20th c. See also QNM.1371/PT.49 – also Late
Islamic Green Glaze and smelling of milk
259
Provenance: Ware: Mixed No. Preservation: Spot
Zubara? Porcelains Items: 21 Moderate date:
AR.44 18th-19th
c. AD
Description: Collection of 18th century Chinese ceramics fixed on a board, including half a Blue & White bowl with
wheel motifs, brown Batavian Ware and polychrome enamelled porcelains (famille verte and famille rose?). Possibly
some 19th c. elements, e.g. the Blue & White sherd with crysanthemum motif
Further Comments: If these are from a single site it is likely to be Zubara judging from range. Could also be Huwayla.
260
Provenance: Ware: ‘Ali No. Preservation: Spot date:
AR.57 Zubara Ware Items: 1 Moderate 18th/19th
c. AD
Description: Tobacco water-pipe burner, broken at bottom
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Incised lines on bowl and small cordon below bowl
Further Comments:
261
Provenance: Ware: No. Preservation: Good Spot date:
AR.59 Zubara Chinese Blue & Items: 1 18th/19th c.
White AD
Description: Small lid in Chinese Blue & White porcelain
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Blue design beneath clear pale grey/blue glaze
Further Comments:
262
AR.60 Zubara Chinese Blue Items: 1 Moderate 18th/early
& White 19th c. AD
Description: Small cup in Chinese Blue & White porcelain, partially preserved, with fish-scale design
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Blue fish-scale design beneath clear pale grey/blue glaze
Further Comments:
263
Provenance: Ware: No. Preservation: Poor Spot
Unknown Unidentified Items: 1 date:
AR.61 Fritware 17th-
19th c.
AD
Description: Base of small frit-ware bottle
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Degraded whitish glaze inside and out with brown splodges
Further Comments: Probably a variety of Persian frit-ware
264
AR.73 Zubara Miscellaneous Items: 1 Moderate 18th/early
Earthenware 19th c. AD
Description: Tobacco pipe with banded clay bowl
Decoration/Surface Treatment: White and brown clays or thick slip applied to form swirled pattern on bowl. Also
moulded decoration on underside and on tube
Further Comments:
265
Provenance: Ware: No. Preservation: Poor Spot date:
AR.74 Zubara? Khunj/Bahla Items: 2 18th/19th c.
AD
Description: Base of bowl in Khunj/Bahla Ware with rim missing
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Uneven brown glaze inside and out. Three kiln scars visible inside
Further Comments: This ware was out of circulation by the end of the 19th century
266
Provenance: Ware: ‘Ali No. Items: Preservation: Good Spot date:
AR.76 Zubara? Ware 1 18th/19th c.
AD
Description: Small pottery lid in ‘Ali Ware
Further Comments:
267
Provenance: Ware: ‘Ali No. Items: Preservation: Poor Spot date:
AR.77 Zubara? Ware 1 18th/early
19th c. AD
Description: Bottom of small carinated jar in ‘Ali Ware, originally with three handles
Decoration/Surface Treatment: Three handle stumps and shaved lower half
Further Comments: This form probably no longer in circulation by later 19th century
268
Bowl with a painted design directly comparable to QNM.705/CE.60.
From The Tale of Tom Kitten by Beatrix Potter, first published 1907.
269

Ceramics of The Qatar National Museum-5969788

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Ceramics of the Qatar National

2.1 Unglazed Gulf earthenwares

2.1.1 Introductory comments: Types and Wares

2.1.2 Small and medium water jars

occurrences Mean height Comments

2.1.4 Julfar Ware Pots

Figure 5: Julfar Cooking Pots. 1: QNM.1353/PT.32; 2: QNM.3634/PT.84; 3: QNM.1357/PT.35; 4:

2.1.5 Open-mouthed Jars (“Flowerpots”)

Figure 6: Open-mouthed jars in Cream Ware. 1: QNM.3651/PT.101; 2: QNM.3626/PT.76; 3:

2.1.6 Storage Jars

2.1.8 Incense Burners

Figure 10: Incense Burners. 1: QNM.3673/PT.124; 2: QNM.3670/PT.121; 3: QNM.3664/PT.120; 4: no. 207;

2.2 Glazed Gulf earthenwares

Figure 11: Late Islamic Green Glazed Ware. 1: QNM.1371/PT.49

Figure 12: Anomalous pottery. 1: QNM.1352/PT.30; 2: QNM.1343/PT.21; 3: QNM.1362/PT.40; 4:

3 CHINESE CERAMICS (PT AND CE SERIES)

4.1 Introductory comments on the CE Series and Sample Selection

4.2 European Refined White Wares and Japanese Imitations (section by

4.2.1 Introduction and Methodology

4.2.2 Countries of Origin and Manufacturers

Petrus Regout & Co.

Figure 15: Breakdown of Refined White Wares by manufacturer

4.2.3 Details of European Manufacturers

4.2.3.1 Petrus Regout & Co. (Holland)

4.2.3.2 Société Céramique (Holland)

4.2.3.3 Ceranord (France)

4.2.3.4 James Broadhurst & Sons Ltd. (England)

4.2.3.6 Sarreguemines (France)

4.2.3.7 Societa Ceramica Richard (Italy)

4.2.3.8 Villeroy & Boch (Germany)

4.2.3.9 Wood & Sons (England)

Figure 16: Breakdown of Refined White Wares by pattern

4.2.5 Dating the Refined White Wares and their Designs

4.3 Teapots (CE series)

4.3.6. Interestingly, no teacups were identified in the collection.

4.4 Copper Lustre Ware (CE Series)

5.1 Introduction to the AR Series

5.2 Pottery in the AR Series

5.2.1 Prehistoric Pottery (Ubaid Ware)

5.2.2 Late pre-Islamic to Abbasid ceramics

5.2.3 ‘Ali Ware

5.2.4 Cooking Pots in Local Coarse Ware

5.2.5 Julfar Ware

5.2.6 Glazed Gulf Earthenwares

5.2.7 Miscellaneous Earthenwares

5.2.9 Chinese Ceramics

7.1 Introductory comments on the wares

7.2 Local Gulf Earthenwares: Unglazed

7.2.1 ‘Ali Ware

7.2.2 ‘Ali 2 (“Brown ‘Ali Ware”)

7.2.4 Brown Sandy Cooking Pot Ware

7.2.5 Coarse Gritty Ware

7.2.6 Cream Ware

7.2.7 Incense Burner Ware 1 (Lima Ware?)

7.2.8 Incense Burner Ware 2

7.2.8.2. The origin of this ware is unknown.

7.2.9 Incense Burner Ware 3

7.2.9.2. The origin of this ware is unknown.

7.2.10 Incised Buff Ware

7.2.12 Limy Ware

7.2.13 Pale Gritty Ware

7.2.14 Sandy Ware