Based on the ability to flush

 On-off flushing
PNS/BAFS/PAES 224:2017 - Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System –
o flushes for a few moments each time the system is
Part B: Drip Irrigation
started and again when turned off
 Continuous flushing
o eject large particles during operation, has relatively
large-diameter flexible orifices in series to dissipate
pressure
Based on the connection to the lateral
 On-line
o intended for direct or indirect installation in the wall of
the irrigation lateral
 In-line
o intended for installation between laterals
Based on field application
 Line-source
o water is discharged from closely spaced perforations,
emitters or a porous wall along the lateral line.
 Point-source
o water is discharged from emission points that are
individually and relatively widely spaced,
o usually over 1 m
PNS/BAFS/PAES 225:2017 - Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small
Water Impounding System.
SITE SELECTION
A) PHYSICAL CONDITION
Discharge and Pressure Relationship – a lower value of x indicates that  earth dam should be located at the narrowest section of the
the flow will be less affected by pressure variations  horseshoe, U-shape/ tank dam use in absence of natural basin
𝑞 = 𝐾𝑑 × 𝐻 𝑥  Soil shall be well-graded, contain at least 30% clay
where: Watershed Condition
q is the emitter discharge (L/h)  maximum slope : 18%
Kd is the discharge coefficient that characterizes each emitter B) DAM HEIGHT COMPUTATION.
H is the emitter operating pressure head (m) Dead Storage
x is the emitter discharge exponent  sediment volume shall be computed based on 25 years of
accumulation in the reservoir.
Active Storage
 determined based on reservoir operation studies
Flood Surcharge
 determined by flood routing
Freeboard
 computed based on the wave run-up & embankment
settlement

TYPE OF DAM BASED ON AVAILABILITY AND EXCAVATION COSTS

OF THE MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION.
a) HOMOGENEOUS/MODIFIED HOMOGENEOUS TYPE
TYPES OF EMITTERS  considered if low permeability such as sandy or silty clay and
Based on pressure dissipation mechanism
other clayey material is abundant.
 Long–path
Provisions for Drainage:
o water is routed through a long, narrow passage at
Rockfill Toe
laminar flow to reduce the water pressure and to create
 filter shall be constructed between the embankment proper
a more uniform flow
and the rockfill toe.
o flow areas: 1 mm2 to 4.5 mm2.
Horizontal Blanket
 Tortuous  extend from the downstream toe deep into the embankment
o have relatively long flow paths with larger path cross- to a distance not greater than 1/3 of the base of the dam but
section with turbulent flow regime not so far upstream
 Short-path Chimney Drain
o almost similar with long-path emitters but with shorter  provided for better collection capability
water path; ideal for use in very low-pressure systems
 Orifice b) ZONED TYPE
o fully turbulent jet emitted at outlet of emitter is broken  considered if sufficient quantities of both pervious and
and converted into drop-by-drop flow; impervious materials are available.
o flow area : 0.2 mm2 to 0.35 mm2 Components:
 Vortex Core
o flow path is a round cell that causes circular flow  central impervious portion
o fast rotational motion creates a vortex which results to Transition zone
higher head losses that allow for larger openings  filter
Upstream shell  depth of diversion channel - at least 0.75 m and
 made of more pervious material which provides stability  width of diversion channel - twice the depth or wider
against rapid drawdown RESERVOIR
Downstream shell Butter strip
 made of pervious material  wide : 1 to 2 m
 serves as drain to control seepage CATCHMENT AREA
Upstream Face
 slope shall be checked against drawdown condition
 stable slope for the upstream face : 2.75:1
 If rock or stone or riprap is available near the site,
o minimum thickness : 20 cm
 Embankment shall be compacted with:
o layers : 20 cm
o proctor density : 95%
Downstream Face
 slope shall be checked against steady seepage with full
reservoir capacity.
 stable slope for the upstream face : 2.5:1
FIELD WATER BALANCE COMPUTATION
Determine the following required data
Dependable Rainfall
 10- day dependable rainfall can be determined using various
hydrologic frequency analysis.
DETERMINATION OF IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENTS
Reference Evapotranspiration TREES AND GRASSES
 determined using recommended procedures detailed in Annex  spaced apart vertically : 5 – 10 m
Seepage and Percolation Losses
 sloped : 5 – 30%
 determination of these be based on the soil type in the site.
PNS/BAFS/PAES 227:2017 Design of a Small Reservoir Irrigation System
PNS/BAFS/PAES 226:2017 - Rainwater & Runoff Management – Small PREPARATION AND COLLECTION OF INITIAL DESIGN DATA
Farm Reservoir A) SURVEY DATA
designed height Location Map
 actual height of the embankment after settlement River bed and banks profile and cross sections
finished height o at least 2.0 km upstream and downstream from dam
 height of the embankment to be attained during construction Assessment of Geological Data
 Log bore or drill hole
o minimum hole located along the dam : 5 holes
o min. hole located spillway & diversion outlet : 3 holes

