Elective Math Notttes 7

The Sto.
Niño Formation and Science School

Rosario, Batangas
Grades 9 & 10 - Department
Grade 10
Elective Mathematics
Name: __________________________________ Date: ______________________________
Level & Section: __________________________ Score: _____________________________
“Home of Christian leaders, shining forward to fullness.”
Module No. 1 (Fourth Quarter)

Conic Section: Ellipses
INTRODUCTION
An ellipse is a closed figure in a plane that closely resembles an oval.

An image of an ellipse can be formed if a plane cuts a right circular cone and the plane is not parallel
to any generator.
Elliptic concepts are found in astronomy. Planets move in elliptical orbits. The Earth orbits the Sun
almost circular with approximate eccentricity of 0.0167, while Pluto moves around an elliptic path with
approximate eccentricity of 0.2481.
The concept of ellipse is also used in engineering designs such as elliptical roods; in architectural
designs such as ceilings of churches and galleries; in arts such as logo designs; and in medicine such as
medical equipment. An example of medical equipment is the lithotripter, a device used to treat kidney and
gallstones without open surgery.
In this module we will discuss its characteristics, standard form and general form and its graph.
LESSONS AND COVERAGE:

Lesson I: Conic Section
 Ellipse
o Equation and Graph
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the module, students must be able to:
1. Define an ellipse
2. Determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse
3. Graph an circle in a rectangular coordinate system
Maureen S. Dayandante Reference: Introduction to Analytic Geometry & Calculus

Next Century Mathematics Pre-Calculus SHS
maureensilva18@gmail.com Copyright 2020-2021
1|P age
The Sto. Niño Formation and Science School
Rosario, Batangas
Grade 10
Good day grade 10, in tis module we

will talk about ellipse. We will
Ellipses
discuss its characteristics, standard
form and general form. I will also
show you how to draw its graph.
Ellipse
- Is a set of all coplanar points such as that
of the sum of its distances from to fixed
points is constant. The fixed points are
called the foci of the ellipse.
Are you ready?
Ok, let us start with its
definition.
An ellipse has two axes of symmetry. Each of these axes contains an axis that is
important when dealing with ellipse. The longer axis is called the major axis , and the
shorter axis is called the minor axis.
The major axis contains the foci. Consequently, the foci are inside the ellipse.
The intersection of the two axes is called the center of the ellipse. The center is
the midpoint between the two foci, and also the midpoint between the two vertices.
The ellipse intersects the major axis in two points called the vertices of the
ellipse. These vertices are the endpoints of the major axis.
A segment passing through a focus of the ellipse that is perpendicular to the

major axis is called a latus rectum.
A line outside the ellipse that is parallel to the minor axis and has the same
distance from a vertex as the focus is the directrix. Since there are two foci, there are
also two directrices.

2|P age
Rosario, Batangas
Grade 10
Ellipse with Center at (0,0)
Center (0, 0) Ellipse with foci on the x-axis Ellipse with foci on the y-axis
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1 + =1
Equation 𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑎2
Where 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 and 𝑎 > 𝑏 Where 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 and 𝑎 > 𝑏
Vertices (±𝑎, 0) (0, ±𝑎)
Foci (±𝑐, 0) (0, ±𝑐)
Equation: 𝑦 = 0 Equation: 𝑥 = 0
Location: on the x-axis Location: on the y-axis
Major axis
Length: 2𝑎 Length: 2𝑎
Endpoints: (±𝑎, 0) Endpoints: (0, ±𝑎)
Equation: 𝑥 = 0 Equation: 𝑦 = 0
Location: on the y-axis Location: on the x-axis
Minor axis
Length: 2𝑏 Length: 2𝑏
Endpoints: (0, ±𝑏) Endpoints: (±𝑏, 0)
x-intercepts ±𝑎 ±𝑏
y-intercepts ±𝑏 ±𝑎
𝑎2 𝑏2
Directrices 𝑥=± 𝑦=±
𝑐 𝑐
Equation: 𝑥 = ±𝑐 Equation: 𝑦 = ±𝑐
Direction: Vertical Direction: Horizontal
2𝑏 2 2𝑏 2
Latus Rectum Length: Length:
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
Endpoints: (−𝑐, ± ) and (𝑐, ± ) Endpoints: (± , −𝑐) and (± , 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Permissible −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 −𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏
Values −𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏 −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
Examples:
3|P age
Rosario, Batangas
Grade 10
Examples:
Find the coordinates of the foci and vertices, the endpoints of the major axis, minor axis and the latus rectum for each ellipse
whose center is at (0, 0). Draw the ellipse, its foci and latus rectum.
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
a. + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟏
𝟑𝟔
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2
Solution: the given is in standard position: 36 + 20 = 1 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1; a is with y so foci is on the y axis
𝑎2 = 36 𝑎 = √36 𝑎 = 6 𝑏2 = 20 𝑏 = √20 𝑏 = 2√5 𝑐 = √36 − 20 = √16 = 4
Vertices (0, ±𝑎): (𝟎, ±𝟔)
Foci (0, ±𝑐 ): (𝟎, ±𝟒)
Endpoints of the major axis (0, ±𝑎): (𝟎, ±𝟔)
Endpoints of the minor axis (±𝑏, 0): (±𝟐√𝟓, 𝟎)
b2 b2 20 20 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
Endpoints of the latus rectum (± , −c), (± , c): (± , −4), (± , 4)(± , −𝟒), (± , 𝟒)
a a 6 6 𝟑 𝟑
b. 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒 = 𝟎

Solution:
First, reduce the equation 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 − 144 = 0 in standard form
9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 − 144 = 0
9𝑥 2 16𝑦 2 144
+ =
144 144 144
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
16 9
𝑥2 𝑦2 x2 y2
The equation 16 + 9
= 1 is of the form a2 + b2 = 1, a is with x so foci is on the x axis
2
𝑎 = 16 𝑎 = √16 𝑎 = 4 𝑏2 = 9 𝑏 = √9 𝑏 = 3 𝑐 = √16 − 9 = √7
Vertices (±𝑎, 0): (±𝟒, 𝟎)
Foci (±𝑐, 0): (±√𝟕, 𝟎)
Endpoints of the major axis (±𝑎, 0): (±𝟒, 𝟎)
Endpoints of the minor axis (0, ±𝑏): (𝟎, ±𝟑)
b2 b2 9 9
Endpoints of the latus rectum (−c, ± ), (c, ± a ): (−√7, ± 4), (√7, ± 4)
a
Examples:
4|P age
Rosario, Batangas
Grade 10
Write the equation of the ellipse with center at the origin that satisfies the given condition. Draw the ellipse, its foci and
latus rectum.
a. The foci have coordinates (±𝟒, 𝟎) and a vertex at (𝟓, 𝟎).

Solution:
Since the coordinates of the foci are (±4, 0), the ellipse has the foci on the x-axis, and 𝑐 = 4.
One of the vertices has coordinates (5, 0) thus 𝑎 = 5.
If c = 4 and a = 5, then
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 → 𝑏 = √𝑎 2 − 𝑐 2
𝑏 = √52 − 42 → √25 − 16 = √9 = 3
x2 y2 x2 y2
An ellipse with foci on the x-axis has an equation of the form a2 + b2 = 1. Thus, the equation is 52 + 42 = 1
x2 y2
+ =1
25 9
𝟖
b. The length of the latus rectum is 𝟓 and the vertices have coordinates (𝟎, −𝟓) and (𝟎, 𝟓).
Solution:
Since the coordinates of the vertices are (0, −5) and (0, 5), the vertices are on the y-axis, and a = 5. The length of the latus
8 2b2 8 2b2 2b2 2b2 8
rectum is 5, thus = 5. If a = 5, then = , to get b, 2b2 = 8 → = 2 → b2 = 4 → 𝑏 = √4 = 2.
a a 5 2
Since a = 5 and b = 2, then c = √a2 − b2 = √52 − 22 = √25 − 4 = √21.
x2 y2 x2 y2
An ellipse with foci on the y-axis has an equation of the form b2 + a2 = 1. Thus, the equation is 22 + 52 = 1
x2 y2
+ =1
4 25

