General Mathematics

COURSE MATERIAL NO. 1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)

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 RELATIONS AND
WHAT WILL YOU
LEARN?
This module has been designed to
help students…

• Define relation and

FUNCTIONS
function.
• Illustrate a relation and a
function.
• Determine if a given
relation is a function
using ordered pairs,
graphs and equations.

https://me.me/i/my-relation-with-maths-is-like-me-maths-having-soup-10276970

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 Pre-Activity – Classify!
WHAT’S INSIDE
DESCRIPTION: This activity will enable you to describe THIS MODULE?
the relation of an object to its common name.
Learning Outcomes
DIRECTIONS: Group the following objects in such a way
that they have common properties/ characteristics.
Pre-Activity
motorcycle oven notebook
refrigerator correction tape iron
ballpen helicopter television Relation
bus scissors boat
air conditioner crane stapler
Type of Relation

Definition of Function

Functions Defined as
Set of Ordered Pairs

Functions Defined by
Equations

Functions Defined by
1. Form some ordered pairs using the format:
Graphs
(object, common name).
a. Column 1:
b. Column 2: 13 Worksheet
c. Column 3:

2. Based on the coordinates you have formulated, is 15 Lesson Summary

there a repetition of the first coordinates? What about

the second coordinates?
15 References

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 Relation
A relation is a correspondence between sets of values. It
is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the
domain) to a second set of values (called the range).
The set of all x-values is called the domain, and the set of
all y-values is called the range.

Questions: Illustrative Example:

Suppose you are working in a pizza store. You earn Php
1. How much will you earn if 60 per hour. Your earnings are related to the number of hours
you work 4 hours a day? work.
How about 5 hours? 6
hours? 7 hours? Or 8 Solutions:
hours? 1. The earning depends on the number of hours worked.
2. Express each as an An amount of Php 240 is earned for working 4 hours a
ordered pair. day, Php 300 for 5 hours, Php 360 for 6 hours, Php 420
3. Based on your answer in for 7 hours and Php 480 in 8 hours.
item 2, what is the 2. (4, 240), (5, 300), (6, 360), (7, 420), and (8, 480)
domain? What is the 3. The domain of the relation is {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. The range of
range? the relation is {240, 300, 360, 420, 480}.

Types of Relation
A relation may be classified as one-to-one, many-to-one,
or one-to-many. It is one-to-one if every element in the
domain is mapped to a unique element in the range, many-to-
one if any two or more elements of the domain are mapped to
the same element in the range; or one-to-many if each
element in the domain is mapped to any two or more elements
in the range.

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 FOCUS
QUESTIONS

➢ What is the difference

between relation and
function?

➢ Among the types of

correspondence, which ones
Functions are functions? Why?

As we go through our everyday activities, we encounter ➢ When is a relation considered

pairs of quantities that are related to each other by some rule a function?
of correspondence. We studied this rule of correspondence
previously as relation. An example of this is the relation of the
student to his or her final grade. There are some relations that
match each item from a set (students) with exactly one item
from another set (final grades). Such relation is called
function.

Definition of Function
A function is a relation where each element in the
domain is related to only one value in the range by some
rule.

To help you understand the definition above, consider the

function that assigns to each time of the day the given
temperature in the illustration below.

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Domain – set of all x-values
Range – set of all y-values
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This function can be represented by the set of ordered pairs
(1, 30),(2, 31),(3, 30),(4, 29),(5, 28),(6, 28). In each ordered
pair, the first coordinate can be considered as the input and the
second coordinate as the output. In the illustration, the time of
day is the set X (or domain) while the temperature is the set Y
(or range).
The uniqueness of the image of an element of the domain is
crucial. For example, the illustration below does not represent a
function. The element 4 in the domain is assigned to 4 and 6.
Characteristics of a Function from a set X to a set Y
1. Each element of X must be assigned to an element of Y.
2. Two or more elements of X may be assigned to the
same element of Y.
3. An element of X cannot be assigned to two or more
different elements of Y.
Function Defined as Set of Ordered Pairs
Example 1:
The set M = (2, 4),(3, 9),(4,16),(5, 25) defines a function since
no two ordered pairs have the same first component.
Domain: 2, 3, 4, 5, Range: 4, 9,16, 25
General Mathematics Page | 6
 Exercise 1.1

Indicate whether each set defines a function. Find the domain

and range of the function.

1. (2, 4),(3, 6),(4,8),(5,10),(6,12)

2. (10, −10),(5, −5),(0, 0),(5, 5), (10,10)

3. (0,1), (1,1), (2,1), (3, 2),(4, 2),(5, 2)

Functions Defined by Equations

Defining a function by displaying the rule of correspondence
in a table or listing all the ordered pairs only works if the
domain and range are finite, meaning the set has countable
number of elements. If the domain and range are infinite sets,
then the rule of correspondence cannot be displayed in a
table, and it is not possible to list all the ordered pairs
belonging to the function.

