Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Expt. / Assignment / Tutorial

Batch: Class:
Roll No.: Name:
Grade: A / B / C / D
Signature of Staff:

General/ Technical specification of your mobile phone

Sr. Name/Specification/Category Value Meaning of the term Remark

No.
A. General
1. Name of mobile
phone(Brand/Model)
2. Launch year/month
3. Form factor

4. Dimensions(mm)

5. Weight(g)
6. Battery capacity (mAh)
7. Removable battery
8. Fast charging

9. Wireless charging
10. Colors

B.Display
1. Screen size(inches)
2. Touch screen
3. Resolution
4. Protection type

5. Aspect ratio

6. Refresh rate

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Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

C. Hardware
1. Processor
2. Processor make

3. RAM
4. Internal storage
5. Expandable storage
D. Camera
1. Rear camera
2. Rear autofocus
3. Rear flash
4. Front camera
5. Pop-up camera
6. Front autofocus
7. Front flash
E. Software
1. Operating system
F. Connectivity
1. Wi-Fi
2. Wi-Fi standards supported

3. GPS

4. Bluetooth
5. Radio
6. NFC

7. USB
8. Number of SIMs
9. Active 4G on both SIM cards
10. Number of antennas
(Single or MIMO)
11. Type of antennas
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Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

G. SIM1
1. SIM Type
2. 3G
3. 4G/LTE
4. 5G
5. Supportsof4Gin India(Band 40)
H. SIM2
1. SIM Type
2. 3G
3. 4G/LTE
4. 5G
5. Supportsof4Gin India(Band 40)
I. Sensors
1. Face unlock
2. Fingerprint sensor
3. In-display fingerprint sensor
4. Compass/Magnetometer
5. Proximity sensor

6. Accelerometer Yes

7. Ambient light sensor Yes

8. Gyroscope Yes

J. Pricing (with different

RAM and storage)
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K. Frequency bands and power

1. GSM900:35dBm
2. GSM1800:32dBm
3. UMTS band1/8: 25.7dBm
4. LTE
band1/3/7/8/20/28/34/38/40:
25.7 dBm
5. 5GNR bandn1/n3/n7/n28/n78:
<25dBm
6. Bluetooth:<20dBm
7. Wi-Fi2.4G:<20 dBm
8. Wi-Fi5G:<23 dBm
9. NFC:<42dBuA/m at10m
1. IMEI number of SIM1
2 IMEI number of SIM2(if any)
L. Any other feature not
mentioned above (add
rows as required)

Activity

● What is the use of hotspot & tethering in mobile phone?

● What happens when airplane mode of mobile is activated? And why?
● A smart phone A, B, and C has refresh rate of 90Hz,120Hz and60Hz respectively
which phone is better and why?
● Which type of antennas is used in smart phones?

● Answer the questions below in short:

o What are the elements in the motherboard of mobile phone?
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Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

O What makes mobile camera of higher resolution?

● Answer the question below:

o What do 10-digit MSISDN of your mobile phone represents? The
SISDN is used for routing calls to the subscriber.

● Read the following article and answer the question below:

o Match the column

1 Excellent signal strength A < -70 dBm
2 Good signal strength B -60to 70 dBm
3 Fair signal strength C >=-50dBm
4 Weak signal strength D -50to 60 dBm

Discussion/Conclusion

Signature off Faculty in-charge

 Expt:2

Batch: Class:
Roll No.: Name:

Grade: A / B / C / D
Signature of Staff:

Title: Cellular frequency reuse concept.

