Pol Sci 4 - Level of Knowledge of Sant Marys University Tertiary Student On Its Social, Economic and Olitical Impact

LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF SAINT MARY’S UNIVERSITY TERTIARY
STUDENTS ON MARTIAL LAW TO ITS SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL
IMPACT
A Research Paper
Presented to the
Faculty of the School of Teacher Education and Humanities
Saint Mary’s University
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
By:
Gines, Noel John Carlo O.
Bulan, Julie Faith A.
Bugtong, Rona Ransevere A.
Gazzingan, Jody Coleen M.
Ordinario, Kate Wynsleth C.
Salinas, Rheena Niña S.
January 2023
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The deepest gratitude of the researchers goes to God, who has provided well-
needed guidance to complete this research paper. Throughout the entire study,
the researchers have kept their composure and persisted even in their most
difficult times.
Sincere appreciation of the researchers also goes to their research teacher, Dr.
Erwin Naval, the mentor who inspired the researchers to go for the peak in their
quest for knowledge. His contribution and constructive criticisms have pushed
the researchers to expend the kind of efforts they have exerted to make this work
as original as it can be. The researchers also thank Ms. Niña S. Salinas, their
Research Adviser, that without her guidance and persistent help, this study
would not have been possible.
Finally, the outmost regard goes to the family and friends of the researchers, for
their unwavering enthusiasm and moral support. Their thoughtful acts if
encouragement, prayers, and words of motivation and comfort filled the
researchers' doubts with confidence. Power be to you all.

DEDICATION
The researchers dedicate this study to God almighty, the guiding light behind the
researchers throughout their study. The study is likewise dedicated to future
researchers and academics who will hopefully find a glimmer of inspiration in
their study, or an epiphany in how they process information.
They also dedicate this work to their research adviser, Ms. Niña S. Salinas, who
guided them all the way and whose encouragement has made sure that the
researchers give it all it takes to finish what they have started. A special feeling of
gratitude to the family and friends of the researchers, who have been affected in
every way possible by this quest. Love for you all can never be quantified. Thank
you and God bless.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………………………………………. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………………. ii
DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………………….. iv
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………………………….. v
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………………………. vi
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………………………….. vii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….. 1
Martial Law………………………………………………………………… 1
Social Impact………….. 2
Political Impact…………………………………………………………….. 4
Economic Impact………………………………………………………… 5
Conceptual Framework………………………………………… 8
Statement of the Problem…………………………………… 14
Statement of the Hypothesis………………………………. 14
CHAPTER II: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………… 15
Research Design………………………………………………… 15
Research Locale………………………………………………… 15
Participants of the Study…………………………………… 16
Research Instrument……………………………………….. 17
Data Gathering Procedure………………………………. 18
Data Analysis………………………………………………….. 19
Ethical Consideration…………………………………….. 21
Conflict of Interest…………………………………………. 21
Privacy, Confidentiality and Data Protection…….. 21
Management of Vulnerability……………………………. 21
Risk/ Benefit Ration………………………………………… 22
Informed Consent…………………………………………….. 22
Terms of Reference……………………………………………. 22
REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Quantitative Indicators 20

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study……………………………………………………………….. 13
Figure 2. Data Gathering Procedure…………………………………………………………. 18

APPENDICES
APPENDIX A. Informed Consent Form…………………………..……..………………….. 28
APPENDIX B. Research Instrument.………………………….………………………………. 32
APPENDIX C. Researchers’ Letter of Intent for Prospective Adviser-Promoter 33
APPENDIX D. Adviser Promoter Acceptance Form…………….…………………………. 34
APPENDIX E. Promotership Agreement ………….…………………………………………… 35
APPENDIX F. Curriculum Vitae………………..…………………………………………………… 36

1 CHAPTER I
2 INTRODUCTION
3 MARTIAL LAW
4 Perception on martial law can be heard to and fro yet an objective conception of
5 it was never fully established brought by compounding interests on its definition.
6 Froilan Bacunagan, former dean of the UP College of Law, stated that a state of martial
7 law does not necessarily suspend the operation of the Constitution, nor replace the
8 goals and functions of the civil courts or legislative institutions, nor allow the
9 conferment of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies over civilians where civil
10 courts are able to function, nor automatically suspend the privilege of the writ based
11 on mere discretionary reasons. Rather, the suspension of the privilege of the writ of
12 habeas corpus shall be limited to persons judicially charged for rebellion or offenses
13 inherent in or directly connected with invasion (Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third
14 World Studies, 2012–13).
15 In various state democracies, existing historical memories of previous
16 dictatorial and authoritarian regimes are vulnerable to contestation and debates
17 among individuals (Liu et al., in press; Oteiza & Achugar, 2018). However, these
18 contrasting beliefs and perceptions on specific events must be assessed in different
19 scopes in order to fully understand the underlying reason of its existence while
20 uncovering its impact in a community. In the Philippines, one of the most contested
21 phenomena in history is Ferdinand Marcos Sr.’s declaration of Martial law as it left a
22 significant impact on people’s lives being under military rule on September 21, 1972 by
23 signing Proclamation 1081. This was done on the basis of “lawless elements” which the
1 government claimed that there was an ongoing political takeover by communist rebels
2 which aimed to change the course of the country’s social, economic, and political track
3 (The Official Gazette of the Philippines, 2018). These declarations blanketed Marcos Sr.
4 enormous power of being the commander-in-chief, taking over the Armed Forces of the
5 Philippines. Under the authoritarian regime, Filipinos were deprived of their civil and
6 political rights (The Philippines during Martial Law, 2005).
7 As always, in all political issues, people’s perception varies in a wide scope.
8 There were those who believed that the social condition in the Philippines was reeking
9 of false information, propaganda, claims and counterclaims, that to redirect the status
10 quo on a process of evaluating advantages and disadvantages of martial law would be
11 of no use to the general majority of Filipino people. The wide gap between those for and
12 against martial law was so wide that it seemed unbridgeable. Political situations in the
13 Philippines perpetuated the fires of passionate partisanship that to take a pro and con
14 analytical disposition was to trigger a tension between those for and against the current
15 regime (Laquian, n.d). To fully understand Martial law, it is necessary to establish a
16 level of analysis in the spheres to which it permeated and it includes three distinct
17 aspects: (a) social, (b) political, and (c) economic.
18
19 SOCIAL IMPACT
20 Under the social aspect, it covers patterns of relations that influence the bigger
21 aspects of social structure and the alignment of concrete relationships among
22 individuals (Martin & Lee, 2015). Social sphere specifically concerns activist groups,
1 school publications, labor unions, religious groups, and student councils as social
2 movements during the Marcos regime. These social movements were known to be
3 critical of social issues as they were against various issues, including imperialism, land
4 reform, price hikes, and poor labor conditions (Jamolin, et al., 2020). On the other hand,
5 Armed Forces of the Philippines, and Philippine Constabulary were also to be
6 considered belonging to the social sphere as they aimed to maintain peace on the
7 existing social unrest by suppressing the major threats to social stability which were
8 the Maoist guerillas of the New People’s Army (NPA), the rebel Muslim fighters in
9 Mindanao, and civil unrest brought about by student and intellectual mass movements
10 (Lim, 2011).
11 The Philippines underwent a condition when social order was chaotic and
12 dangerous as there were insurgencies and social movements. Many people were
13 fighting for their rights and freedom. This means that when there are more
14 insurgencies, there are more reasons to declare Martial Law (Jamolin, et al., 2020).
15 Though polar opposites, both former and latter categorizations of social sphere brought
16 the condition eminent in establishing the status quo during the Martial law years and
17 caused the acceleration of movements aimed at advancing varied interests. However,
18 while Martial Law may escalate development, the end all and be all is that the
19 Philippines would become an archipelagic political state, with ailing, divisive politics. It
20 was easily assumed that the country will meet its downfall because, apart from the huge
21 faction it would cause, Martial Law would put Marcos on a pedestal of absolute power,
22 which would corrupt absolutely (Enrile, 2012).
23
1 POLITICAL IMPACT
2 As social sphere continues to cause contradiction, so does politics since political
3 sphere concerns the affairs of the government along with the people, non-government
4 actors, and private organizations. It was during the Martial law period when there had
5 been intense dynamism among these institutions especially on the emergence of a
6 crucial argument at the constitutional convention about the duration of the interim
7 period between the two constitutions, when Marcos amass both powers and
8 responsibilities of the president under the previous constitution and the powers of the
9 prime minister under the new constitution (Jamolin, et al., 2020). Due to the widening
10 gap of paralleling social and political sphere together, resistance was met with
11 repression when Marcos restricted Filipino people to exercise their freedom of speech
12 and assembly as well as strikes brought by unequal and exploitative working
13 conditions.
14 The cancellation of all existing media franchises and establishment of
15 government-controlled media furthered human rights exploitation. Additionally, the
16 amalgamated political power possessed by Marcos had an objective of effectively
17 abolishing Congress and taking a grip on the judiciary hostage by obligating them to
18 give up their position through submission of resignation letters (Salonga as cited in Yu,
19 2006). While existing defiance on the political impact of Martial law exists,
20 considerations were also present on its implementation because of the belief that
21 restrictions on political freedom is a must to help instill discipline among Filipinos.
22 They believe that since actions were continuously being monitored and controlled,
23 Filipinos had to be disciplined enough to avoid unnecessary imprisonment or

