Q1.

This question is about reproduction.

(a)     Which two statements are true for sexual reproduction in humans?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

 

Gametes are formed.

Offspring are clones.

Offspring are genetically identical to

parents.

Only one parent is involved.

Sperm and egg fuse.

(2)

(b)     Humans reproduce by sexual reproduction.

Complete the diagram below to show the inheritance of sex.

(3)

(c)     Draw a ring around the genotype of all male children in the diagram above.
(1)

(d)     When children reach puberty, reproductive hormones cause changes in their

bodies.

Draw one line from each hormone to the change the hormone causes at puberty.
 
Hormone   Change the hormone

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 causes at puberty
 
    Breasts develop

Oestrogen    

    Skin turns lighter

     

    Voice becomes deeper

Testosterone    

    Wisdom teeth appear

(2)

A woman does not want to become pregnant.

She considers two methods of contraception.

(e)     Draw one line from each method of contraception to how the method prevents
pregnancy.
 
Method of How the method
 
contraception prevents pregnancy
 
Embryos do not implant
   
in the uterus

Condom    

Hormones stop eggs

   
maturing

     

    Sperm are killed

Oral contraceptive (the

   
pill)

Sperm do not reach the

   
egg
(2)

(f)      Give one advantage and one disadvantage of taking oral contraceptives to prevent
pregnancy.

Advantage __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Disadvantage _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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 (Total 12 marks)

Q2.
A cat breeder noticed that four kittens from one Siamese cat mother had a new blue
colour at the tip of their tails.

(a)  What has caused the new colour to appear?

Tick (✓) one box.

 

Fertilisation

Mitosis

Mutation

(1)

(b)  The cat breeder wants to use selective breeding so that all new kittens have blue tail
tips.

Describe the process of selective breeding the cat breeder could use.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c)  Suggest one reason why the cat breeder wants to have all new kittens with the blue
tail tips.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d)  Siamese cats can suffer from heart defects.

Why might there be more Siamese cats with heart defects amongst the kittens with
blue tail tips?

Tick (✓) one box.

 

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 They are clones

They are formed by mitosis

They are formed by sexual reproduction

They are produced by inbreeding

(1)

With each pregnancy, the cat breeder expected that:

•   50% of the kittens would be male

•   50% of the kittens would be female.

The sex chromosomes in cats are inherited in the same way as in humans.

The sex chromosomes are X and Y.

(e)  Give the combination of sex chromosomes present in a male cat and in a female
cat.

Male cat  ____________________

Female cat ____________________

(1)

(f)   The cat breeder expected 50% male kittens and 50% female kittens.

Complete the Punnett square in the diagram below to show why.

 
(2)

(g)  In the first pregnancy there was one male kitten and three female kittens.

Give the reason why there were not two kittens of each sex.

___________________________________________________________________

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 ___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q3.
The genetic material in cells is made of DNA.

(a)  Which two of the following describe the structure of DNA?

Tick two boxes.

 

A double helix

A monomer

A polymer

A protein

A single strand

(2)

(b)  Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

 
clone   disorder   gene
  genome   mutation  

A small section of DNA which codes for one protein is called a ________________ .

All the genetic material of an organism is called its _________________________ .

(2)

(c)  Gametes (sex cells) contain half the amount of DNA compared to body cells.

Give the names of the two types of gametes in humans.

_______________________________ and _______________________________

(1)

(d)  What is the process called when the gametes join?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e)  The diagram below shows cell division by meiosis to form gametes.

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Which two features in the diagram above show that this cell division is meiosis and
not mitosis?

Tick two boxes.

 

The cell divides twice

The chromosomes pull apart into the new cells

The cytoplasm divides into new cells

The DNA is copied

The new cells have half the number of chromosomes

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q4.
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder that can seriously affect health.

(a)     Which one of these is affected by cystic fibrosis?

Draw a ring around your answer.

         blood              cell membranes             kidneys              nervous system

(1)

(b)     The diagram shows the inheritance of cystic fibrosis in a family. The allele that
produces cystic fibrosis is recessive.

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(i)      Explain why Alice inherited cystic fibrosis.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii)     Explain why Ted did not inherit cystic fibrosis.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     Bob and Carol know that there is a risk that their next baby will have cystic fibrosis.

Embryos can be screened for the allele that produces cystic fibrosis.

Many people support the screening of embryos, but others do not.

(i)      Suggest one reason why many people support the screening of embryos for
the cystic fibrosis allele.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

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 ______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     Suggest one reason why many people are against the screening of embryos
for the cystic fibrosis allele.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q5.
This question is about evolution in humans.

The graph shows:

•        the estimated brain volume of different species of humans

•        the time when the different species existed on Earth.

The data is plotted for modern humans (Homo sapiens) and for three types of extinct
ancestors of humans.

                          Millions of years ago

Key
Each point plotted on the graph shows the estimate for one human.

(a)     (i)      As humans evolved, their brain volume changed.

What has happened to human brain volume over the past 4 million years?

______________________________________________________________

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 ______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     Why is the evidence for estimated brain volume for Homo sapiens stronger
than the evidence for Australopithecus afarensis?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     In a book, the brain volume of a different species, Australopithecus africanus, is
stated to be about 600 cm3.

Use evidence from the graphic above to estimate when Australopithecus africanus
lived on Earth.

Estimate = _________________ million years ago

(1)

(c)     Scientists believe that modern humans evolved by natural selection from
Australopithecus afarensis.

(i)      Complete the following sentence.

In the nineteenth century, the scientist who suggested the theory of evolution

by natural selection was Charles ____________________________ .