Objectives:
1. To find the co-channel cells for a particular cell.
2. To find the cell clusters within certain geographic area.
OUTCOME: Student will able to understand and analyse the parameters of the mobile
Communication system

THEORY:
1. Frequency Reuse
• In mobile communication systems a slot of a carrier frequency / code in a carrier
frequency is a radio resource unit. This radio resource unit is assigned to a user in order to
support a call/ session. The number of available such radio resources at a base station thus
determines the number of users who can be supported in the call.
•Since in wireless channels a signal is "broadcast" i.e. received by all entities therefore one a
resource is allocated to a user it cannot be re assigned until the user finished the call/ session.
Thus, the number of users who can be supported in a wireless system is highly limited.
• In order to support a large no. of users within a limited spectrum in a region the
concept of frequency re-use is used. The signal radiated from the transmitter antenna gets
attenuated with increasing distance. At a certain distance the signal strength falls below noise
threshold and is no longer identifiable. In this region when the signal attenuates below noise
floor the same radio resource may be used by another transmission to send different
information.
• In term of cellular systems, the same radio resource (frequency) can used by two base
stations which a sufficient spaced apart. In this way the same frequency gets reused in a
layer- geographic area by two or more different base station different users simultaneously.
 Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

1.1 Cellular Frequency Reuse:

Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels to be used within a week
small geographic area called a cell. Base stations in adjacent cells are assigned channel
groups which contain completely different channels than neighbouring cells. Base station
antennas are designed to achieve the desired coverage within a particular cell.
By limiting the coverage area within the boundaries of a cell, the same group of channels
may be used to cover different cells that are separated from one another by geographic
distances large enough to keep interference levels within tolerable limits.
The design process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all cellular base stations
within a system is called frequency reuse or frequency planning.
1.3 Cell Cluster:
Considering a cellular system that has a total of S duplex radio channels. If each cell is
allocated a group of k channels (k < S) and if the S channels are divided among N cells into
unique and disjoint channel groups of same number of channels, then,

S = kN
The N cells that collectively use the complete set of available frequencies is called a cluster.
If a cluster is replicated M times within the system, the total number of duplex channels or
capacity,
C = MkN = MS

Fig:
In this example,
• The cluster size N = 7 and the frequency reuse factor is 1/7 since each cell
contains one- seventh of the total number of available channels.
• The capacity is directly proportional to M. The factor N is called the cluster size and
is typically 4, 7 or 12. If the cluster size N is reduced while the cell size is kept constant,
more clusters are required to cover a given area and hence more capacity is achieved from the
design viewpoint, the smallest possible value of N is desirable to maximize capacity over a
given coverage area. The frequency reuse factor of a cellular system is 1/N, since each cell
within acluster is assigned 1/N of the total available channels in the system.
1.4 Co-channel Cells:
A larger cluster size causes the ratio between the cell radius and the distance between co-
channel cells to decrease reducing co-channel interference. The value of N is a function of
how much interference a mobile or base station can tolerate while maintaining a sufficient
quality of communications.
Since each hexagonal cell has six equidistant neighbours and the line joining the centres of
any cell and each of its neighbours are separated by multiples of 60 degrees, only certain
cluster sizes and cell layouts are possible. To connect without gaps between adjacent cells,
the geometry of hexagons is such that the number of cells per cluster, N, can only has values
that satisfy,

N=i2 + ij + j2
In this example, N = 19 (i.e., i = 3, j = 2)
Where, ‘i’ and ‘j’ are non-negative integers.
To find the nearest co-channel neighbours of a particular cell

• Move ‘i’ cells along any chain of hexagons then,

• Turn 60 degrees’ counter-clockwise and move ‘j’ cells.

Post Laboratory Questions:

1) Explain the significance of reuse ratio in cellular system designed.
The Frequency reuse ratio is the ratio of distance between two co-channel cell using
same set of frequency and the radius of the cell (D/R). As Q decreases, D decreases
and co-channel interference as well as larger capacity increases. This leds to an
increment in number of repetition of the cell (M).

2) Why the cluster size can be of a fixed number only?

In general terms cluster size are fixed it depends on i and j. Using different cluster size will
result in high interference or waste system resources by insuring a very low interference
level that is much lower than the maximum acceptable value (such as 27).
 3) How is the capacity of cellular system dependant on cluster size?