1 punishment. For some, Martial Law was needed in Philippine society at that time.
2 However, there was also the certain recognition that it was just necessary for a given
3 period of time (Jamolin, et al., 2020).
4 The political agenda of Martial law intensively utilized all possible loopholes in
5 the constitution while justifying government acts aimed at exploiting and restricting
6 individual rights from suspending the writ of habeas corpus to Marcos being the
7 commander-in-chief which means he had the power to call out such armed forces to
8 prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion, insurrection, or rebellion. Truth be told,
9 the power of Marcos transformed on an enormous level over that period.
10
11 ECONOMIC IMPACT
12 It has been said that economic power perpetuates political power and greatly
13 impacts social conditions. It is therefore inevitable to assume that as the political and
14 social sphere individually intensifies their internal contradictions, the economic sphere
15 silently aggravates these contradictory complexities. GO No. 68 of 17 November 1980
16 of the Amnesty International Report during Martial Law asserted that it is not only
17 crimes that directly affect national security or public order but also those that are
18 dangerous to social and economic stability. The danger laid on how Marcos utilized his
19 economic resources to snatch political power to gain more economic resources and
20 maintained such a parasitic cycle.
21 Marcos exerted an intensive monopolistic approach on political and economic
22 power, destroying any form or interest of dissent through tens of thousands of arrests
1 and abductions, killings, and shutting down of major media outlets critical of the regime
2 (Kalaw-Tirol, 2000; Manapat, 1991). This, however, did not come as a surprise because
3 in terms of economic policymaking, Cesar Virata saw that Marcos could get what he
4 wanted while maintaining his regime’s credibility as it was claimed to be the “Golden
5 years” of the country because the economy showed the highest annual GDP growth it
6 has ever attained since the 1960s —8.9 percent in 1973 and 8.8 percent in 1976.
7 However, this was immediately followed by a decline from 1981, which then ended
8 with the crash of 1984 to 1985— the Philippines’ worst economic recession since
9 World War II (De Dios, et al., 2021).
10 The economic accomplishments of Marcos during his presidency and martial
11 rule were astounding until the economic crisis of 1983 brought the engine of
12 accomplishments to a halt. The political and economic crises brought an end to the all
13 powerful regime since they shattered their image to the Filipino people and their
14 international credibility while in the government. Credit lines that would have
15 continued to fuel the economy were no longer funded. Financial expectations reversed
16 and economic conditions spiraled downwards. The economy finally unraveled its mask,
17 leaving major projects unfunded in midstream. These developments further induced an
18 outflow of capital. Marcos' hold on political power weakened and eventually led to his
19 fall (Sicat, 2011).
20 Brought by this drastic economic downward spiral was the emergence of a lot
21 poorer Filipino people. Squatters increased in number and became a serious economic
22 problem of the dictatorial regime. According to a report done by the National Housing
23 Authority, the number of squatters residing in Metro Manila including a number of