5|P age
Rosario, Batangas
Grade 10
Ellipse with Center at (h,k)
Ellipse with foci on a line parallel to the Ellipse with foci on a line parallel to the y-
Center (h, k)
x-axis axis
(𝑥 − ℎ ) 2 (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 (𝑥 − ℎ ) 2 ( 𝑦 − 𝑘 ) 2
+ =1 + =1
Equation 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎2
Vertices (ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎)
Foci (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐)
Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑘 Equation: 𝑥 = ℎ
Location: Horizontal Location: Vertical
Major axis
Length: 2𝑎 Length: 2𝑎
Endpoints: (ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘) Endpoints: (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎)
Equation: 𝑥 = ℎ Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑘
Location: Vertical Location: Horizontal
Minor axis
Length: 2𝑏 Length: 2𝑏
Endpoints: (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏) Endpoints: (ℎ ± 𝑏, 𝑘)
Equation: 𝑥 = ℎ ± 𝑐 Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑘 ± 𝑐
Direction: Vertical Direction: Horizontal
2𝑏 2 2𝑏 2
Length: Length:
𝑎 𝑎
Latus Rectum 𝑏2 𝑏2
Endpoints: (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 ± ) and Endpoints: (ℎ ± , 𝑘 − 𝑐) and
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏2 𝑏2
(ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 ± ) (ℎ ± , 𝑘 + 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎
Permissible ℎ−𝑎 ≤𝑥 ≤ℎ+𝑎 ℎ−𝑏 ≤𝑦 ≤ℎ+𝑏
Values 𝑘−𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤𝑘+𝑏 𝑘−𝑎 ≤𝑥 ≤𝑘+𝑎
Note that if 𝑎2 is the denominator of (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 , the major axis is horizontal. If 𝑎2 is the
denominator of (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐, the major axis is vertical.

6|P age
Rosario, Batangas
Grade 10
Standard Form and General Form

General Form
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎, where 𝑨 > 𝟎, 𝑪 > 𝟎 and 𝑨 ≠ 𝑪

Standard Form
Ellipse with foci on the x-axis Ellipse with foci on the y-axis
Center (0, 0) 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1 + =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑎2
Ellipse with foci on a line parallel to the Ellipse with foci on a line parallel to the y-
x-axis axis
Center (h, k)
(𝑥 − ℎ ) 2 (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 (𝑥 − ℎ ) 2 ( 𝑦 − 𝑘 ) 2
+ =1 + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎2
Examples:
Write the equation of the ellipse in standard form that satisfies the given conditions. Draw the ellipse, its foci, and latus rectum.
a. The center is at (7, -2), a vertex is at (2, -2) and an endpoint of a minor axis is at (7, -6).
The center (h, k) = (7, -2) is midway the vertices. The distance between the vertex and the center is |7 − 2| = 5, hence a =
5. The distance between the endpoint of the minor axis and the center is |−6 − (−2)| = 4, hence b = 4.
If a = 5 and b = 4, then c = √a2 − b 2 = √52 − 42 = √25 − 16 = √9 = 3.
The center and a vertex are both contained on the major axis. Since they have same y-coordinate, the major axis is
(x−h)2 (y−k)2
horizontal. Therefore, the equation of the ellipse is in the form a2
+ b2
= 1. By substitution, the equation of the
(x−7)2 (y−(−2))2 (𝑥−7)2 (𝑦+2)2
ellipse is + =1  + =1
52 42 25 16
b. The vertices are at (-2, -2) and (-2, 8), and the length of the minor axis is 6.
−2−2 −2+8 −4 6
The center (h, k) is midway between the vertices (-2, -2) and (-2, 8), thus, the center is at ( , )=( , )=
2 2 2 2
(−2, 3).
The distance from the center to a vertex is |3 − 8| = 5, thus, a = 5.
6
The length of the minor axis is 6, thus, 2𝑏 = 6 → 𝑏 = 2 b = 3. If a = 5 and b = 3, then, c = √a2 − b 2 = √52 − 32 =
√25 − 9 = √16 = 4.

7|P age
Rosario, Batangas
Grade 10
The center and a vertex are both contained on the major axis. Since they have the same x-coordinate, the major axis is
(x−h)2 (y−k)2
vertical. Therefore, the equation of the ellipse is of the form + = 1. By substitution, the equation of the ellipse
b2 a2
(x−(−2))2 (y−3)2 (x+2)2 (y−3)2
is + =1  + =1
32 52 9 25
c. The center is at (4, 3), the length of the horizontal major axis is 5, the length of the minor axis is 4.
2𝑎 5 5
The center (h, k) is at (4, 3). The length of the major axis is 5. Thus, 2𝑎 = 5 → = 2 → 𝑎 = 2. The length of the minor
2
2𝑏 4
axis is 4. Thus, 2𝑏 = 4 → = 2 → 𝑏 = 2.
2
5 5 2 25 9 3
Since 𝑎 = 2. and b = 2, then, c = √a2 − b 2 = √(2) − 22 = √ 4 − 4 = √4 = 2.
3 5 3 11
Foci (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘 ): (4 − 2 , 3) → (2 , 3) (4 + 2 , 3) → ( 2 , 3)
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
If the major axis is horizontal, the standard form of the equation of the ellipse is + = 1. By substitution, the
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥−4)2 (𝑦−3))2 (𝑥−4)2 (𝑦−3)2
equation of the ellipse is 5 2
+ =1  25 + =1
( ) 22 4
2 4
Examples:
Express each equation of the ellipse in standard form. Determine the equation and the length of the major axis, the minor
axis, and the latus rectum. Draw the ellipse, its foci, and latus rectum.
a. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 − 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 11
(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) + (2𝑦 2 + 8𝑦) = 11
(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + _____) + 2(𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + ____) = 11 + _____ + (2)______
𝑏 2 −2 2 𝑏 2 4 2
(2) = ( 2 ) = (−1)2 = 1 and (2) = (2) = (2)2 = 4
(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + 2(𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4) = 11 + 1 + (2)(4)
(𝑥 − 1)2 + 2(𝑦 + 2)2 = 20
(𝑥−1)2 2(𝑦+2)2 20 (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚+𝟐)𝟐
+ = 20  + =𝟏
20 20 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎

8|P age
Rosario, Batangas
Grade 10
Center (ℎ, 𝑘): (1, −2)
𝑎 = √20 = 2√5 𝑏 = √10 c = √a2 − b 2 = √20 − 10 = √10
Since a > b, the major axis is horizontal.
Equation of the major axis 𝑦 = 𝑘: 𝑦 = −2
Length of the major axis 2𝑎: 2(2√5) = 4√5
Equation of the minor axis 𝑥 = ℎ: 𝑥=1
Length of the minor axis 2𝑏: 2√10
Equation of the latus rectum 𝑥 = ℎ ± 𝑐: 𝑥 = 1 ± √10
2𝑏2 2(10) 20 √5 20√5 20√5
Length of the latus rectum : = ∙ = = = 2√5
𝑎 2√5 2√5 √5 2(5) 10
b. 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚 + 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟎

4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 24𝑥 − 10𝑦 = −45
4(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥) + (𝑦 2 − 10𝑦) = −45
4(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + _____) + (𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + ____) = −45 + (4)_____ + ______
𝑏 2 6 2 𝑏 2 −10 2
(2) = (2) = (3)2 = 9 and ( 2) = ( ) = (−5)2 = 25
2
4(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) + (𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25) = −45 + (4)(9) + 25
4(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 16
4(𝑥+3)2 (𝑦−5)2 16 (𝒙+𝟑)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟓)𝟐
+ = 16  + =𝟏
16 16 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
Center (ℎ, 𝑘): (−3, 5)

𝑎 = √16 = 4 𝑏 = √4 = 2 c = √a2 − b 2 = √16 − 4 = √12 = 2√3
Since a > b, the major axis is vertical.
Equation of the major axis 𝑥 = ℎ: ℎ = −3
Length of the major axis 2𝑎: 2(4) = 8
Equation of the minor axis 𝑦 = 𝑘: 𝑦=5
Length of the minor axis 2𝑏: 2(2) = 4
Equation of the latus rectum 𝑦 = 𝑘 ± 𝑐: 𝑦 = 5 ± 2√3
2𝑏2 2(4)
Length of the latus rectum : =2
𝑎 4
--End of the module--

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Elective Math Notttes 7

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The Sto.

Niño Formation and Science School

“Home of Christian leaders, shining forward to fullness.”

Module No. 1 (Fourth Quarter)

An ellipse is a closed figure in a plane that closely resembles an oval.

LESSONS AND COVERAGE:

Maureen S. Dayandante Reference: Introduction to Analytic Geometry & Calculus

Good day grade 10, in tis module we

A segment passing through a focus of the ellipse that is perpendicular to the

Maureen S. Dayandante Reference: Introduction to Analytic Geometry & Calculus

Ellipse with Center at (0,0)

Vertices (±𝑎, 0) (0, ±𝑎)

Foci (±𝑐, 0) (0, ±𝑐)

b. 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒 = 𝟎

a. The foci have coordinates (±𝟒, 𝟎) and a vertex at (𝟓, 𝟎).

Maureen S. Dayandante Reference: Introduction to Analytic Geometry & Calculus

Ellipse with Center at (h,k)

Maureen S. Dayandante Reference: Introduction to Analytic Geometry & Calculus

Standard Form and General Form

𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎, where 𝑨 > 𝟎, 𝑪 > 𝟎 and 𝑨 ≠ 𝑪

Maureen S. Dayandante Reference: Introduction to Analytic Geometry & Calculus

Maureen S. Dayandante Reference: Introduction to Analytic Geometry & Calculus

b. 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚 + 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟎

Center (ℎ, 𝑘): (−3, 5)

--End of the module--

Maureen S. Dayandante Reference: Introduction to Analytic Geometry & Calculus

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