Earthquake

• one of the most dangerous natural disasters everyone could experience.

• The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy.
• It occurs when rocks along a fault suddenly move

Convection Currents
• Causes the tectonic plates to move in tensional or compressional ways.
Fault
• Crack or break formations on the ground.
• A fault is a thin zone of crushed rock separating blocks of the earth's crust. Faults can be centimeters to thousands of
kilometers long.
Seismic waves
•When tectonic plates move, motions at the faults also occur thus, causing wave production known as
seismic waves that create earthquakes.
• There are two types of seismic waves produced. The body waves and the surface waves. The body waves are vibrations
that travel in earth’s interior while surface waves travel in the earth’s surface. Convection Currents
A. Tensional movements tend to pull the lithosphere above it in opposite directions.
B. Compressional movements tend to push the rock materials towards
each other. (Primary wave/ P - wave)
C. Shearing movements tend to cause masses of rock to slip.
(Secondary wave/ S-wav)
Rayleigh Wave and Love Wave

 Rayleigh waves shake the ground up and down while the love waves shake the ground side to side
Causes of Earthquake
• Motion of tectonic plate
• Underwater or surface land volcanic eruption
• Falling of asteroid or meteoroid
• Strong explosions
• Earthquake’s magnitude is
measured using Richter scale and its intensity is measured using PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale or (PEIS).
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is the government agency that deals with the study of
volcanic activities and earthquakes.
TYPHOON
• A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere. This
region is referred to as the Northwestern Pacific Basin, and is the most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth,
accounting for almost one-third of the world's annual tropical cyclones.
ORIGIN OF THE NAME TYPHOON
• “Typhoon” entered the English language when explorers interacted with residents of southwest and southern Asia
—according to the Online Etymology Dictionary (which probably isn’t wrong), the word comes from tufan, which
means “big cyclonic storm” in Arabic, Persian, and Hindi.

• Mandarin 大风 (dàfēng, “big wind”), Cantonese 大風 (daai6 fung1, “big wind”)

• In other parts of the world, these are referred to as hurricanes, typhoons or simply tropical cyclones depending
on the region. In the North Atlantic, Eastern North Pacific and South Pacific Ocean, they are called "hurricanes".
In the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea and Western South Indian Ocean, the name is "cyclonic". In the eastern part of
the Southern Indian Ocean, it is "willy-willy", and in the Western North Pacific Ocean, they are called
"typhoons".

PARTS OF A TYPHOON
• EYE -The center. The calm part of the storm.
• EYE WALL – The Part around the eye. It has the strongest winds and rains. Winds may blow 200 miles per
hour.
• RAIN BANDS – These are clouds that spin.
SEISMOGRAPH
• instrument that makes a record of seismic waves caused by an earthquake, explosion, or other Earth-shaking
phenomenon. Seismographs are equipped with electromagnetic sensors that translate ground motions into
electrical changes, which are processed and recorded by the instruments’ analog or digital circuits.
SEISMOMETER
• A simple seismometer, sensitive to up-down motions of the Earth, is like a weight hanging from a spring, both
suspended from a frame that moves along with any motion detected.
SEISMOGRAM
• graph output by a seismograph. It is a record of the ground motion at a measuring station
as a function of time.
MAGNITUDE
• refers to the energy released, and it is shaking the ground at its focus and measured by a Richter scale
INTENSITY
Amount of energy of damage as Measured by the mercalli scale
FAULT
A fracture in the rocks that Make up the earth’s crust. Two types of fault active And inactive
ACTIVE FAULT
•create earthquakes once moved. The following are the different category of faults depending on the displacement
orientation:
a.Dip-Slip Fault b.Strike Slip Fault
c.Oblique Slip Fault
Dip-Slip Fault
• movement is up or down and parallel to the dip of the inclined fault surface. It has two types, the normal and
reverse. They can be distinguished depending on the movement of footwall and hanging wall.
Strike Slip Fault
• movement is horizontal and parallel to the strike of the fault. The fault block may laterally move to left or to the
right with respect to the opposite block.
Oblique Slip Fault
•has both the strikeslip and dip slip movements.