Since Q=D/R or √3𝑁

As Q N D and co-channel interference and large capacity and so does M

Conclusion:
 Exp : Frequency Reuse

Discussion:
Studied the concept of frequency reuse by selecting i=3, j=2 for cluster size N=13
 Exp : Frequency Reuse

Discussion:
Stuided Concept of Cellular Cluster for N=7
 Expt:3
Batch: Class:
Roll No.:711 Name:

Grade: A / B / C / D
Signature of Staff:

PARTA

Simulate a program for following

If signal to interference ratio(S/I) of x dB is required for satisfactory forward

channel performance of GSM, what is cluster size that should be used for
maximum capacity if path loss exponent is ȵ? Which sectorization is
preferred?Why?

THEORY
● Frequency reuse implies that in a given coverage area, there are several cells
that use same set of frequencies. These cells are called co-channel cells and
interference between signals from these cells, is called as co-channel
interference.

IfR-Radius of cell
D-Co-channel Distance
● By increasing the ratio of(D/R)=Q, spatial separation between co-channel cells
relative to coverage distance of a cell is increased. Thus interference is reduced.
Q is called as co-channel reuse ratio.
Q=√(3N)

● Small Q provides large capacity, since cluster size N is small. Large Q improves
transmission quality. Trade off must be made between set objectives.
● Let i0 be no of co channel interfering cells. S/I for mobile receiver which
monitors forward channel can be expressed as

Where S is desired signal power from desired base station. it is interference power
caused by ith interfering co-channel cell base station.
 ● When transmit power of each base station is equal and path loss exponent is
same throughout the coverage area, S/ I for mobile can be approximated as

● Considering only first layer of interfering cell, if all interfering base

station areEquidistant (D) fromdesired basestation,then

Sectoring:
● The technique for decreasing co-channel interference and thus increasing
system capacity by using directional antenna is called sectoring. The factor
bywhich co- channel interference is reduced depends on amount of sectoring
used.A cell is normally partitioned into three 120 0 sectors or six 60 0 sectors
asshownin figure.

● When sectoring is used, the channels used in a particular cell are broken down
into sectored groups and are used only within a particular sector.
● Assuming 7-cell reuse, for a case of 120 0sectors, the numbered of interferers
inthefirsttieris reduced from6 to 2.
● This is because only 2of6co-channel cells receive interference with a particular
sectored channel group. Refer following figure, consider interference
experienced by a mobile located in the right most sectors in the centred
celllabelled‘5’.
● There are 3co-channelcellsectorslabelled‘5’totherightofcentredcell,and3 to the
left of centred cell. Out of these 6 co-channel cells, only 2 cells have sectors
with antenna pattern which radiate into centred cell.
● Hence mobile in centred cell will experience interference on forward link from
only these two sectors.
 ● Thus SIR at cell edge can be improved. Since a service does not require an
SIRgreater than a certain threshold, therefore by using sectoring the cluster size
canbe reduced thereby increasing capacity. Since sectoring reduces the coverage
area of a particular group channels, the number of handoff increases.

PART-B
Simulate a program for following

For an identical received power at the boundaries of original larger cell with
radius Ro, and the new split cell with radius Ro/2, prove that the base station
transmitter power of the split cell must be 12dB less than the base station
transmitter power of the original larger cell. Assume path loss exponent as 4 in a
typical mobile environment.

THEORY:
● For the split cells of smaller size, the transmitter power of this cell must be
reduced for an identical received power at the boundaries of the cells.
● The transmit power of the new split ells with radius half that of the original cells
can be computed by examining the received signal power, Part the cell
boundaries of the original and split cell respectively, and then setting them equal
to each other.
● This is necessary to ensure that the frequency reuse plan for the new split cells
behaves exactly as for the original cells in order to maintain the co-channel
interference levels.
● Let Pto be the base station transmitter power of the larger original cell with
radius Ro, then at the cell boundary of the original cell,

● Let Pt1 be the base station transmitter power of the smaller split ell with
radius Ro/2,then at the cell boundary of the split cell,

● Equating above equation we can find Pt1

OUTPUT:
Conclusion:
Frequency reuse implies that in a given coverage area, there are several cells that use same
set of frequencies. For the split cells of smaller size, the transmitter power of this cell must be
reduced for an identical received power at the boundaries of the cells.

