Volcanoes

What are Volcanoes?

- It is a mountain that has a crater that allows lava to escape.
Why do Volcanoes erupt?
- Due to the temperature of the earth’s core which contain molten
rocks/magma that slowly move to the magma chamber that causes
eruptions.
- Due to tectonic plates that are pulling apart where one plate is pushed down
another.

Factors Affecting Volcanic Eruption

a. Viscosity - amount of silica content

The more silica More viscosity

Higher Viscosity Higher eruption

Low Viscosity Low silica content/quiet eruption

b. Gas Content - how easily gas escapes from magma

More gas More pressure

More viscous lava More pressure needed to escape

c. Magma Composition - amount of silica/gas/minerals

Composition of Lava Viscosity

Low amount of gas High viscosity

High Silica Content High Viscosity

High amount of gas and less silica Low Viscosity

content

High temperature Low viscosity

Less amount of gas and high silica High Viscosity

content

Volcanic Activity
a. Active Volcanoes - recent eruption (have erupted at least once for the past
10,000 years)
b. Inactive Volcanoes - has not erupted in at least 10,000 years

Volcanic Structure
a. Composite - Perfect Slope
b. Cinder Cone - Small, Mini Volcano
c. Shield - warrior’s shield, wide

VEI - Volcanic Explosivity Index

PHIVOLCS - Philippine Volcanology and Seismology
 Types of Volcanic Eruption
a. Phreatic
- steam-driven
b. Phreatomagmatic
- Violent eruption
c. Strombolian
- Fountain lava
d. Plinian
- Excessive eruption
e. Vulcanian
- Tall eruption

★ Mt. Pinatubo’s Eruption was Plinian Volcanic Eruption

 Geothermal Energy and Geothermal Power Plants

Geo - Earth
Thermal - heat

What is heat?
- energy that is transferred from one body to another as the result of a
difference in temperature.
What is Temperature?
- Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an
object.

Geothermal Energy
- Heat warms up water which is trapped in rock formations beneath its surface
- The heat from deep inside the earth is used to produce steam to produce
electricity.
★ Philippines ranks 3RD in Geothermal Energy
★ 14.4% - according to Department of Energy

Renewable - easily replenished

● Wind
● Solar
● Hydropower
● Biomass
● Geothermal

Non-renewable - limited source

● Oil
● Nuclear
● Coal
● Natural Gas
 Geothermal Power Plants in the Philippines
1. Mak-Ban in Laguna (Mt. Taal and Mt. Bulusan)
2. Tiwi in Albay
3. Bacon in Albay, Sorsogon

Process of Geothermal Power Plants

(Geothermal Energy to Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy)
1. Wells are drilled
2. Steam goes up the well
3. Steam spins turbine
4. Turbine connected to generator - electricity
5. Steam is cooled
6. Returned back to earth

Types of Geothermal Power Plant

1. Dry Steam - directly into turbines
2. Flash Steam - cooler tanks
3. Binary Cycle - heat exchange
Constellations

A. Basic Definitions
● Constellations
- Group of stars that form a pattern in the sky
- Patterns they form may take the shape of an animal, person,
mythological creature, a person or inanimate object.
● Asterism - Group of smaller stars that form a pattern in the sky (smaller than
constellations)
● Circumpolar Constellations - constellations seen all throughout the year
● Non-Circumpolar Constellations - constellations seen at a particular time of
the year
● Meteor Showers - space rocks falling from the sky
● Asteroids - small, rocky object that orbit around the sun
● Stars - a luminous ball of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium, held together by
its own gravity
● Star Maps - represent the position of the stars as we see them from Earth

B. Facts
● 88 Constellations
- 48 old constellations
- 40 new constellations
● Sky is divided into two hemispheres (Northern hemisphere & Southern
Hemisphere)
● Certain Constellations are only seen in a particular time of the year
- Because of rotation & revolution
● Venus - brightest evening star
● Sun - brightest star seen on earth
● What constellations are used for?
- Harvesting crops
- Navigation
- help people to recognize stars in the sky
 - used to help keep track of the calendar

● Navigational Stars - Polaris (Ursa Minor) & Southern Cross (Crux)

● Constellations are named after Greek Mythology and Inanimate Objects
● Astrology uses Zodiac Constellations.

C. Constellations
● Largest Constellation - Hydra
● Smallest Constellation - Crux (Asterism)
● Dimmest Constellation - Leo
● Brightest Constellation - Canis Major

December to February

Constellation Brightest Star

Canis Major (Big Dog) Sirius

Cetus (Whale) Ceti

Orion (Hunter) Betelgeuse

Centaurus (Centaur) Rigel

Eridanus (River) Achernar

Taurus (Bull) Aldebaran

Gemini (Twins) Castor & Pollux

March to June

Constellation Brightest Star

Bootes (herdsman) Arcturus

Cancer (crab) Cancri

Leo (Lion) Regulus

Virgo (Virgin) Spica

Hydra (Giant) Alphard

Carina (Keel) Canopus

Centaurus (Centaur) Rigel

June to September

Constellation Brightest Star

Aquila (Eagle) Altair

Cygnus (Swan) Deneb

Hercules Beta Herculis

Scorpius (scorpion) Antares

Lyra (Harp) Vega

Sagittarius (Archer) Kaus Australis

Libra (Weighing scale) Beta Librae

September to December

Constellation Brightest Star

Andromeda (Princess) Alpheratz

Aquarius (Water bearer) Beta Aquarii

Pisces (Fish) Alpherg

Aries (Ram) Hamal

Capricornus (Goat) Deneb Algedi

Pegasus (Horse) Enif

Cetus (whale) Ceti

Circumpolar Constellations

Constellations Brightest Star

Ursa Major Alioth (Big Dipper)

Ursa Minor Polaris (Little Dipper)

Cepheus Alderamin

Cassiopeia Shedar

Draco (Dragon) Eltanin

Perseus Mirfak

Lynx Lyncis

Auriga (Charioteer) Capella

Camelopardalis (Cameleon) Cam