Example 2:
Determine which of the following equations define functions
with independent variable 𝑥.

a. y3 − x = 4 b. y2 − x2 = 16

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 Solution.
a. Solving for the dependent variable 𝑦.
y3 − x = 4 (eq. 1)
y3 = 4 + x
y = 3 4+ x (eq. 2)

Since 4 + x is a real number for each real number 𝑥 and

since each real number has exactly one real cube root,
equation (2) assigns exactly one value of the dependent
variable, y = 3 4 + x , to each value of the independent
variable 𝑥. Thus, the equation defines a function.

b. Solving for the dependent variable 𝑦.

y2 − x2 = 16
y2 = 16 + x2
y =  16 + x2

Since 16 + x2 is always positive real number and since each

positive real number has two real square roots, each value
of the independent variable 𝑥 corresponds to two values of
the dependent variable, y = 16 + x2 and y = − 16 + x2 .
Thus, the equation does not define a function.

Exercise 1.2

Determine which of the given equation represents 𝑦 as a

function of 𝑥.

a. x2 − y = 4

b. x + y2 = 4

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 Functions Defined by Graphs
A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by
a graph in the cartesian plane, and that a function passes the
vertical line test.

The Vertical Line Test Why does Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical
line intersects the graph at most once.
Example 3: Cutting or Hitting the Graph at Exactly One Point
a. f (x) = x +1
work?
The vertical line test supports the
definition of a function. That is, every 𝑥-
value of a function must be paired to a
single 𝑦-value. If we think of a vertical line
as an infinite set of 𝑥-values, then
intersecting the graph of a relation at
exactly one point by a vertical line implies
that a single 𝑥-value is only paired to a
unique value of 𝑦.

In contrary, if the vertical line intersects

the graph more than once this suggests
that a single 𝑥-value is being associated
with more than one value of 𝑦. This
condition causes the relation to be
“disqualified” or not considered as a
function.

b. f (x) = x2 − 2

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 c. f (x) = x3

If a vertical line intersects the graph in some places at more than

one point, then the relation is NOT a function.

Here are some examples of relations that are NOT functions

because they fail the vertical line test.

Example 4: Cutting or Hitting the Graph in More Than One Point

a. x = y2

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 b. x2 + y2 = 9 Consider the graph shown.

Question to Ponder:
c. x = y3 − y + 2
Does the graph above represent
a function?

Answer:
You can see that no vertical lines pass
through two points on the graph.

Note that (−2,0)(−2,0) and

(1, −2)(1, −2) are open points and are
not on the graph. So, the vertical lines
𝒙 = −2 and 𝑥 = −2 and x=1x=1 pass
through only one point on each of the line
segments.

Therefore, the graph shown is of a

function.

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 Exercise 1.3

Identify if the given graph represents a function.

1.

2.

3.

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 WORKSHEET

A. Identify what type of correspondence is each given relation. Then, tell whether the relation is a
function.

1. 2.

3.

B. Determine which of the equations define a function.

4. y − x2 = 1

5. y2 − x = 3

6. x2 + y2 = 4

7. y3 − 3x2 = 8

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 C. Indicate whether each graph is the graph of a function.

8. 9.

10.

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 LESSON SUMMARY

In many situations in science, business, and mathematics, a correspondence exists

between two sets of objects. In Math, the correspondence between sets of values is called
relation. It is a rule that relates values from a set of x-values (called the domain) to the set
of y-values (called the range). The correspondence between sets of values is often
described by a set of ordered pairs, an equation, or a graph. A relation where each element
in the domain is related to only one value in the range by some rule is called a function.

REFERENCES

❖ Lim, Y., Nocon, R., Nocon, E., Ruivivar, L., Arceo, V.,
(2016). Sibs Publishing House Inc.
❖ Banigon Jr., R., Camilon, M., Manalo, C., (2016).
Educational Resources Corporation
❖ Verzoza, D., Apolinario, P., Tresvalles, R., Infante, F.,
Sin, J., Garces, L., (2016). Learner’s Materials:
General Mathematics. Department of Education.
❖ https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/intermediate-
algebra/vertical-line-test/
❖ https://www.varsitytutors.com/hotmath/hotmath_h
elp/topics/vertical-line-test

Contributors:
Pia Lorraine O. Aserit
Patricia Mariz U. Español
Rinalyn L. Ignacio
Rey-Ann B. Rivera

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