1 cities skyrocketed to 38% which was equivalent to 1.6 million in 1 year. In the previous
2 four years, the number doubled which unsurprisingly perpetuated health, welfare, and
3 crime issues (The New York Times, 1982).
4 Undeniably, there is one aspect of the Marcos regime which is often ignored or
5 overlooked — it represents an intensive objective to implement a value system which
6 has to be inculcated to every Filipino and was conceived to be essential for the overall
7 development of a modern society. The advocacy of such a value system, however, did
8 not necessarily justify the actions taken by the martial law government, yet served as a
9 move worthy of more notice than it has received. Marcos’ declaration of Martial Law
10 may have attracted more criticisms than praises yet it is unfair not to reveal that his
11 achievements were stellar in many aspects as he would have come out as one of the
12 most effective and smartest leaders of the country in the postwar era. He also fulfilled
13 the role of executing at a higher level of achievement in bringing up the nation’s
14 economic condition despite the various social and political challenges. However, it also
15 would be unfair if it be disregarded to acknowledge as well the turbulent history he
16 created if the basis of public dissatisfaction is to be used.
17 This study aims to show the two sides of the coin, and judge together with
18 history how Martial law unfolded its impact in people’s social, economic, and political
19 lives. In politics as in war, the victors write the history is what they say. However,
20 perceiving history from the victors’ viewpoint has the tendency to reinforce in the
21 public's mind the victors’ interest. It is therefore necessary to be guided by an
22 understanding liberated from preconceived reasons and open to unprejudiced sensible
23 ones.
1 Conceptual Framework
2 The imposition of martial law in the Philippines led to a number of restrictions
3 on civil liberties, including the suspension of free speech, assembly, and the press,
4 which made it difficult for activists and political opponents to organize and voice their
5 opposition to the government. Many political opponents and activists were arrested
6 and detained without due process (Amnesty International, 1975). The churches, who
7 were initially supportive of the new society, began to become disillusioned as more
8 priests, nuns, pastors, and lay workers engaged in social justice activities were arrested
9 by the government. As a result, the churches played an important role in the resistance
10 movement against the Marcos regime (Youngblood, 1990). The government heavily
11 censored the media and controlled the flow of information, making it difficult for
12 activists to disseminate information about their cause. The film industry was also
13 heavily regulated by the government, in order to align it with Marcos's vision of the
14 "New Society." (Ubaldo, 2022). Student activists were particularly targeted by the
15 government and many were arrested, tortured, and killed (Francisco, 2017). Many
16 activists and political opponents were subject to forced disappearances, where they
17 were taken into custody by government forces and their whereabouts were not
18 disclosed. In an interview with Pilita Mijares, Primitivo Mijares’ daughter, when
19 Primitivo "disappeared" and there were rumors that he had been thrown from a
20 helicopter by Marcos' associates, Pilita and her siblings still held out hope that he was
21 just in hiding. However, their fear intensified after her brother Boyet was kidnapped a
22 few months later in 1977. Pilita commented that after the second incident, it was
23 understandable for them to be fearful and paranoid (Zamora, 2017). This is a reality to
1 many more Filipinos as this led to fear of government retaliation and made people
2 afraid to speak out against the government and participate in political activities. The
3 repression and abuse of power by the government also led to a loss of credibility and
4 legitimacy among the population. A report composed of 44 delegates from 19 different
5 countries, observed the electoral process and later released a report that identified
6 disturbing anomalies in the election results and subsequent intimidation of voters
7 (International Observer Delegation, 1986).
8 One of the proposed solutions to make the New Society successful during Martial
9 Law was the development of the education system in the country (Open Educational
10 Resources, n.d.). It has become a battleground for institutional memory of Martial Law,
11 both in textbook representation and how it was taught in class discussions (Santos,
12 2020). In the educational reform program of the New Society, the Education
13 Development Decree of 1972 (Presidential Decree 6-A), aimed to continue achieving
14 quality education and imparting great knowledge and wisdom to the people. However,
15 the implementation of Martial Law resulted in the exploitation of the resilience of the
16 people which impacted the academic objectives of educational institutions. It became
17 the educational system that only served to misinform generations of Filipinos, creating
18 immeasurable psychological damage to our country (Nolasco, 2012). Similarly, the
19 religious sector was also affected, with a divided response from Church leaders, some
20 of whom openly opposed the regime while others adopted a more cautious stance
21 (Aguilar, n.d.).
22 The gap in meeting the societal needs of the people affected the economic
23 strategy of the Philippines during Martial Law. The economy's poor growth metrics
1 were based on excessive debt, exacerbated by behest loans, corruption, and
2 mismanagement (Polvorosa, 2016). This gap only widened between the rich and the
3 poor, while prices of goods continued to skyrocket (Bautista, et al). Retelling the
4 tragedy necessarily starts with a picture of the economy in a dismal state, worse than it
5 had ever been, it is a story of debt, deprivation that resulted in the country being deep
6 in debt—owing $24 billion by 1984 to be exact—with major businesses having
7 absorbed much funding despite lacking in productivity (Diola, 2021).
8 A year before the end of the Marcos government, the setback in the sugar industry
9 had caused economic losses to planters and millers in the province of Negros while
10 poverty and related sufferings besieged the masses of workers. While social reformers
11 were happy at the turn of events, many jobless and poor people found repose by joining
12 the insurgents (Aguilar, n.d.) The number of Filipinos who could not meet the minimum
13 requirements for food, shelter, and clothing rose from 39% to 48% of the population.
14 Through the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, the country had to be put
15 in debt of up to $5.5 billion which to this day, is paid by the Filipino people (Debt Justice,
16 n.d.). The International Monetary Fund itself has identified this debt as the plan that
17 had almost continuous programs but only achieved no lasting adjustment. Those
18 programs found it hard to deal with the result of the liquidity expansion associated with
19 the deterioration of trades and the sudden increase in commodity prices (International
20 Monetary Fund, 2002).
21 Reaching the end of his term, the Philippines suffered from an economic crisis
22 which caused Marcos’ constitutional prohibition from running for a third term of
23 presidency. Marcos Sr. stated that it is required to have substantial solutions to the
1 problems of the country which he then initiated a constitutional convention to change
2 the 1935 Philippine Constitution. He wanted the interim period between the two
3 conventions to last long, when the head of state holds both the prerogatives of the
4 president as outlined under the antecedent constitution and the jurisdiction of the
5 prime minister as outlined under the then-updated constitution, while the delegates to
6 the constitutional convention wished for a short period. The reason why Marcos won
7 was that General Fabian Crisologo Ver, he Commanding Officer of the Armed Forces of
8 the Philippines during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, summoned one by one the
9 delegates and leveraged their malpractices if they would not vote on the duration of the
10 interim period (Overholt, 1986).
11 The election during the Martial Law period was not an exception. In the
12 historical account stated in the The Events Surrounding the 1986 Snap Elections,
13 election-related casualties were recorded–with up to 98 deaths, with more people
14 being harrassed and injured from poll-watching in vote precincts (Human Rights
15 Violations Victims’ Memorial Commission, 2021). The Philippine Constabulary was the
16 most brazen electoral terrorist done, rushing into precincts during elections to
17 intimidate voters, tamper their votes, and beat up opposition leaders (Morallo, 2017).
18 The judiciary was not able to escape the impact of the 1972 Martial Law. A case
19 study conducted on the effects of Martial Law on the regional political development in
20 the Philippines found that the stagnation and the weakness of authorities were the
21 direct consequence of too much centralization in the judiciary. Local courts had
22 inadequate judges and fiscals to cater to different cases in the localities, resulting in the
1 continued delay in cases (Nawawi, 1980). Despite the functioning courts that the
2 country had, all decisions were still made by Ferdinand Marcos Sr. (Pacomios, n.d.).
3 It was then a period of expectation and challenges after the declaration of
4 Martial Law in the Philippines. All persons suspected of insurrection and rebellion were
5 arrested and detained. And most of those detained are members of the opposition party
6 of which none were tried or convicted. Different methods of torture were also used such
7 as the San Juanico bridge and Russian Roulette (New York Times, 1976). The impact of
8 Martial Law on its post years; disappearances, tortures, and political killings of
9 suspected communists did not stop and people were still victims and were political
10 prisoners (Frankel et al. ,1983)
11 With the aforementioned concepts presented to further analyze the variables in
12 determining the level of knowledge of students on Martial Law, the researchers will
13 embark on utilizing the Independent-Dependent Variable Model as the paradigm of the
14 study.
15 The independent phase will be able to identify the demographic profile of the
16 participants in terms of their year level, sex, and school. For the dependent variable
17 phase, the researchers will determine the students’ level of knowledge on Martial Law
18 to its social, economic, and political impacts. The output of this study will be a simple
19 forum instituted by the Department, together with the researchers, from the
20 conclusions drawn from the study.
21 Examining the impacts of Philippine Martial Law on the students of Saint Mary's
22 University aligns with the institution's mission to foster a sense of civic responsibility
1 by challenging them to explore and pursue relevant and innovative ideas through
2 research and development. Understanding the history of the Philippines and the role
3 that Martial Law played in shaping the country is vital for understanding current
4 political, social, and economic issues.
6 Figure 1.
7 Paradigm of the Study
Level of Knowledge of
Demographic Profile Students on Martial
Law to its: Forum instituted by
• Year Level the Department from
• Sex • Social Impact the conclusions drawn
• School • Economic from the study.
Impact
• Political Impact
9
1 Statement of the Problem
2 This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of tertiary students of Saint
3 Mary’s University on Martial Law to its social, economic, and political impacts
4 Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
5 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
6 a) Year Level,
7 b) Sex, and
8 c) School?
9 2. What is the level of knowledge of tertiary students of Saint Mary’s University on
10 Martial Law in terms of its:
11 a) Social Impact,
12 b) Economic Impact, and
13 c) Political Impact?
14 3. Is there a significant difference on the level of knowledge of tertiary students of
15 Saint Mary’s University on Martial Law when grouped according to their
16 demographic profile?
17
18
19 Statement of the Hypothesis
20 There is no significant difference on the level of knowledge of tertiary students
21 of Saint Mary’s University on Martial Law when grouped according to their
22 demographic profile.
1 Chapter II
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3 The study will utilize a quantitative design to determine the level of
4 knowledge of tertiary students of Saint Mary’s University on Martial Law to its social,
5 economic, and political impacts.
6 The researchers will employ a descriptive-comparative method in
7 interpreting the statistical data collected from the Likert questionnaires. To describe
8 the level of knowledge of the students of Saint Mary's University on Martial Law, this
9 quantitative approach will be used to identify the relationship among the variables
10 and deploy statistical analysis to form conclusions from the study. This approach will
11 also be able to determine the entirety of the current tertiary-level students of Saint
12 Mary’s University represented through a sample.
13 The instruments and techniques that will be employed are administered for
14 the data gathering, selection of respondents for the study, and the formulation of
15 dependable interpretations from the findings.
16
17 Research Locale
18 The study will be conducted at Saint Mary’s University, a private university
19 located at Don Mariano Marcos, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. The researchers chose
20 Saint Mary’s University-College Department as the location of implementation because
21 it provides the researchers with the necessary information to determine the level of
1 knowledge of Tertiary students of SMU on Martial Law to its social, economic, and
2 political impact.
3 Saint Mary’s University is accredited by the International Organization for
4 Standardization (ISO), taking pride as one of the top-performing universities within
5 Nueva Vizcaya. The study of the impacts of Philippine Martial Law aligns with Saint
6 Mary's University's mission to "persistently challenge one another to explore and
7 pursue relevant, innovative and breakthrough ideas through research and
8 development." Understanding the history of the Philippines and the role that Martial
9 Law played in shaping the country is relevant and innovative and provides students
10 with a deeper understanding of current political, social, and economic issues. By
11 studying the Martial Law period, students will be able to understand the political,
12 economic, and social impacts that the country faced during and after the period,
13 fostering a sense of civic responsibility and encouraging students to become active and
14 engaged citizens. This aligns with the University's mission to form individuals who
15 promote social justice, peace, and human rights in society.
16
17 Participants of the Study
18 The main source of data in this study will be the tertiary students of Saint
19 Mary’s University. There will be 300 respondents classified according to their year
20 level, sex, and school (School of Teacher Education and Humanities, School of
21 Accountancy and Business, School of Engineering, Architecture, and Information
22 Technology, and School of Health and Natural Sciences). The researchers exclude
23 students who are below 18 years old and members of the faculty. Each of the
1 respondents will be handed a survey questionnaire that contains a series of
2 questions. The researchers will equally distribute the questionnaires per year level
3 within their respective schools.
4 The following questions will be determined by the researchers through
5 stratified random sampling. The use of the said sampling technique will help the
6 researchers determine the different perspectives of the respondents according to
7 their year level, sex, and school. The researchers will employ the said sampling
8 method with the intention of discovering the level of knowledge on Martial Law to its
9 social, economic, and political impact. This ensures that all aspects of the population
10 are denoted in the sample for its efficiency to increase. Once the level of knowledge
11 of tertiary students of Saint Mary’s University on Martial Law has been identified; a
12 proposed strategic plan will be recommended for the enrichment of their awareness
13 and understanding of the significant studies, events, and accounts that were
14 transcribed during the implementation of Martial Law.
15
16 Research Instrument
17 The primary instrument will be a researcher-made questionnaire checklist to
18 gather the needed data for this study. The draft of the questionnaire will be drawn
19 out based on the variables and will construct a 4-point Likert scale that determines
20 the level of knowledge of tertiary students of Saint Mary's University on martial law
21 to its social, economic, and political impact.
22
1 Identification of the Demographic profile. The first phase of the survey
2 questionnaire will be directed to the tertiary students of Saint Mary’s University and
3 contain a series of questions about the profile of the respondents in terms of sex, year
4 level, and school.
5 Measuring the Level of knowledge of students on Martial Law to its social,
6 economic, and political impact. The second phase of the instrument will be
7 determined in terms of social impact, economic impact, and political impact of
8 martial law. The researchers will create a survey questionnaire composed of 30
9 questions in the quantitative phase. The present study will use a four-point Likert
10 scale that describes the response of the students on their level of knowledge on
11 martial law to its social, economic, and political impact.
12
13 Data Gathering Procedure
14 Figure 2.
15 Data Gathering Procedure Flowchart
16
Distribution of Informed Consent Form
17
18
Approval of Request Letter to the Authorities Concerned
19
Distribution of Questionnaires
20
1 The researchers will follow a systematic data-gathering procedure in the
2 duration of this study.
3 To start the administration of the data-gathering procedure, the researchers
4 will first ask for approval of their letter to be signed by the research administrators
5 of Saint Mary’s University. When the request has been approved, the researchers will
6 proceed on handing the approval letter to their respondents. After giving a brief
7 summary of the study to their respondents, the researchers will then float the
8 questionnaires. The respondents will have a short orientation on how to properly
9 answer the survey sheet and how to treat it with the utmost confidentiality.
10
11 Data Analysis
12 Determining the level of knowledge of tertiary students of Saint Mary’s
13 University on Martial Law to its social, economic, and political impacts will use the
14 computation of means, median, and standard deviation. The parametric tool ANOVA
15 will be used to test the significant difference of the independent and dependent
16 variables between and across domains. The level of significance to be set in this study
17 will be at 5% (0.05).
1 The following indicators will be the basis of the quantitative questions of this
2 study:
3 Table 1.1.
4 Quantitative Indicators
Mean Range Echo Chamber Filter Bubbles Linguistic Tone
1 Strongly Disagree
2 Disagree
3 Agree
4 Strongly Disagree
5
1 Ethical Consideration
2 The study will be submitted for ethics review to Saint Mary’s University
3 Research Ethics Board (SMUREB) with address and contact information at 2nd Floor,
4 Rev. John Van Bauwel Hall, SMU Main Campus, Ponce Street, Don Mariano Marcos;
5 Bayombong, 3700 Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines (email: reb@smu.edu.ph;cellphone:
6 09177053041).
7 Conflict of Interest
8 The researchers are declaring that there is no personal gain or conflict of
9 interest from the result of the study.
10 Privacy, Confidentiality and Data Protection
11 Respondents will not be required to write their names in the survey
12 questionnaire to protect their privacy of information. Data gathered from the
13 respondents will be treated with the utmost confidentiality and will only be used for
14 research purposes. These data will only be accessed and processed by the
15 researchers. The questionnaires to be used in gathering data will be disposed
16 properly after the conduct of the study. Dataset file of responses of the respondents
17 will also be deleted from file after the conduct of the study.
18 Management of vulnerability
19 The respondents of this study are tertiary students of Saint Mary's University.
20 The 300 selected respondents will be from the different schools of the said university
21 (School of Teacher Education and Humanities, School of Accountancy and Business,

1 School of Health and Natural Sciences, and School of Engineering, Architecture, and
2 Information Technology). The selected respondents will also be determined by year
3 level, sex, school, and all of them shall be the age of 18 and above.
4 Risk / Benefit Ratio
5 The researchers will interact with different students from Saint Mary's
6 University. Since the research topic needs the respondents' honesty in answering the
7 questionnaire, the researchers should constantly remind them to answer based on
8 their own understanding of the questions. The results of the study will become the
9 basis for creating a program that will cater to the activities and seminars that the
10 researchers will recommend. There will be seminars on how to fight disinformation,
11 and how the students should be more logical in getting credible sources for their daily
12 lives.
13 Informed Consent
14 A letter addressed to the respondent and the informed consent form will be
15 given to the participants. The respondent will be given enough time to think and
16 respond if he or she will accept or decline to participate in the survey. If the
17 respondent will agree, the survey questionnaire will be administered.
18 Terms of Reference
19 The students of the Bachelor of Arts in Political Science - 4 will be the authors
20 of the study. There will be no government agencies and organizations involved in the
21 production of this research.

1 References
2 Aguilan, V. (n.d.). The Church under the Gun: A Critical-Historical Analysis of the
3 relationship between the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) and the
4 Marcos Regime during Martial Law, 1972-1978. Academia.edu.
5 https://www.academia.edu/32733578/The_Church_under_the_Gun_A_Critical_Hi
6 storical_Analysis_of_the_relationship_between_the_United_Church_of_Christ_in_th
7 e_Philippines_UCCP_and_the_Marcos_Regime_during_Martial_Law_1972_1978
8 Aguilar, C. (n.d.). The Sugar Bloc: Problems and Opportunities. PSCC Oragnization.
9 https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-
10 archives/Philippine%20Political%20Science%20Journal/1989/06_The%20Suga
11 r%20Bloc_%20Prolems%20and%20Opportunities.pdf
12 Amnesty International Publications. (1976). Amnesty International Mission to The
13 Republic of the Philippines. https://www.amnesty.org.ph/wp-
14 content/uploads/2014/11/asa350011976en.pdf
15 Arguelles, R. V. (2020, October 2). Remembering martial law in the Philippines: Education
16 and media. New Mandala. https://www.newmandala.org/remembering-martial-
17 law-in-the-philippines-education-and-media/
18 De Dios, E., Bautista, M.S. and Punongbayan, J.C. (2021) “Martial law and the Philippine
19 economy,” UP School of Economics Discussion Papers [Preprint].
20 Debt Justice (n.d.) Philippines. https://debtjustice.org.uk/countries/philippines

1 Diola, C. (2021). Debt, deprivation, and the Spoils of Dictatorship. Philippine Star.
2 https://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/golden-era
3 Enrile J.P. (2012.) Juan Ponce Enrile: A memoir. Quezon City, ABS-CBN Publishing Inc.
4 Estate of Archimedes Trajano v Ma. Imelda Marcos-Manotoc, G.R. No. 130974 (August
5 16, 2006) (Phil.)
6 https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/aug2006/gr_130974_2006.html
7 Estella, C. (2007, September 1). The Religious Press and the Marcos Years. Center for
8 Media Freedom and Responsibility. https://cmfr-phil.org/media-ethics-
9 responsibility/ethics/the-religious-press-and-the-marcos-
10 years/?fbclid=IwAR3ywntbGza5w58TYWXTXzUZ0nxxmSOslzzmxlg3Mr0X3NKp
11 OWq_2RNzdGY
12 Granovetter, M. (2005) The impact of social structure on economic outcomes. Journal of
13 Economic Perspectives. 19(1), pp. 33–50. Available at:
14 https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330053147958.
15 Gutierrez, J. (2022, September 21). Victims Recall Life in the Philippines Under Marcos’s
16 Martial Law. The New York Times.
17 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/21/world/asia/philippines-victims-
18 marcos.html
19 Human Rights Violations Victims’ Memorial Commission (2021, July). Was martial law
20 good for the Philippine economy? Human Rights Violations’ Victim Gov PH.
1 https://hrvvmemcom.gov.ph/was-martial-law-good-for-the-philippine-economy-
2 2/
3 Human Rights Violantions Victims’ Memorial Commission (2021, September). The Story
4 of Negros and the Escalante Massacre of 1985. Human Rights Violation Victims Gov
5 PH. https://hrvvmemcom.gov.ph/the-story-of-negros-and-the-escalante-
6 massacre-of-1985-2/
7 International Monetary Fund (n.d.) Evaluation of Prolonged Use of IMF Resources.
8 https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/epui/2002/pdf/chap10.pdf
9 Jamolin, L., De Guzman, R. and Yema, D.P. (2020). Experiences of selected University of
10 the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB) community members during Martial Law in the
11 Philippines. UP Los Banos Journal , xviii(no. 2 ).
12 Laber, J. (1976) Philippine's Torture. The New York Times, 30 October, pp. 25.
13 Manapsal, J. (2019). Democracy and Martial Law in the Philippines: A Misconception
14 That Leads to Misinformed Citizenry. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
15 Studies. https://www.neliti.com/publications/424407/democracy-and-martial-
16 law-in-the-philippines-a-misconception-that-leads-to-misin
17 Marcos Regime Education (n.d.). Scribd.
18 https://www.scribd.com/doc/104488713/Marcos-Regime-Education
19 Martial Law Museum (n.d.) Martial Law in Data.
20 https://martiallawmuseum.ph/magaral/martial-law-in-data/
1 Morallo, A. (n.d.). Did the Philippines have the best democracy under Marcos? Sabotaging
2 the System. PhilStar Global. https://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-
3 amnesia/best-democracy.
4 Nawawi, M. (1980). The political economy of political development. The Australian
5 National University. https://openresearch-
6 repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/131372/1/DSC_monograph_21.pdf
7 Orentlicher, D., Frankel, M. and Greenberg, J. (1983) The Philippines: A Country in Crisis -
8 A Report by Lawyers Committee for International Human Rights, digitalcommons.
9 https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2728&co
10 ntext=facsch_lawrev (Accessed: January 16, 2023).
11 Overholt, W. H. (1986). The Rise and Fall of Ferdinand Marcos.
12 Polvorosa, C. (2016). The Philippine Economy in the Martial Law Years.
13 Anywhereiwonder PH. https://anywhereiwander.com/2016/09/03/the-
14 philippine-economy-in-the-martial-law-years/
15 Reyes, M.P. and Jose, R. (2013) Marcos Pa Rin! The Legacy and the Curse of the Marcos
16 Regime. Kasarinlan Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 27 & 28(No 1-2).
17 Reyes, P.L. (2018) Claiming history: Memoirs of the struggle against Ferdinand Marcos’s
18 martial law regime in the Philippines. Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia,
19 33(2), pp. 457–498. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1355/sj33-2q.

1 Taylor, M. Q. (2022, May 1). When Ferdinand Marcos Tried to Crush the Right to Strike.
2 Philippine Collegian. https://phkule.org/article/524/when-ferdinand-marcos-
3 tried-to-crush-the-right-to-strike
4 The Official Gazette of the Philippines. 2018. Proclamation No. 1081.
5 http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/09/2 1/proclamation-no-1081/.
6 The Official Gazette of the Philippines. nd. Declaration of martial law.
7 http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/d eclaration-of-martial-law/
8 The Philippines During Martial Law. 2005. http://www.philippine-
9 history.org/martiallaw-philippines.htm
10 Tirol, J. K. (2016, November 15). The frailty of our Martial Law 'education'. CNN
11 Philippines.
12 https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/politics/2016/11/15/martial-
13 law-education-opinion.html
14
Saint Mary’s University Research Ethics Board
INFORMED CONSENT FORM
This form is for the Criminology Students of HEIs in Nueva Vizcaya in their participation
to the research project entitled LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF SAINT MARY’S
UNIVERSITY TERTIARY STUDENTS ON MARTIAL LAW TO ITS SOCIAL, ECONOMIC,
AND POLITICAL IMPACT
Name of Researchers: Gines, Noel John Carlo O.

Bulan, Julie Faith A.
Organizational Affiliation: Saint Mary’s University

School of Teacher Education and Humanities
Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy
Information Sheet
You are being invited by student researchers from Saint Mary’s University to
participate in their study the Level of Knowledge of Saint Mary’s University Tertiary
Students on Martial Law to its Social, Economic, and Political impact. You can take
your time to decide whether to participate or not and you can ask questions any time
for any word or concept in this form that you may not understand.
The purpose of this study is to find out the level of knowledge of saint mary’s
university tertiary students on martial law to its social, economic, and political impact.
The result of this study may assist future researchers to streamline awareness thereby
understanding the difference between the two sides of history during the time of
Martial Law in 1972.
This study involves the use of survey questionnaire that respondents will
answer in print out form. You are selected as participant because your perception
towards police officers as a Criminology student. You are one among the 75 selected
respondents in each school in Saint Mary’s University. Please be informed that your
participation is voluntary and you can withdraw any time without explanation.
Should you choose to participate in the study, you shall be answering a

questionnaire containing some profile. Additionally, the questionnaire includes a
diagnostic test consisting of 30 items in Part 2, answerable with a Likert Scale, about
the respondents’ level of susceptibility towards disinformation on Martial Law.
There is no known risk in your participation to the study and there is no direct
benefit to you either. However, you will be significantly contributing to the existing
limited level of knowledge of Saint Mary’s University Tertiary Students on Martial Law
to its Social, Economic, and Political Impact.
You shall not receive any payment for your participation nor any
reimbursements. Even if you have chosen to participate voluntarily, you have the right
to refuse to continue and any information you have already provided will not be used
in the study. Rest assured that your privacy will be respected, and all your answers will
be treated with the utmost confidentiality. The accomplished questionnaires will be
retrieved by the researchers through the Printout form depending on your choice and
your identity will be anonymized by providing you a number code. The data you
provided will be transferred to excel in number-coded format. Except for the
researchers, no one will be able to identify you as a respondent in this study. After the
study is completed and finally bound in a book, all the data in the Google drive will be
deleted for good.
The results of this study may be disseminated within Saint Mary’s University
through student research fora. Also, the study may be submitted for publication in
national or international journals. For any matter concerning this study, you can
contact RONA RANSEVERE BUGTONG, Mobile No. 09164036188, or email:
rona.sev.bugtong@gmail.com
This study is approved by the Saint Mary’s University Research Ethics Board
(SMUREB) at Saint Mary’s University, Ponce Street, DMM, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
with cellphone number: 09177053041 and email: reb@smu.edu.ph.
Certificate of Consent
I have read the foregoing information, or it has been read to me. I have had the
opportunity to ask questions about it and any questions I have asked have been
answered to my satisfaction. I consent voluntarily to be a participant in this
study.
Print Name of Participant: _____________________________________________________

Signature of Participant: _____________________________________________________
Date: [MM/DD/YYYY]: __________________
I have accurately read out the information sheet to the potential participant, and to the
best of my ability made sure that the participant understands that the following will be
done:
1. She/He will answer the prepared survey questionnaire with three parts.
2. His/her participation is voluntary and can withdraw anytime. Also, he/she will
not be remunerated or paid for his/her participation.
I confirm that the participant has been given the opportunity to ask questions and all
his/her queries have been answered correctly to the best of my ability. I confirm that
the individual has not been coerced into giving consent, and the consent has been given
freely and voluntarily.
A copy of this informed consent form has been provided to the participant.
PROMOTERS:
Gines, Noel John Carlo O.,
Bugtong, Rona Ransevere A.,
Bulan, Julie Faith A.,
Gazzingan, Jody Coleen M.,
Ordinario, Kate Wynsleth C.,
Date: January 18,2023

PART I. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
DIRECTION: Please check your answer in the space provided.
Year Level: ( )1st Year ( ) 2nd Year ( ) 3rd Year ( ) 4th Year
Sex: ( )Male ( )Female
School: (__) STEH (__) SAB (__) SEAIT (__) SHANS
PART II. LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ON MARTIAL LAW

DIRECTION: Please check your answer next to the practice indicator.
4 - Strongly agree; 3- Agree; 2 – Disagree; 1- Strongly Disagree:

Social Impact 4 3 2 1
Academic freedom was disrupted because of the government’s tight

control.
There was an unbridled culture of impunity and unaccountability.
Labor exploitation was pervasive which caused strikes and uprisings from
labor unions.
The administration shut down private media outlets, and set up state-
funded media outlets.
A lot of indigenous peoples were discriminated against and displaced from

their ancestral domains.
There were rampant human rights violations during Martial Law.
Workers were living beyond the minimum wage.
Infrastructures were built such as the Cultural Center of the Philippines

complex (conceived in 1966), the San Juanico Bridge (conceived in 1969),
the Philippine International Convention Center (conceived in 1974), and
the Philippine Heart Center (conceived in 1975) among others.
Drugs were not rampant and liquor ban was strictly followed.
The Nutribun Project was initiated and funded by the United States
Agency for International Development (USAID) during the Martial Law
period to fight hunger.
Economic Impact 4 3 2 1
There was a brief period of economic growth and development during

Martial Law.
The government promoted industrialization and modernization.
Productivity was low in both agriculture and industry.
The economy experienced rampant corruption, cronyism, and a lack of

transparency in government.
Rice importation was eliminated
Credit facilities and mechanization were introduced in the agriculture

sector.
Oil shortages of the 1970s left the Philippines with huge debt.
Marcos pursued highly expansionary monetary and fiscal

policy in an attempt to accelerate economic growth.
Export processing zones were established.
There were not enough resources left to service the mounting external
debt and deficit.
Political Impact 4 3 2 1
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus was suspended.
Plaza Miranda bombing killed nine at the political campaign rally of the liberal
party.
The 1970 Constitutional Convention was rocked by allegations of corruption and

bribery by the government.
People believed that Marcos’ authoritarian regime was a way to find the lost
Filipino self and society, in a sense, locating himself as a national shaman.
There was a systematic subversion of democratic processes in the country.
The military commander has unlimited authority to make and enforce laws.
Civilian authority and ordinary administration of justice were denied to people.
The Martial Law regime prolonged and centralized the far-reaching presidential
powers and privileges of Marcos for a total of 21 years.
Marcos acted as the de facto chief executive, chief legislator, chief justice, and
chief commander of the armed forces all at the same time.
The political economy of the Martial Law regime had become known as a
“conjugal dictatorship”
CURRICULUM VITAE
I. General information
Name
Bulan, Julie Faith, A.
Date of birth:
July 13, 2000
Contact number:
0970- 059-1100
Email address:
Juliefaith128@yahoo.com
Address:
Pinto, Alfonso, Lista, Ifugao
Name of Institution:
Name of Department:
Marian Allied in Philosophy and Social Sciences
Affiliation Position:
Department Head-Public Relations
Specialty:
Runs organizational communications, promotional activities, and
media relations.
II. Educational Background
Name of Institution: Course/Degree: Year/s attended:
Pinto Elementary School Elementary 2007-2013
Saint Mary’s University Senior High 2017 - 2019

School (HUMSS)
Saint Mary’s University College-BAPS 2019-Present
III. Research Related Trainings Including Research Ethics:

Name of Course: Offered by: Year:
IV. Research Outputs
Title of research Year and Author/s Published/
Unpublished
LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF SAINT MARY’S 2022 Unpublished

UNIVERSITY TERTIARY STUDENTS ON Gines, Noel John
MARTIAL LAW TO ITS SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, Carlo, G
AND POLITICAL IMPACT Bugtong, Rona
Ransevere, A.
Bulan, Julie Faith,
A.
Gazzingan, Jody
Coleen, M.
Ordinario, Kate
Wynsleth, C
THE CORRELATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA 2019 Published
AND STUDY HABITS Bulan, Julie Faith,
A,
Bumakil, Kathleen
Joyce, M.
Cabuatan, Janie
Ma, B.
Name and Signature Date

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name
Date of birth:
April 17, 2000
Contact number:
0935- 190-4842
Email address:
ordinariokatewynsleth@gmail.com
Address:
Prk. Balligi, Bone North, Aritao, Nueva
Vizcaya
Name of Department:
Prime Minister
Specialty:
Responsible for the whole organization and having control of all
the Committees and ensuring that the orders and laws shall be
faithfully executed.
Bone Elementary School Elementary 2007-2013
Saint Mary’s University Senior High 2017 - 2019

School (ABM)

Unpublished

Ransevere, A.
Bulan, Julie Faith,
A.
Gazzingan, Jody
Coleen, M.
Ordinario, Kate
Wynsleth, C
THE INFLUENCE OF E-BANKING TO 2019 Published
CLIENTS SATISFACTION IN THE CONTEXT Acar, Melody Jane
OF BANCO DE ORO UNIBANK M.
SOLANO BRANCH: A CAUSAL STUDY Ceril, Hanna
Romina D.
Fernando,
Fatimah Gwen E.
Laguit, Julien Ross
A.
Ordinario, Kate
Wynsleth C.
Serquiña, Mariane
Paulyn O.

