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TRANSPORTATION
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CHAPTER

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CONTENTS the respiratory surfaces and then to individual

• Transportation

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cells in animals or directly to cells in plants.

•
Carbon dioxide is formed as a by-product. It is
Function of Transporation passed out for elimination.

• •

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Transportation in Human Being Waste Products : Toxic waste products are
produced during metabolism. They have to be
• Kind of Blood Vessels excreted. For this they are first taken to kidneys
for separation, translocated to urinary bladder for
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Blood Group storage and from urinary bladder to the region of
elimination.
• The Human Heart
S • Water : Plants absorb water from soil with the
• Double Circulation help of their roots. It is transported to all parts.
•
• Hormones : They are formed in particular regions
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Transportation in Plant
from where they are transported to the areas of their
• Transpiration
functioning.

 TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEING

 TRANSPORTATION
• In humans, transportation of oxygen nutrients,
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It is the movement of materials from one part to hormone and other substances to tissue, CO2 to
another, usually from the region of their the lungs and waste products to the kidneys is
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availability to the region of their use storage or carried out by a well-defined Circulatory
elimination. System. In lower organisms material is
transported by diffusion.

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FUNCTION OF TRANSPORTATION
 Circulatory System :
• Food : It is available at particular points, e.g. It comprises of the heart, blood vessels, blood,
leaves in plants, alimentary canal in animals. lymphatic vessels, lymph, which together serve to
Food has to be transported to every living cell of transport materials, throughout the body.
the body for extraction of energy and materials. Components of the circulatory system in higher
animals are -
•
A

Metabolic Gases : Oxygen and carbon dioxide

are two metabolic gases. Oxygen is required by • Blood
every living cell for cellular respiration. It has to
be transported from outside environment first to
• Pumping organ- 'Heart'

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A ONE INSTITUTE – A SYNONYM TO SUCCESS, OFFICE – SCO 322, SECTOR 40 D, CHANDIGARH
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• System of blood vessels for distribution and

collection of blood - consisting of arteries,
veins and capillaries. Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Surface view Side view
Granulocytes ERYTHROCYTE (RBC)

BLOOD

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Lymphocyte Monocyte PLATELETS
Plasma Agranulocytes
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS IN MAN

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Serum Protein Blood cells

Erythrocytes W.B.C Platelets

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(Red blood corpuscles)

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 Blood Corpuscles : WBC are mainly of two Type W.B.C.
I. Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) or Erythrocytes :
WBC
• These are minute, circular biconcave discs having

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Granulocytes Agranulocytes
no nucleus. They look red due to the presence of They have a granular Their cytoplasm does
red coloured pigment, haemoglobin. Red blood cytoplasm and lobed not contain granules
cells have life span about 120 days. They are
S nucleus. but a single large sph-
erical nucleus.
produced in bone marrow number is 4.5 – 5.5
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millon/cu.mm.
III. Blood Platelets :
 Function : • Platelets are rounded, colourless, biconvex and non-
• Haemoglobin transports oxygen from lungs to nucleated blood- cells, which help in the coagulation
of blood they are called thrombocytes.
body tissues.
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II. WBC or White Blood Cells or Corpuscles :  KIND OF BLOOD VESSELS

There are three types of blood vessels present in
•
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These are large, nucleated colourless cells and are human circulatory system.
less numerous than erythrocytes. There are about (A) Arteries :
5000 W.B.C per mili litre of blood.
•
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Arteries carry blood from heart and supply to

organs. These are thick muscular walled and
deep seated. All Arteries carry oxygenated
blood except pulmonary arteries which carry
deoxygenated blood to lungs for purification.
They do not have valves.
A

(B) Veins :

• Veins collect blood from the tissue of the organs

and Bring it to the heart through two big veins,
the superior and Inferior vena cava. Veins carry
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A ONE INSTITUTE – A SYNONYM TO SUCCESS, OFFICE – SCO 322, SECTOR 40 D, CHANDIGARH
PRE - FOUNDATION

deoxygenated blood except pulmonary veins.
Veins are thin walled and placed more
superficially. They contain valves.
(C) Capillaries :
• Capillaries are extremely thin-walled and
narrow. They are closely placed with the
• Similarly a person with AB blood group is
called Universal Recipient as he can receive
blood of all other groups.
• Blood group O does not contain any antigen
on the surface of R.B.C therefore, no reaction
will occur with the blood of the recipient

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cells of the tissue in an organ. Oxygen and
• The plasma of blood having blood group AB
food pass into the cells and carbon-dioxide
do not have antibodies therefore reaction will

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and other wastes pass into the capillaries from
not occur with the antigen of the donars
the cells.
blood.

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• Rh factor (Rhesus factor) : It is a kind of
antigen in the blood, which was first found in

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the Rhesus monkey. On the basis of presence
 Important Terms : or absence of Rh factor human beings can be
The following terms should be clearly understood divided as- Rh positive (Rh+) and Rh negative
before studying blood group. (Rh–).

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(A) Antigen : • They are much important in child birth. If

• A substance capable of stimulating the blood of baby (embryo) is Rh+ and mother is
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formation of an antibody is called antigen. Rh–. She may lose her baby as antibodies will
attack the baby (nowadays, this condition is
• It is any substance, a bacteria or virus, that
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medically supposed not to be so serious and
the body regards as foreign and it may be certain techniques and procedures are
formed in or introduced into the body, it is available to save the baby).
capable of causing some disease in the body
and are present in the red blood cells of the Blood Antigen Antibody Can Can
donor. group present present donate to receive
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in RBC plasma from

(B) Antibody :
A A b A and AB A, O
• It is specialised protein produced by certain
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white blood cells (lymphocytes) in response B B a AB, B B, O

to entry into the body of a foreign substance.
AB A, B None AB B, AB,
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i.e. antigen in order to render it harmless.

A, O

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 BLOOD GROUPS
O, A, B, O
O None a and b
• Landsteiner discovered four blood groups in
AB

human beings based on the mutual

 Function of Blood :
compatibility of the antigens and antibodies.
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They are A, B, AB and O. Blood perform the following functions :

• A person having O blood group can give
blood to all the groups and hence called
Universal donar.
 Transport of Oxygen and Carbondioxide :
• Blood transports oxygen from the respiratory
surface i.e. lungs, buccal cavity to body tissues
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A ONE INSTITUTE – A SYNONYM TO SUCCESS, OFFICE – SCO 322, SECTOR 40 D, CHANDIGARH
PRE - FOUNDATION

and carbon dioxide from tissue to respiratory • Arteries produce a proper pressure of blood that
surface. helps to balance the atmospheric pressure.
 Transport of food :  Blood Clotting :
• Blood transports digested food to different cells of
• Sequence of events during clotting of blood :
the body. Injured tissue + Blood platelets

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 Transport of waste products : Liver

• Blood transports the waste products of cells and Vitamin K Thromboplastin

Ca+2

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organs to the kidneys, lungs, skin and intestine, so
that they may be eliminated. Prothrombin Thrombin (active)
(inactive)
 Chemical coordination : (In blood)

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Fibrinogen (soluble) Fibrin (insoluble)
• Hormones produced by endocrine glands are + dead RBCs
distributed to the vital tissues by the blood. + dead Bacteria

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+ dead WBCs
 Defence against infection :
Flow Chart Showing Clotting of Blood
• When bacteria or any other disease causing
pathogen enters the body. It is distroyed by WBCs  THE HUMAN HEART

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(one type of WBCs; called lymphocytes produce • The heart is a pumping organ that receives blood
Antibodies against specific pathogen) and so
immunity against the disease is created in the from veins and pumps it into the arteries it is
body.
S made up of cardiac muscles. It is situated in
 Clotting of blood : thoracic cavity which lies above the diaphragm
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between the two lungs.
• To prevent excess bleeding, blood-platelets and
some protein form clot so as to prevent further • It is enclosed in a double-walled membranous the
bleeding. pericardium.
 Water balance :  Chamber of The Heart :
• Blood maintains body temperature constant and
•
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The interior of the heart is divided into four

distributes and exchanges water between cytoplasm
of cells. chambers which receive the circulatory blood .
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 Temperature regulation :  The Auricles :

• Heat produced by deeper tissues is taken to the • The two superior chamber are called the right and
-O

body surface, so that it may be given out and thus

left auricles. The auricles are separated by a
body temperature is maintained.
partition called the inter-atrial septum. The
 Maintainance of body pH :
sinuatrial node (SAN) or the pacemaker is located
• In RBC, some carbon dioxide combines with in the upper wall of the Right atrium.
water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) that is
 The Ventricles :
disossociated into H+ and HCO3–. These ions
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combines with ions of plasma to maintain a • The two interior chambers of heart are the right
constant pH.
and left ventricles. They are separated from each
 Maintenance of pressure : other by an inter-ventricular septum.

 Valves of The Heart :

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• Valves are muscular flaps which prevent the

blood to flow back through it. Two type of heart
valves are distingushed :

 The Atrio-Venticular Valves :

• These valves separated the atria from the

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ventricles the right side of the heart possesses the
tricuspid valve and left side of the heart

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possesses the bicuspid valve or mitral valves are
needed to avoid backward flow of blood in the

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chambers of the heat.

 Semilunar Valves :

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• These are located in the arteries leaving the heart.
Figure : SHOWING DOUBLE CIRCULATION AND
FUNCTION OF BLOOD OF PROVIDE
OXYGEN.
 Blood Flow Through The Heart :
• The path of blood flow can be shown as under :  Pulmonary Circulation :

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Right Deoxy.
Pulmonary Lungs • It is movement of blood from heart to the lungs
Ventricle Blood
artery and back. Deoxygenated blood of the body enters
Oxy. Blood
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Pulmonary
the righ auricle, passes into righ ventricle which
pumps it into pulmonary arch, With the help of
Right Auricle Pul veins
mo two separate pulmonary arteries the blood passes
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Sys nar
tem yC into the lungs.
ircu
ic C lati
Vanae cavae ircu on Left
lati
on  Systemic Circulation :
Auricle
Deoxy. Blood
• It is the circulation of blood between heart and
Oxy.
Body Systemic aorta Left different parts of the body except lungs. Oxygenated
Blood
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Ventricle blood received by left auricle passes into left

 DOUBLE CIRCULATION ventricle. The left ventricle pumps it into aorta for
supply to different body parts including walls of the
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Double circulation has two components, pulmonary heart with the help of arteries.
circulation and systemic circulation.
• Double circulatin is an improvement over single
-O

circulation as the heart pumps both the types of

bloods (oxygenated and deoxygenated) forcefully
through the body. In amphibians and reptiles, the
double circulation is incomplete due to mixing of
the blood. It is complete in birds and mammals.

 TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
A

Some materials (gases) pass in and out of plants

through diffusion. Other materials required for
building plant body are obtained from soil, e.g. ,
nitrogen, phosphorus, other minerals, water. They

Transportation 19

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A ONE INSTITUTE – A SYNONYM TO SUCCESS, OFFICE – SCO 322, SECTOR 40 D, CHANDIGARH
PRE - FOUNDATION

have to be transported to long distances

depending upon the size of the plant. There are
two independent pathways having conducting
tubes. One is xylem that moves water and
minerals from soil to aerial parts. The other is
phloem which carries food from the region of
availability (e.g, leaves, storage organs) to the

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areas of utilsation.

 Xylem (Wood) :

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• It is a complex tissue which transports sap (water
and minerals). Xylem has four types of cells–

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xylem fibres, xylem parenchyma, tracheids and
vessels. Vessels and tracheids are called tracheary

elements because they take part in transport of
sap. Both the tracheary elements have lignified
wall .
 Phloem :
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Figure : TRANSPIRATION OR EVAPORATION
OF WATER FROM AERIAL SURFACES CAUSING
ABSORPTION AND ASCENT OF SAP.

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• It is complex tissue which takes apart in transport
of food. Phloem has four types of cells – sieve
tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and
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phloem fibres. Only phloem fibres are dead cells.
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Other are living cells.

 TRANSPIRATION

Transpiratin is loss of water in vapour form from

the exposed parts of a plant. There are three types
of transpiration-lenticular, cuticular and stomatal.
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Lenticular transpiration is the loss of water in

vapour form from lenticels present in the bark by
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stems. It is only 0.1% of the total. Cuticular

transpiration is loss of water in vapour form
through the cuticular covering of the leaves and
-O

other aerial parts. Amount of cuticular

transpiration depends upon the thickness.
Stomatal transpiration is loss of water vapours
through stomata present over leaves and other soft
aerial parts. It will always occur whenever
stomata are open for gaseous exchange.
A

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A ONE INSTITUTE – A SYNONYM TO SUCCESS, OFFICE – SCO 322, SECTOR 40 D, CHANDIGARH
PRE - FOUNDATION

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EXERCISE # 1

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A. Single Choice Type Questions Q.5 Rate of transpiration in a dorsiventral leaf is -
S (A) Greater at the upper surface
Q.1 Water will be absorbed by root hairs when - (B) Greater at the lower surface
(A) Concentration of solutes in the cell sap is (C) Equal at both the surface
high (D) None of the above
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(B) Plant is rapidly respiring
Q.6 In a closed circulatory system blood is
(C) They are separated from soil by a
completely enclosed within -
permeable membrane
(A) The skeleton (B) Sinuses
(D) Concentation of salts in the soil is high
(C) Vessels (D) Hearts
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Q.2 Which of the following is connected with

Q.7 In which of the following groups of animal
transport of water in plants ?
the heart pumps only deoxygenated blood ?
(A) Phloem (B) Xylem
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(A) Fishes (B) Reptile

(C) Epidermis (D) Cambium
(C) Birds (D) Amphibians
Q.3 The transpiration in plants will be lowest -
-O

(A) When there is high humidity in the Q.8 Haemoglobin is found in -

atmosphere (A) All invertebrates
(B) There is excess of water in the cell (B) Only in vertebrates
(C) Environmental condition share very dry (C) Earthworm and rabbit
humidity (D) Cockroach and earthworm
(D) High wind velocity
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Q.9 The smallest blood vessel in the body is a -

Q.4 Which of the following process keeps plant (A) Capillary (B) Artery
cool ? (C) Vena cava (D) Vein
(A) Transpiration (B) Guttation
(C) Photosynthesis (D) Transloation
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A ONE INSTITUTE – A SYNONYM TO SUCCESS, OFFICE – SCO 322, SECTOR 40 D, CHANDIGARH
PRE - FOUNDATION
Q.10 The exchange of materials between blood and (A) Liver (B) Stomach
interstitial fluid occurs only at the - (C) Pancreas (D) Spleen
(A) Veins (B) Capillaries Q.19 Oxygenated blood is carried by -
(C) Arteries (D) Arterioles (A) Pulmonary vein
(B) Pulmonary artery
Q.11 Both erythrocytes and leucocytes are formed
(C) Hepatic portal vein
in the -

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(D) Renal vein
(A) Bone marrow (B) Thymus
(C) Arterial walls (D) Lymph nodes Q.20 In mammals, oxygenated blood enters the

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heart at the -
Q.12 An erythrocyte lives for approximately - (A) Right atrium
(A) One week (B) One month (B) Left atrium

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(C) Four months (D) One year (C) Righ ventricle
(D) Left ventricle
Q.13 Which blood constituent makes up more the

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volume of blood ?
Q.21 Which chamber of a bird heart does oxygen
(A) Red blood cells rich blood first enter ?
(B) Plasma (A) Right atrium (B) Right ventricle
(C) Blood proteins (C) Left ventricle (D) Left atrium

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(D) White blood cells

Q.14 Number of RBC increases if one lives at

higher altitude because -
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(A) There is less oxygen on mountains muscular walls ?
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(B) More heat is required in body for producing (A) Right atrium (B) Left atrium
body warmth (C) Right ventricle (D) Left ventricle
(C) There are no germs in moutian air
(D) There is more oxygen on mountains
Q.23 The tricuspid valve occurs between the -
Q.15 "Leukaemia" a cancer is due to -
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(A) Excessive production of WBCs (A) Right auricle and right ventricle
(B) Excessive production of RBCs (B) Pulmonary aorta & Left ventricle
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(C) Excessive production of platelets (C) Cortico-systemic aorta and left ventricle
(D) All of these (D) Left ventricle & Right auricle
Q.16 Females need more dietary iron than males
-O

because - Q.24 Which one of the following is called pace

(A) They lose iron during menstruation
(B) They have less bone marrow maker of the heart ?
(C) They have large volume of blood
(A) SA node (B) AV node
(D) They are less able to absorb iron
(C) Bundle of His (D) AV septum
Q.17 Blood clot inside a blood vessel is known as -
A

(A) Thrombosis (B) Agglutinin Q.25 The colour of lymph is -

(C) Clot (D) Thrombus
(A) White (B) Yellow
Q.18 In human, the prothrombin required for blood (C) Colourless (D) Milky
clotting is produced in -

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PRE - FOUNDATION

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EXERCISE # 2

A. Very Short Answer Type Questions

TB. Short Answer Type Questions
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Q.1 What is transportation ? Q.13 Enumerate the functions of transportation in
human.
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Q.2 Define circulatory system.
Q.14 Enumerate the various modes of transportation.
Q.3 What is life span of RBC ?
Q.15 Describe the structure and function of blood
Q.4 What is the function of blood platelets ? cell ?
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Q.5 List components of blood. Q.16 Write a note on arteies ?

Q.6 Define serum. Q.17 Distinguish an artery from a vein.

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Q.7 Name the valves at auriculoventricular Q.18 Explain what is double circulation.
apertures.
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Q.8 Name the blood vesssels which carry

deoxygenated blood to (a) Lungs (b) Heart.

Q.9 Define double circulation.

Q.19 Write the note on xylem.
Q.10 What is transpiration ?
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Q.20 Write the differences between xylem and

Q.11 Name the constituent cells of xylem. phloem.

Q.12 What are tracheary elements ? Q.21 How will you define transpiration ?

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A ONE INSTITUTE – A SYNONYM TO SUCCESS, OFFICE – SCO 322, SECTOR 40 D, CHANDIGARH
PRE - FOUNDATION

C. