Unit Circle Elective Math Notes

The Sto.
Niño Formation and Science School

Rosario, Batangas
Grades 9 & 10 - Department
Grade 10
Elective Mathematics
Name: __________________________________ Date: ______________________________

Level & Section: __________________________ Score: _____________________________
“Home of Christian leaders, shining forward to fullness.”

Module No. 1
Trigonometry
LESSON 1: UNIT CIRCLE
The unit circle can be used to calculate the trigonometric functions sin(θ), cos(θ), tan(θ), sec(θ), csc(θ),
and cot(θ). It utilizes (x,y) coordinates to label the points on the circle, where x represents cos(θ) of a given
angle, y represents sin(θ), and represents tan(θ). Theta, or θ, represents the angle in degrees or radians.
 Theta (θ) is a Greek letter that we use as a variable to represent angles in Trigonometry.
What is the unit circle?
The unit circle has a radius of one. The intersection of the x and y-axes (0,0) is known as the origin. The angles
on the unit circle can be in degrees or radians.
Degrees Radians
Degrees, denoted by °, are a measurement Radians are unit-less but are always written
of angle size that is determined by dividing with respect to π. They measure an angle in
a circle into 360 equal pieces. relation to a section of the unit circle’s
circumference.
The circle is divided into 360 degrees starting on the right side of the x–axis and moving counter clockwise until
a full rotation has been completed. In radians, this would be 2π. Its equation is in the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 or
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
Converting Between Degrees and Radians
In trigonometry, most calculations use radians. Therefore, it is important to know how to convert between
degrees and radians using the following conversion factors.
180°
Radian to Degree – multiply the given radian by 𝜋
𝜋
Degree to Radian – multiply the given degree by 180°
Ma’am Maureen S. Dayandante Reference: Basic Trigonometry for Secondary Schools (Deauna•Lamayo)
maureensilva18@gmail.com Copyright 2020-2021
Page | 1
The Sto. Niño Formation and Science School
Rosario, Batangas
Grade 10
The Coordinates of the Unit Circle
The unit circle is broken up into more common triangles: the 45°−45°−90° and 30°−60°−90° triangles. Some
examples of how these triangles can be drawn are below.
Note: In a 30° − 60° − 90° triangle, the side opposite 30° is one-half of the hypotenuse and the side opposite
60° is equal to one-half of the hypotenuse times √3.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Note: sin 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 , cos 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
45°−45°−90° Triangle 30 °−60°−90° Triangle
1
√2
1 60°
2
1
2
30°
√2 √3
2 2
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Rosario, Batangas
Grade 10
60° − 30° − 90°

Coordinates of 45° (x, y) or (cos, sin)
√2 √2
( , ) 30°
2 2
How did we get
√2
? 1
2
√3
We use the equation of the unit circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 
60° 2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
Since it is an isosceles triangle because the base angles 1
are the same (45°), we can say that x is also y. 2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1  𝑥2 + 𝑥2 = 1
Coordinates of 30° (x, y) or (cos, sin)
2𝑥 2 = 1
2𝑥 2 1 √3 1
= ( , )
2 2 2 2
2
1 Coordinates of 60° (x, y) or (cos, sin)
𝑥 =
2 1 √3
( , )
1 2 2
√𝑥 2 = √
2
1 Coordinates of 0° (x, y) or (cos, sin)
𝑥=
√2 (1, 0)
Rationalize: (radical sign is not allowed in the 𝑥 is one unit and no value for y
denominator)
So, in order to rationalize the denominator, we need to Coordinates of 90° (x, y) or (cos, sin)
get rid of all radicals that are in the denominator. (0, 1)
1. Step 1: Multiply numerator and denominator by a radical 𝑦 is one unit and no value for x
that will get rid of the radical in the denominator.
2. Step 2: Make sure all radicals are simplified. Signs in the coordinates depend on the
quadrant where the angle lies.
1 √2 √2 √2
𝑥= ∙ = =
√2 √2 √4 2 You may check on YouTube the shortcut in
finding or memorizing the coordinates of unit
Remember that x is also y, so they have the same value. circle, just search “Left hand Trick Unit Circle”
Lesson 2: REVIEW OF SIX TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OR FUNCTIONS
 Recall Right Triangle and Pythagorean Theorem

Right Triangle Right Triangle and its Parts
A A
If ∠𝐴 is the given angle, then a
In ∆ABC, ∠𝐶 is the right angle.
is the opposite side and b is the
Angles are named by uppercase 𝜃
adjacent side.
letters and the sides opposite
b c each angle are named by their b c But if ∠𝐵 is the given angle,
respective lowercase letter as
adjacent then b is the opposite side and
side a (opposite ∠𝐴), side b
a is the adjacent side.
(opposite ∠𝐵) and side c
C B
(opposite ∠𝐶).
a C a B Longest side is always the
opposite hypotenuse
Figure 1 Figure 2
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Rosario, Batangas
Grade 10
Given figure 2, we can have the six trigonometric ratios or function.