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name:
Date of birth:
July 5, 2001
Contact number:
09164036188
Email address:
Rona.sev.bugtong@gmail.com
Address:
Salvacion, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

Name of Institution: Course/Degree: Year/s
attended:
Bayombong South Elementary School Elementary 2006-2013
Nueva Vizcaya General Comprehensive Junior High School and 2013 - 2019
High School Senior High School
Saint Mary’s University Science High (HUMSS)
School and Senior High School

Unpublished

UNIVERSITY TERTIARY STUDENTS ON Gines, Noel John Carlo,
MARTIAL LAW TO ITS SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, G
Ransevere, A.
Gazzingan, Jody Coleen,
M.
Ordinario, Kate
Wynsleth, C
Level of Ethnocentric Perception of Senior 2019 Published
High School Students in a Private Bugtong, Rona
University Ransevere
Magallanes, Jameel
Tugade, Reynaldo
Balonquita, Luisa
Soundproofing Ability of Corkboard made 2017 Published
out of Rice Hay and Corn Husk Bugtong, Rona
Ransevere
Madamba, Gwyneth
Villar, Jaera
Umacam, Erika
Lazam, Zharina
Bugtong, Rona Ransevere

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name:
Date of birth:
June 08, 2001
Contact number:
00956-588-1000
Email address:
hed-jcgazzingan@smu.edu.ph
Address:
San Nicolas, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

Saint Mary’s University Grade School Elementary 2006-2013

Department
Saint Mary’s University Science High Junior High School 2013 - 2019
School and Senior High School and Senior High
School (HUMSS)

Unpublished

Ransevere, A.
Bulan, Julie Faith,
A.
Gazzingan, Jody
Coleen, M.
Ordinario, Kate
Wynsleth, C
The Level of Adjustment of Grade 11 2019 Published
Senior High School on the K-12 Curriculum Aquino, Ardrae
Summer
Gazzingan, Jody
Coleen M.
Guinaob,
Rosheena Kelly
Tolentino, Lea
The Inhibitory Effect of Cassia Fistula 2017 Published
Leaves extract against Staphylococcus Gazzingan, Jody
Aureus and Malassezia Furfur Coleen
Nuestro, Anniya
Que, Wea Laika

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name
Date of birth:
November 26, 2000
Contact number:
0917 632 4831
Email address:
carloorig@gmail.com
Address:
#30, Belisario Street, Don Mariano Perez,
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
Name of Department:
Assistant Secretary
Specialty:
Take the minutes as the secretary writes the accomplishments of
the meeting on the board. Runner of
United Methodist Christian School Elementary 2007-2013
Saint Mary’s University Junior and Senior 2013 - 2019

High School
(HumSS)


Unpublished

Ransevere, A.
Bulan, Julie Faith,
A.
Gazzingan, Jody
Coleen, M.
Ordinario, Kate
Wynsleth, C
DEGREE OF LIBERALNESS OF SENIOR 2019 Published
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN A CATHOLIC Nava, Jeremy Joe
UNIVERSITY A.
Gines, Noel John
Carlo O.
Ramirez, Frances
Jeyann A.
Dulnuan,
Christoffe A.

Pol Sci 4 - Level of Knowledge of Sant Marys University Tertiary Student On Its Social, Economic and Olitical Impact

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LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF SAINT MARY’S UNIVERSITY TERTIARY

STUDENTS ON MARTIAL LAW TO ITS SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL

Faculty of the School of Teacher Education and Humanities

Saint Mary’s University

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Arts in Political Science

Gines, Noel John Carlo O.

Bulan, Julie Faith A.

Bugtong, Rona Ransevere A.

Gazzingan, Jody Coleen M.

Ordinario, Kate Wynsleth C.

Salinas, Rheena Niña S.

would not have been possible.

their unwavering enthusiasm and moral support. Their thoughtful acts if

encouragement, prayers, and words of motivation and comfort filled the

researchers' doubts with confidence. Power be to you all.

researchers throughout their study. The study is likewise dedicated to future

researchers and academics who will hopefully find a glimmer of inspiration in

their study, or an epiphany in how they process information.

you and God bless.

Table 1. Quantitative Indicators 20

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study……………………………………………………………….. 13

Figure 2. Data Gathering Procedure…………………………………………………………. 18

APPENDIX A. Informed Consent Form…………………………..……..………………….. 28

APPENDIX B. Research Instrument.………………………….………………………………. 32

APPENDIX C. Researchers’ Letter of Intent for Prospective Adviser-Promoter 33

APPENDIX D. Adviser Promoter Acceptance Form…………….…………………………. 34

APPENDIX E. Promotership Agreement ………….…………………………………………… 35

APPENDIX F. Curriculum Vitae………………..…………………………………………………… 36

5 it was never fully established brought by compounding interests on its definition.

13 inherent in or directly connected with invasion (Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third

14 World Studies, 2012–13).

15 In various state democracies, existing historical memories of previous

16 dictatorial and authoritarian regimes are vulnerable to contestation and debates

18 contrasting beliefs and perceptions on specific events must be assessed in different

21 phenomena in history is Ferdinand Marcos Sr.’s declaration of Martial law as it left a

6 political rights (The Philippines during Martial Law, 2005).

7 As always, in all political issues, people’s perception varies in a wide scope.

10 quo on a process of evaluating advantages and disadvantages of martial law would be

15 regime (Laquian, n.d). To fully understand Martial law, it is necessary to establish a

17 aspects: (a) social, (b) political, and (c) economic.

21 aspects of social structure and the alignment of concrete relationships among

5 Armed Forces of the Philippines, and Philippine Constabulary were also to be

17 caused the acceleration of movements aimed at advancing varied interests. However,

22 which would corrupt absolutely (Enrile, 2012).

2 As social sphere continues to cause contradiction, so does politics since political

5 been intense dynamism among these institutions especially on the emergence of a

12 and assembly as well as strikes brought by unequal and exploitative working

14 The cancellation of all existing media franchises and establishment of

15 government-controlled media furthered human rights exploitation. Additionally, the

16 amalgamated political power possessed by Marcos had an objective of effectively

21 restrictions on political freedom is a must to help instill discipline among Filipinos.

23 Filipinos had to be disciplined enough to avoid unnecessary imprisonment or

3 period of time (Jamolin, et al., 2020).

8 prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion, insurrection, or rebellion. Truth be told,

9 the power of Marcos transformed on an enormous level over that period.

15 silently aggravates these contradictory complexities. GO No. 68 of 17 November 1980

20 maintained such a parasitic cycle.

21 Marcos exerted an intensive monopolistic approach on political and economic

9 World War II (De Dios, et al., 2021).

10 The economic accomplishments of Marcos during his presidency and martial

17 leaving major projects unfunded in midstream. These developments further induced an