 Depth of boreholes
o equal or greater than the proposed dam height
FLOOD ROUTING
following methods can be used:
a. Muskingum e. Kinematic Wave
b. Convex f. Diffusion Wave
c. Direct Translation g. Dynamic Wave
d. Storage-Discharge (Modified Puls) h. Muskingum-Cunge
GENERAL TYPES OF DAM INSTRUMENTATION
A) PIEZOMETERS
 provide data on the water pressure at selected points within
an embankment dam or foundation
Pneumatic piezometer
 buried within the embankment dam and connected with tube
SITE SELECTION lines to the reading point on the downstream slope
 located in areas with slope 0% to 15% Standpipe piezometer
 soil texture within 1.5 m of the soil profile shall be loam,  Open-well piezometers
sandy loam, clay loam or sandy clay loam. installed in the embankment
 groundwater observation wells
Installed on the abutments or foundations
 Measures water level in a casing by electrical probe: dipmeter
B) FLOW MEASURING DEVICES
DESIGN  measure total seepage and seepage from selected locations.
 finished height (H’) -20% higher than design C) TOTAL PRESSURE CELLS
height (H)  measure total vertical pressure at selected locations within
 inside slope (IS) - equal to 3:1 (H: V) the embankments
 outside slope (OS - equal to 2:1. D) CROSS-ARM SETTLEMENT DEVICES
 width of the crest (Bt) - from 2m to 3m
  measure internal settlements in an embankment dam and in Based on construction methods
foundations  Dumped rockfill dam
E) SURFACE SETTLEMENT AND DEFLECTION POINTS  Compacted rockfill dam
 surface monuments placed on the dam crest and slopes to  Directional blasting rockfill dam
measure long term settlement and horizontal deflection Based on the materials of the anti-seepage membrane
 Seismic Instruments  Earth-rockfill dam
o installed in a large dam or its vicinity to measure the  Asphaltic concrete rockfill dam
effects of strong earthquakes & seismic activity at site  Reinforced concrete rockfill dam
 Strong Motion Accelerograph  Wood rockfill dam
o high precision, battery operated earthquake recorder Based on the location of the anti-seepage membrane
specifically designed to measure ground accelerations  Central core
resulting from a strong local earthquake  Sloping core
 BASIC PARTS:  Upstream membrane or decked
o Seismic triggers DAM FOUNDATION
 sensitive to vertical accelerations, senses vertical depths shall be determined to establish sound dam foundation:
component of the initial strong earthquake  Stripping
ground motion (wave) and is actuated to full  Core Trench
operation within less than 50 milliseconds.  Grouting
o Accelerometers DAM CREST ELEVATION
 triaxial flexure type & act in x, y, and z directions  Flood discharge analysis shall be carried out to determine the
o Camera peak maximum flood in the reservoir
 records the acceleration traces and timing DAM CREST WIDTH
reference traces
 Auxiliary Short Period Accelerograph System
o Monitors any crustal disturbance at the damsite by
recording low motion seismic events
 BASIC PARTS:
o drum recorder
o amplifier
o seismometer - record minor local earthquake event, DESIGN CRITERIA
provide a continuous record of local seismic activity  velocity of flow of dam face - 5 m/s to 7 m/s
during the construction of the dam ZONING
F) INSTRUMENTATION DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION impervious Zone
PIEZOMETERS  impervious blanket usually made of cohesive soil or non-cohesive
 evaluation depends on consideration of type & location of silt and is covered for protection.
instrument Rockfill Zone or Pervious Zone
 should be generally based on historical trends rather than  consists of a well-graded mixture of hard and durable particles, &
specific limits for each instrument slightly weather to fresh rock, secure stability of dam body.
embankment piezometers
In relative terms, the piezometric head should be as follows: PNS/BAFS/PAES 229:2017 - Design of a Diversion Dam
 Upstream of the embankment core
o head should equal to, or nearly to elevation of reservoir TYPES OF DIVERSION DAMS
 Through the core
o there should be substantial drop in head across the core. Type Description Site Conditions
 Downstream of the core Ogee - weir, upper curve of the ogee is for most sites under
o should be only slightly higher than the piezometer tip. made to conform to the shape of normal conditions
lower nappe of ventilated sheet of
Foundation Piezometers
water falling from a
Groundwater Observation Wells
sharp-crested weir - has a high
FLOW MEASURING DEVICES
discharge efficiency
 historical trends related to reservoir levels & rainfall should be
Vertical - a weir which produces free for mountain streams with
established
Drop discharging flows and dissipates very steep slopes and a
TOTAL PRESSURE CELLS
overflowing water jet with the hydraulic jump cannot
 Readings shall be compared with historical data and if
impact in the downstream form, the drop height (from
unexplained changes occur, the companion piezometers shall
the weir crest to the
be re-read and the verified results from the cells
downstream apron) should
CROSS-ARM SETTLEMENT DEVICES
not exceed 1.50 m
 Settlement of the embankment would mostly occur during
Glacis - Weir, with a surface that slopes for weirs not more than 1
construction, becoming less during the initial years of its life
gently downward from crest to m high located on rivers
and nearing zero after several years of operation
the downstream apron with large, rolling boulders
SURFACE SETTLEMENT AND DEFLECTION POINTS
- only the horizontal component of and other debris during
 trend of measurements recorded should be towards small to
the overflow jet takes part in the flood condition
zero settlement changes.
impact with the tailwater while
SEISMIC INSTRUMENTATION
 Whenever the Strong Motion Seismograph is triggered, the inflow-outflowcomponent is
readings shall be transmitted to higher authorities unaffected
- has stable and predictable
PNS/BAFS/PAES 228:2017 - Design of a Rockfill Dam hydraulic jump
- most adoptable for rivers that
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKFILL DAMS
 have heavy sediment loads
Gated a weir where the larger part of the
inflow-outflowing is
accomplished by the solid
obstruction or the main body of the
weir
Trapezoidal weir with sloping upstream and
downstream slopes allow boulders
and debris roll over and hot the
downstream apron w/ less impact
Corewall - used to stabilize the river bed for
intake type diversion structures
- the external part of the weir
exposed to water flow is made of
pure concrete
- inside part is filled with stones &
cobbles which provide a more
economical section
 riprap gravel blanket thickness
-for use in rivers or creeks o half the thickness of riprap but not less than 12 inches.
where the afflux level
would affect cropped
areas - for sites where river
has
heavy sediment loads
during floods
- for weirs more than 1 m
in
height but not exceed 4 m
- located on rivers with
large, rolling boulders and
other debris during flood
condition
- to be used to stabilize the
river bed for sites of
intake
structures
- maximum height from
the
crest to the existing river
bed is 0.50 m