(1)

(ii)     In the nineteenth century, many people did not accept this scientist’s theory.

Give one reason why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q6.
The photograph shows a fossil of a prehistoric bird called Archaeopteryx.

Page 9 of 17
  
By Ghedoghedo (own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-SA-3.0) or GFDL
(http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons; By Steenbergs from Ripon, United Kingdom (Small Fishing
Boat In North Sea) [CC-BY-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.

(a)     Describe three ways fossils can be made.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b)     The drawing shows what an Archaeopteryx might have looked like when it was
alive.

Scientists think that Archaeopteryx was a predator.

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(i)      Look at the drawing.

Write down three adaptations that might have helped Archaeopteryx to catch
prey.

How would each adaptation have helped Archaeopteryx to catch prey?

Adaptation 1 ___________________________________________________

How it helps ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Adaptation 2 ___________________________________________________

How it helps ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Adaptation 3 ___________________________________________________

How it helps ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii)     Archaeopteryx is now extinct.

Give two reasons why animals may become extinct.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

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Mark schemes

Q1.
(a)  gametes are formed
1

sperm and egg fuse

1

(b)  Y gamete for father

1

all derivations correct = 2 marks 1 or 2 correct =

1 mark
allow correct derivations from incorrect gamete
2

(c)  rings drawn around all XY

allow one ring drawn around both XY
ignore ring drawn around father’s genotype
ecf any letter for Y, except X
1

(d)

If more than one line from a hormone no mark for that hormone
1

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 (e)

If more than one line from a method of contraception no mark for that method
1

(f)  advantage –
any one from:
•   very reliable
•   easy to take
•   do not have to rely on partner
•   helps to treat acne or period pain
ignore you do not get pregnant
1

disadvantage –
any one from:
•   may cause side effects
allow described eg headaches, nausea, putting
on weight
•   may affect her fertility later
•   have to remember to take it (every day)
allow you have to take it every day
•   does not protect against STIs ignore you do not get pregnant
1
[12]

Q2.
(a)  mutation
1

(b)  any three from:

•   choose the cats with the blue tail
allow choose the cats with the desired characteristic
•   breed these cats together
•   choose offspring with blue tails and breed these together
•   repeat until all cats have blue tails
allow breed for several generations
3

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 (c)  they are rare / beautiful / expensive
allow description e.g. the breeder will make (more) profit
1

(d)  they are produced by inbreeding

1

(e)  (male cat ) XY or YX
(female cat) XX
both required for the mark
allow lower case letters
1

(f)

 
allow 2 or 3 derivation squares correct for 1 mark
2

(g)  random (if X or Y goes into each sperm)

allow it is a chance event
allow it is only a probability
1
[10]

Q3.
(a)  a double helix
1

a polymer
1

(b)  gene
1

genome
1
in this order only

(c)  sperm and egg(s) / ova / ovum

in either order
1

(d)  fertilisation
1

(e)  the cell divides twice

1

the new cells have half the number of chromosomes

1
[8]

Q4.

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 (a)     cell membranes
1

(b)     (i)      two recessive / cystic fibrosis / faulty / diseased / the allele(s) / genes
two can be implied by second marking point
ignore chromosomes
1

         from Bob and Carol / both parents / the parents

if no other marks awarded ‘Carol is a carrier’ gains 1 mark
1

(ii)     (inherited) dominant / normal allele / gene

1

         from Carol / mother

ignore references to recessive allele / gene from father / Bob
if no other marks awarded he has just / only one recessive
allele gains 1 mark
1

(c)     (i)      reduce number of people with cystic fibrosis (in population)

         or

         reduce health-care costs

         or

         expensive to have baby with cystic fibrosis

accept to allow decision / emotional argument qualified
eg allows abortion
or
allows people to make choices about termination
or
help to prepare financially / emotionally etc
1

(ii)     any one from:

•        possible damage / risk to embryo / fetus / baby

allow possible harm / risk to mother

•        screening / it is expensive

•        (may) have to make ethical / moral / religious decisions

ignore not natural / playing God / unethical / immoral /
religious unqualified

•        right to life

1
[7]

Q5.
(a)     (i)      (volume) increases (with time)

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 ignore numbers
1

(ii)     there is more evidence / specimens / results (for Homo sapiens)

allow examples of this, eg more / better fossils
allow converse if clearly referring to Australopithecus
ignore reference to being ‘more recent’
1

(b)     2.5 – 3.15 (million years ago)

accept any number in range
1

(c)     (i)      Darwin
1

(ii)     any one from:

•        they believed in other theories

allow they believed that God made all life
•        insufficient evidence
ignore ‘no evidence’
•        no proof
allow not enough proof
•        genes / mechanism of inheritance not known / discovered
1
[5]

Q6.
(a)     any three from:

•        parts of organisms have not decayed

accept in amber / resin
allow bones are preserved
•        conditions needed for decay are absent
accept appropriate examples, eg acidic in bogs / lack of
oxygen
•        parts of the organism are replaced by other materials as they decay
accept mineralised
•        or other preserved traces of organisms, eg footprints, burrows and
rootlet traces
allow imprint or marking of organism
3

(b)     (i)      teeth for biting (prey)

must give structure + explanation
1

claws to grip (prey)

accept sensible uses
1

wing / tail for flight to find (prey)

1

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(ii)     any two from:

•        new predators
•        new diseases
•        better competitors
•        catastrophe eg volcanic eruption, meteor
•        changes to environment over geological time
accept climate change
allow change in weather
•        prey dies out or lack of food
allow hunted to extinction
2
[8]

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