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
sin 𝜃 = and its reciprocal csc 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
cos 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 and its reciprocal sec 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
tan 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 and its reciprocal cot 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
The mnemonics SOH – CAH – TOA will be frequently used.
and its reciprocal CHO – SHA - CAO
LESSON III: THE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SPECIAL ANGLES
Remember in the previous lesson, we mention the 45°−45°−90° and 30°−60°−90° triangles. The angles
30°, 60° and 45° are the most frequently used angle measures in many problems and are referred to as special
angles.
Given the coordinates of the angles 30°, 60° and 45° in the unit circle, we can have the other
trigonometric ratios of the special angles.
Note: 𝟑𝟎°
Coordinates (x, y)
(cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃) √3 1
Coordinate , csc 30° = 2 reciprocal of sin 30°
2 2
sin 𝜃 2 √3 2√ 3
tan 𝜃 = (cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃 ) sec 30° = ∙ = reciprocal of cos 30°
cos 𝜃 √ 3 √3 3
1
sin 𝜃 2 3 √3 3√ 3
Reciprocals tan 30° = = √3
cot 30° = ∙ = = √3
cos 𝜃 √3 √3 3
sin  csc 2
1
cos sec 1 2

= √13 ∙ √33 = 33
√ √
tan 30° = 2
=2∙
tan  cot √3 √3
2
𝟔𝟎°
1 √3 2 √3 2√ 3
Coordinate , csc 60° = ∙ 3 = reciprocal of cos 30°
2 2 √ 3 √ 3
(cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃 ) sec 60° = 2 reciprocal of sin 30°
√3
sin 𝜃 1 √3 √3
tan 60° =
cos 𝜃
= 2
1 cot 60° = ∙
√3 √ 3
= 3
2
√3
√3
tan 60° = 2
1 =
2
∙ 21 = √3
2
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Rosario, Batangas
Grade 10
𝟒𝟓°
√2 √2 2 √2 2 √2
Coordinate ( , ) csc 45° = ∙ = = √2 reciprocal of sin 30°
2 2 √ 2 √2 2
2 √2 2 √2
(cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃 ) sec 45° = ∙ = = √2 reciprocal of cos 30°
√2 √2 2
√2
sin 𝜃 2
tan 45° = cos 𝜃 = √2
=1 cot 30° = 1
2
Summary Table:
sin cos tan csc sec cot
1 √3 √3 2√3
30° 2 √3
2 2 3 3
45° √2 √2 1 1
√2 √2
2 2
√3 1 2√3 √3
60° √3 2
2 2 3 3
Examples:
1) Find the six trigonometric functions of 120°
*identify the quadrant  QII (only sin and csc are positive)
*get the reference angle (smallest positive angle between x – axis and the terminal side)
120° is near 180° so 180° - 120° = 60°
*Use the trigonometric function of 60° then apply the sign for quadrant II
√3 1
Answer: sin 120° = 2
cos 120° = −
2
tan 120° = −√3
2√3 √3
csc 120° = sec 120° = −2 cot 120° = −
3 3
2) Find the six trigonometric functions of 585°
*identify the quadrant  QIII (only tan and cot are positive)
585° is near 540° so 585° - 540° = 45°
*Use the trigonometric function of 60° then apply the sign for quadrant III
√2 √2
Answer: sin 585° = − 2
cos 585° = −
2
tan 585° = 1
csc 585° = −√2 sec 585° = −√2 cot 585° = 1
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Rosario, Batangas
Grade 10
3) Find the six trigonometric functions of −30°
*identify the quadrant  QIV (only cos and sec are positive)
QIV because the movement of the terminal side is in clockwise direction
-30° is near 0° so 0° - (-30°) = 30°
*Use the trigonometric function of 60° then apply the sign for quadrant IV
1 √3 √3
Answer: sin −30° = − cos −30° =
2
tan −30° = −
3
2
2√3
csc −30° = −2 sec −30° =
3
cot −30° = −√3
4) Find the six trigonometric functions of 315° in clockwise direction
*identify the quadrant  QI (all positive)

-315° is near -360° so -315° - (-360°) = 45°
*Use the trigonometric function of 60° then apply the sign for quadrant I
√2 √2
Answer: sin −315° = cos −315° = tan −315° = 1
2 2
csc −315° = √2 sec −315° = √2 cot −315° = 1
Find the numerical value of the following expressions.

(substitute the value of the special angles)
2√3 √3
1) sec 30° + cot 60° = 3
+ 3
3√3
= = √3
3
*combine the numerical coefficient of √3, we have 2 and 1
*then copy the denominator, and simplify
1 1
2) sin 30° − cos 60° = 2 − 2 = 0
1
3) 2 sin 30° + tan 45° = 2 (2) + 1
=1+1= 2
Prove:
4) If 𝑥 = 45°, show that 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 + tan 𝑥 = 3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 45 + tan 45 = 3
2
(√2) + 1 = 3  2+1=3
5) If 𝑥 = 60°, show that 2 sec 𝑥 − 3 = 1
2 sec 60° − 3 = 1
2(2) − 3 = 1  4−3=1
--End of the module--
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Unit Circle Elective Math Notes

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The Sto.

Niño Formation and Science School

Name: ____ Date:

“Home of Christian leaders, shining forward to fullness.”

LESSON 1: UNIT CIRCLE

What is the unit circle?

Converting Between Degrees and Radians

The Coordinates of the Unit Circle

45°−45°−90° Triangle 30 °−60°−90° Triangle

60° − 30° − 90°

Lesson 2: REVIEW OF SIX TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OR FUNCTIONS

 Recall Right Triangle and Pythagorean Theorem

Given figure 2, we can have the six trigonometric ratios or function.

The mnemonics SOH – CAH – TOA will be frequently used.

and its reciprocal CHO – SHA - CAO

LESSON III: THE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SPECIAL ANGLES

2) Find the six trigonometric functions of 585°

3) Find the six trigonometric functions of −30°

4) Find the six trigonometric functions of 315° in clockwise direction

*identify the quadrant  QI (all positive)

Find the numerical value of the following expressions.

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