DESIGN PROCEDURE
a) Gather required design data
 Topographic map of the site covering a radius : (2) kilometers
 contour interval : 1-meter
b) Determine design flood discharge
 The following methods may be used if streamflow records are not
available:
o Correlation Method using Creager’s Formula
o Flood Formulas derived from Envelope Curve for the region
o Drainage Area versus Discharge Frequency Curves
o Rational formula
o Modified rational formula
 Select the river cross-section 50 m away from downstream
GUMBEL METHOD
For 20-year floods
 graphical linearization approach shall be used.
probability that an event will not occur.
𝑃 = 𝑚 /𝑁+1
𝑃𝑟 = 1 − 𝑃
where:
P - probability that the event will be exceeded
Pr - probability that the event will not occur
For upper flood plains, with sandy-loam as the dominant M - rank
material, N - number of records
 allowable maximum flood concentration
o not be greater than 5 m3/s/m
 velocity
o not exceeding 1 m/s to avoid scouring.

 minimum length of riprap shall not be less than 10 meters.

 size of riprap can be determined using two different methods :
o based on bottom velocity
o required stone diameter.
 For a well-graded riprap,
o recommended to contain about 40% of the size smaller
than the required
 riprap thickness : 1.5 times greater than stone
diameter
WATER PRESSURE
Determine uplift pressures using either of the accepted methods:
 Bligh’s Line-of-Creep Theory
o Water creep on the bottom contour oF structure
 Lane’s Weighted- Creep Ratio Principle
o  horizontal creep is less effective in reducing uplift than
vertical creep
o factor of 1/3 for horizontal creep against 1 for vertical
creep.
 Flow Net Analysis
o graphical representation of flow of water within soil
mass
o analysing seepage in an earthen dam, finding uplift
pressure etc
 Khosla’s Method
o seepage of water does not creep along the bottom
contour
o Seepage moves along a set of stream lines
 Silt Pressure
 horizontal pressure due to silt load
equant to 85 lbs/ft3 fluid pressure
 vertical weight
120 lb/ft3
 effect of earthquake forces on the gravity dam
 applying 0.15g for horizontal acceleration
 Weight of the structure
 150 lbs/ft3