MATHEMATICAL

LAGUAGE AND
SYMBOL
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD .
CHAPTER II
CONTENTS OF
THIS CHAPTER
2.1 THE MATHE MATICAL LANGUAGE
2.2 EXPRESSIONS VS. SENTENCES
2.3
UNARY AND BINARY
OPERATIONS
2.4 SOME FUNDAMENTAL OF LOGICS
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the students are
expected to:

the language, 02 explain the nature of

01 discuss
symbols and Mathematics as a
conventions used in language;
Mathematics;

03 evaluate mathematical 04 recognize that

expressions correctly; Mathematics is a
and useful language.
01
THE LANGUAGE
OF
MATHEMATICS
LANGUAGE
It is a principal method of human
communication, consisting of words
used in a structured and
conventional way and conveyed by
speech, writing, or gesture.
 MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE
It is precise, which means it is
able to make very fine
distinctions or definitions
among a set of mathematical
symbols.
The Mathematical Language is
powerful, that is, one can
express complex thoughts
with relative ease.
SENTENCE SYMBOLS
The sum of any two
real numbers is also ∀a,b ∈R, a+b ∈R
a real numbers
MATHEMATICAL
SYMBOLS
Mathematics is a symbolic
language. It can be described as
subset of the real world using only
symbols.
SOME OF THE
SYMBOLS
∑- the sum of
summation
Sigma notation
Alt + 228
∃- There exists
There exists
exactly one
Alt + 8707
∀- for every
for any
∈- element of
member of
epsilon
Alt + 8712
∉- not an element of
not a member of
alt + 8713
⊆- Subset of
alt + 8834
(⊂)
⟹- If…, then
⊃-horseshoe
⇔- If and only if
≡
IFF
R- set of real numbers
N- Natural Numbers
Counting Numbers
Z- Set of Integers

Zahlen
Q- Set of Rational
Numbers
Fraction
Quotient
∞- infinity
ω- lower
case omega
02
EXPRESSIONS
VS.
SENTENCES
 DIFFERENCES OF:
EXPRESSIONS EQUATIONS INEQUALITIES

are mathematical
statements that have a statement the relation
a minimum of two that the between two
terms containing values of two
numbers or variables, expressions that
mathematical
or both, connected
expressions
are not equal
by an operator in
between are equal
 A Sentence must contain a
complete thought. Ordinary
sentence must contain a subject
and a predicate.
Shortest sentence: Go .
 TRUTH OF It is either be True or
SENTENCES false but not Both.
EXAMPLES:
∀ X ∈R, X ≥ 0
𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎

For any real number x, its Ten is the square

square is greater than or root of 100. TRUE
equal to 0. TRUE
THE WORD “IS”
COULD MEAN
EQUALITY
INEQUALITY

MEMBERSHIP IN
A SET
 03
UNARY
VS.
BINARY
OPERATIONS
UNARY
OPERATIONS Unary positive
It is an Common unary also known as
operation operators plus and unary
with only include Positive negative also
one (+) and known as minus
operand. Negative (-). are unique
operators.
In summary, unary oprations
involved only one value.
EXAMPLES:
1.) Negation: -5, -7,

2.) Trigonometric Functions: Cos 45°, Sin X

3.) Factorial Notation: n!, 6!
BINARY
OPERATIONS
Also known as Dyadic
Operations.
It is a rule for combining
two elements (called operands) to
produce another element.
PROPERTIES
OF BINARY
OPERATIONS
Closure
Property
Natural numbers are closed under the
binary operation addition.
Commutativity
a∗b=b∗a, where ∗ is an operation
Examples: 1+6=6+1 8x2=2x8

Subtraction (−) is not a commutative

binary operation on Z as 4−2≠2−4.
Division (÷) is not also a commutative
binary operation on Z as 6÷2≠2÷6.
Associativity
(a∗b)∗c=a∗(b∗c), where * is an operation.

Subtraction and Division are not

Associative binary operations
Distributivity

(b+c)⋅a=(b⋅a)+(c⋅a)
Identity Element
a+0= a =0+a

n×1= n =1×n
Inverse of
an Element
a+(−a)=0=(−a)+a
−1 −1
a∗𝑎 = e =𝑎 ∗a