Signature of faculty in-charge

 Expt. 4
Batch: Class:
Roll No.: Name:

Grade: A / B / C / D
Signature of Staff:

1. Introduction
Okumura is one the most widely used models for signal prediction in urban areas.The
model is applicable to frequencies in the range of 150 MHz to 1920 MHz, The main
result of Okumura's work was a set of curves, giving the median attenuation, relative to
free space, as a function of frequency, distance, heights and several path-specific
correction factors. This model is considered to be among the simplest and best in terms
of accuracy in path loss prediction. It has become a standard for system planning in
modern mobile radio systems.

With the aim to make this method easy to apply, Hata defined a series of empirical
relationships describing the graphical method proposed by Okumura. Such expressions,
which are of empirical nature, are known as the Okumura-Hata model, also called as
Hata model.
The main result provided by the model is the median value of the basic propagation
loss, as a function of frequency, distance, base station height and mobile antenna height.
Although it does not include any of the path-specific correction factors which are
available in Okumura's model, the expressions proposed by Hata have significant
practical value.

The Okumura-Hata model is restricted to the following limits:

-f :150 to 1500 MHz

-hb :30 to 200 m
- hm:1 to10 m
- d:1 to 20 km
 2. Development
The Okumura-Hata model expresses the basic propagation loss, Lb, as follows:

where a(hm) is the correction factor for mobile antenna height and is computed as follows:

1) For urban areas:

a) For a small or medium-sized city:

where1≤hm≤10m

b) For a large city:

2) For suburb an areas:

3) For rural areas:

Generally this model is quite good in urban and sub urban environments, but not as good in
rural areas, due to the fact that it does not take into account neither terrainundulationn nor the
effects derived from the degree of urbanization along the propagation path.
 1. Objective
One of the main objectives of cellular systems is to achieve high capacity (increase the number
of user). This objective can be realized by creating a distinctive way by which the limited
frequency spectrum assigned to the cellular systems is exploited efficiently. The concept of
frequency reuse in which a segment of specific frequency spectrum can be used several times is
the key to achieve an efficient exploit of the assigned spectrum. One of these models is the
Okumura/ Hata model which is recommended for being used to estimate the path-loss in the
cellular systems that employing micro-cells. The main objective in this project is to provide a
guide line for path-loss estimation analysis using Okumura/ Hata model. Matlab software was
used to perform this analysis. Compared with free space model in which frequency and
separation distance are the only contributors for path loss, more accurate estimation can be
achieved when Okumura/ Hata model is used as it includes further correction factors, such as
mobile station antenna height and base station antenna height.

CODE:

OUPUT:
Conclusion: This model is quite good in urban and sub urban environments, but not as good in
rural areas, due to the fact that it does not take into account neither terrain modulation nor the
effects derived from the degree of urbanization along the propagation path.

Signature of faculty in-charge

Title: Spreading and Despreading of
CDMA signal.Objectives
1. Understand advantages of spreading and dispreading of CDMA signal
2. Calculation of PN sequence of desired length
OUTCOME: Students should able to understand 2G and 3G mobile communication standards

Theory:

​ In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems all users transmit in the
same bandwidth simultaneously. Communication systems following thisconcept
are "spread spectrum systems''.
​ In this transmission technique, the frequency spectrum of a data-signal
isspread using a code uncorrelated with that signal. As a result, the bandwidth
occupancy is much higher than required.
​ The codes used for spreading have low cross-correlation values and are unique
to every user. This is the reason that a receiver which has knowledge about the
code of the intended transmitter is capable of selecting the desired signal.
​ Because of the difficulty to jam or detect spread spectrum signals, the first
applications were in the military field. However nowadays spread spectrum
systems are gaining popularity also in commercial applications.
​ The main parameter in spread spectrum systems is the processing gain: the ratio of
transmission and information bandwidth which is basically the "spreading factor''.
The processing gain determines the number of users that can be allowed in a
system, the amount of multi-path effect reduction, the difficulty to jam or detect a
signal etc. For spread spectrum systems it is advantageous to have a
processinggain as high as possible.
​ There exist different techniques to spread a signal: Direct-Sequence (DS),
Frequency-Hopping (FH), Time-Hopping (TH) and Multi-Carrier CDMA (MC-
CDMA). It is also possible to make use of combinations of them.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum: -

​ Direct Sequence is the best known Spread Spectrum Technique. The data signal is
multiplied by a Pseudo Random Noise Code (PN code). A PN code is a sequence of
chips valued -1 and 1 (polar) or 0 and 1 (non-polar) and has noise-like properties.
This results in low cross-correlation values among the codes and the difficulty to
jam or detect a data message. Several families of binary PN codes exist.
Expt:5

Batch: Class:
Roll No.: Name:

Grade: A / B / C / D
Signature of Staff:

​ A usual way to create a PN code is by means of at least one shift-register. When the
length of such a shift-register is n, the following can be said about the period N DS
of the above mentioned code-families:
In direct-sequence systems the length of the code is the same as the spreading-factor
with the consequence that:

​ This can also be seen from figure 1, where we show how the PN code is combined
with the data-signal, in this example NDS=7. The bandwidth of the data signal is
now multiplied by a factor NDS. The power contents however stay the same, with
the result that the power spectral density lowers.
​ The generation of PN codes is relatively easy; a number of shift-registers is all that
is required. For this reason, it is easy to introduce a large processing-gain in Direct-
Sequence systems.

Pseudo-Random Noise Codes

A PN code used for DS-spreading exists of NDS units called chips, these chips can have two
values: -1/1 (polar) or 0/1. As we combine every data symbol with a complete PN code, the
DS processing gain is equal to the code-length.

Shift-Register sequences and Gold code

​ Shift-Register sequences are not orthogonal, but they do have a narrow
autocorrelation peak. The name already makes clear that the codes can be created
using a shift-register with feedback-taps. By using a single shift-register, maximum
length sequences (M-sequences) can be obtained. Such sequences can be created by
applying a single shift-register with a number of specially selected feedback-taps. If
the shift-register size is n, then the length of the code is equal to 2n-1. The number
 of possible codes is dependent on the number of possible sets of feedback-taps that
produce an M sequence.
​ Combining two M-sequences which form a "preferred pair'' leads to a so-called
Gold- code. By giving one of the codes a delay with respect to the other code, we
can get different sequences. The number of sequences that are available is 2 n+1
(thetwo M- sequences alone, and a combination with 2n-1 different shift positions).
 ​ If we combine a Gold-code with a decimated version of one of the 2 M-sequences
that form the Gold-code, we obtain a "Kasami-code'' from the large set. It is
important to have a large code-set: the number of available codes determines the
number of different code addresses that can be created. Also, a large code-set
enables us to select those codes which show good cross-correlation characteristics.

CODE:
OUTPUT:
Conclusion:

In this experiment, we learned the concept of Spreading and De-spreading of CDMA

signal. First the transmitted and received signal is checked to see whether it is same by
getting data from user which is then converted into polar form. It is then multiplied with
PN sequence which is also converted to polar form given by user to generate the
transmitted sequence. This process is then reversed at the receiver end to generate the
received sequence.
PN sequence is generated with the help of three flip-flops which gives us 8 different
states to choose from (We don’t use the state where all outputs of flip-flops are zero).
Waveforms for all the signals are generated as well.

Signature of faculty in-charge

 Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Expt no:
Batch: A1 Class: BE/A
Roll No.:711 Name:

Grade: A / B / C / D

Signature of Staff:

Aim:
To understand the handoff mechanism.

Objectives:
To study the effect of handover threshold and margin on SINR and call drop
probability and handoff probability.

Theory:

In mobile communication system, continuation of an active call is one of the most

important performance determining key parameter. The hand-off process enables a
cellular system to provide such a facility by transferring an active call from one cell
to another cell automatically as and when the need arises. The transfer of current
communication channel could be in terms of frequency band, time slot, or code word
to a new cell-site. Hand-off occurs when a received signal from its serving cell
becomes weak and another cell-site can provide a stronger signal to the mobile
subscriber. If the new cell-site has some free voice channels, then it assigns one of
them to the handed-off call.

If all of the voice channels are busy at the hand-off time there are two possibilities: to
drop the call or to delay it for a while till the voice channel becomes available.
Thus, hand-off refers to the process of transferring an ongoing call from one channel
connected to one cell to another channel connected to an adjacent cell without
interruption when the mobile subscriber is moving from one cell to another cell. In a
cellular system, all mobile calls may not be completed within the boundary of a
relatively small cell.
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Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Consider the figure below Initially say the mobile M is quite close to the base station A
and hence receives signal strength from A PArx>PBrx. As the mobile moves away
from the base station. A and goes towards B then the signal strength from A keeps
falling (pathloss increases).
Let there be a minimum sensibility level P0rx for the mobile, i.e., if the signal from the
B.S.to which the mobile is connected falls below P0rx then the call drops. In order to
prevent call drop the mobile monitors receive signal strength from the neighboring 3-6
B.S.These neighbori

Thus, some hysten's condition is used for h. If PTrx (T= target B.S.) > Phrx higher h/o
threshold and Pcrx (c=current B.S.) < Phrx minimum h/o threshold the execute h/o to
BST from B⋅Sc. Thus, it is threshold impeditive to study in part of the handoff
process.

Δγ=Phrx−Plrx

A successful handoff is one where the call gets from and continuous without call or in
other words the h occurs before h/o Pcrx becomes <P0rx. If Pcrx<P0rxthen call drop
event occurs. One would like to minimize the no of handoff events as well as minimize
call drop probability. The experiment provides opportunity to study the inherent of
these three parameters on h/o.

Further the averaging window for calculating PTrx and Pcrx also plays a role in the
process. In the experiment small scale fading is not considered and hence the
averaging taken into account only shadowing. Students performing the experiment are
expected to study the impact of these on h/0. Students are encouraged to simulate the
experiment for several sets of values of these parameters and draw conclusion.
 Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Fig: Handoff illustrations

Conclusion:

Signature of faculty in-charge

 Input Parameters
Reuse: 9 ,Model: Urban Micro Pt(dBm): 41

fc(GHz): 2.5 Beam Width(deg): 70

Rotate(deg): 30 Cell Radius(m): 116

hT(m): 10 hM(m): 1.5

Sigma(dB): 4 Vertical Tilt(deg): 12

SNR(dB): 15 Band Width(MHz): 5

Noise Figure(dB): 7 Noise Power(dBm): -100.01

Pr0(dBm): -85.01 Time Slot(s): 20

Exp. Results
SNR No.Calldr No.Hand Delta1 Delta2 Reading Outage % Alpha
ops offs Time(ms) Time(ms) Outage

5.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 20384.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

15.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 20384.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

15.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 20384.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

15.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 27648.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

15.0 65.0 71.0 3.0 3.0 20016.0 16208.0 80.98 0.1

((Signature of Faculty)
 Input Parameters
Reuse: 9 ,Model: Suburban Macro Pt(dBm): 44

fc(GHz): 2.0 Beam Width(deg): 70

Rotate(deg): 30 Cell Radius(m): 1000

hT(m): 35 hM(m): 1.5

Sigma(dB): 8 Vertical Tilt(deg): 12

SNR(dB): 50 Band Width(MHz): 5

Noise Figure(dB): 7 Noise Power(dBm): -100.01

Pr0(dBm): -50.010000000000005 Time Slot(s): 20

Exp. Results
SNR No.Calldr No.Hand Delta1 Delta2 Reading Outage % Alpha
ops offs Time(ms) Time(ms) Outage

50.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 31250.0 31250.0 100.0 0.1

50.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 173056.0 173056.0 100.0 0.1

50.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 23064.0 23064.0 100.0 0.1

50.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 20016.0 20016.0 100.0 0.1

50.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 20625.0 20625.0 100.0 0.1

50.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 20625.0 20625.0 100.0 0.1

50.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 20625.0 20625.0 100.0 0.1

(Signature of Faculty)
 Input Parameters
Reuse: 9 ,Model: Urban Macro Pt(dBm): 44

fc(GHz): 2.0 Beam Width(deg): 70

Rotate(deg): 30 Cell Radius(m): 288

hT(m): 25 hM(m): 1.5

Sigma(dB): 6 Vertical Tilt(deg): 12

SNR(dB): 5 Band Width(MHz): 5

Noise Figure(dB): 7 Noise Power(dBm): -100.01

Pr0(dBm): -95.01 Time Slot(s): 20

Exp. Results
SNR No.Calldr No.Hand Delta1 Delta2 Reading Outage % Alpha
ops offs Time(ms) Time(ms) Outage

5.0 0.0 33.0 3.0 3.0 20016.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

(Signature of Faculty)
 (Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Expt no: 7
Batch: A1 Class: BE/A
Roll No.:711

Grade: A / B / C / D

Signature of Staff:

Aim: To study the effect of delay spread on frequency selectivity.

Theory:

Fading in Wireless Channels In an urban environment, the height of the mobile

antennas is well below the height of the surrounding structures. As a result, a Line of
Sight (LOS) propagation path may or may not exist between the Base Station (BS) and
the Mobile Station (MS). The radio waves transmitted from the BS, therefore, arrive at
the MS after reflection, diffraction and scattering from the natural and man-made
objects situated between the BS and the MS.

The incoming radio waves arriving from different directions have different propagation
delays. These multipath components, having randomly distributed amplitudes, phases,
and angles of arrival, combine vectorially at the receiver antenna causing the received
signal to distort or fade. Thus, fading is the rapid fluctuations in the amplitude phase
and the multipath delays of a radio signal over a short period of time so that large scale
path loss effects can be neglected. Even when the MS is stationary, fading is caused by
the movement of the surrounding objects.

The changes in the environment or the motion of the MS result in spatial variations of
amplitudes and phases manifest themselves as temporal variations. The mobile radio
channel can be modeled as a linear filter having a time varying impulse response h(t, τ
) The filtering nature of the channel is caused by the summation of amplitudes and
delays of multiples arriving waves at the same instant of time.

Fig.1 shows different snapshots of (t, τ) where t varies into the page and the multipath
delay axis is quantized into excess delay bins of width Δ t. Excess delay is the relative
delay of the ith multipath component as compared to the first arriving component and
is denoted by i. The first arriving multipath component has an excess time delay τ 0 =
0 the propagation delay between the transmitter and the τ i = i Δ t.
 (Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Expt. / A
Batch:
Roll No.
Grade:

Signatu
Any number of multipath signals received within the ith bin is represented by a single resolvable
multipath component having the delay i. The maximum excess delay of the channel is given by N, where
N is the total number of multipath components. The baseband impulse response of a multipath channel
can be expressed as the vector sum of phase shifted replicas of the transmitted signal.

Fig: Time varying impulse response of a multipath radio channel.

Hence,

Frequency Selective Fading: The type of fading experienced by a signal propagating through a mobile radio
channel depends on the nature of the transmitted signal with respect to the characteristics of the channel. If the
bandwidth of the transmitted signal has a bandwidth greater than bandwidth over which the frequency response of a
wireless channel has a constant gain and linear phase, then it undergoes frequency selective fading. In such cases,
the multipath delay spread is greater than the symbol interval. Consequently, the received signal contains multiple
versions of the transmitted waveform which are attenuated and delayed in time and hence the received signal is
distorted. Thus, frequency selective fading is a result of the time dispersion of the transmitted symbol within the
channel. The symbol gets spread out in time resulting in Inter symbol Interference (ISI). In the frequency domain, it
is observed that different components have different gain than the others. Fig.3 illustrates the characteristics of a
frequency selective fading channel.
a series of delayed,
 (Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Conclusion:
Fading Channels &Mobile Communications
IIT Kharagpur
Date: 16/Oct/2021

Exp: Frequency Selective Fading

Result
s
Environment Mean Excess RMS Delay(uS) Bc(>0.5)MHz Bc(>0.9)MHz Max.Tow(uS)
Delay(uS)

UMi(LoS) Actual:0.1189 Actual:0.1221 Actual:1.638 Actual:0.1638 Actual:0.42

Entered:0.1161 Entered:0.100 Entered:1.992 Entered:0.1992 Entered:00.42
4
UMi(NLoS) Actual:0.1436 Actual:0.1694 Actual:1.1806 Actual:0.1181 Actual:0.73
Entered:0.24 Entered:0.2 Entered:1.6 Entered:0.16 Entered:0.
5
UMa(LoS) Actual:0.112 Actual:0.1867 Actual:1.0712 Actual:0.1071 Actual:0.64
Entered:0.25 Entered:0.23 Entered:1.2 Entered:0.12 Entered:0.45

UMa(NLoS) Actual:0.3777 Actual:0.448 Actual:0.4464 Actual:0.0446 Actual:1.885

Entered:0.19 Entered:0.13 Entered:1.1 Entered:0.11 Entered:0.55

Rural Actual:0.0242 Actual:0.0405 Actual:4.9383 Actual:0.4938 Actual:0.2

Macro(LoS) Entered:0.4 Entered:0.5 Entered:1.2 Entered:0.12 Entered:1.
1
Rural Actual:0.0405 Actual:0.0565 Actual:3.5398 Actual:0.354 Actual:0.22
Macro(NLoS) Entered:0.06 Entered:0.05 Entered:5 Entered:0.5 Entered:0.
2
Suburban Actual:0.162 Actual:0.2144 Actual:0.9328 Actual:0.0933 Actual:0.96
Macro(LoS) Entered:0.3 Entered:0.2 Entered:1.5 Entered:0.15 Entered:0.24

Suburban Actual:0.0882 Actual:0.0921 Actual:2.1716 Actual:0.2172 Actual:0.77

Macro(NLoS) Entered:0.21 Entered:0.2 Entered:1 Entered:0.1 Entered:0.
5
Suburban Actual:0.0519 Actual:0.0743 Actual:2.6918 Actual:0.2692 Actual:0.305
Macro(Outdoor Entered:0.12 Entered:0.1 Entered:3 Entered:0.3 Entered:0.8
- Indoor)

Discussion:
Studied the characterstics of delay profile under various enviroment.

(Signature of Faculty)
Power Delay Profile Power Delay Profile Power Delay Profile
0 0 0
-5 -5 -5
-10 -10 -10
-15 -15 -15
-20 -20 -20
-25 -25
0.00 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.00 0.25 0.50
tow(uS) tow(uS) tow(uS)

Power Delay Profile Power Delay Profile Power Delay Profile

0 0 0.0
-5 -2.5
-5
-10 -5.0
-10
-15
-7.5
-15 -20
-10.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2
tow(uS) tow(uS) tow(uS)

Power Delay Profile Power Delay Profile Power Delay Profile

0 0 0
-5 -5
-10
-10 -10
-20 -15 -15
-20 -20
-30

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
1.00 tow(uS) tow(uS)
tow(uS)

(Signature of Faculty)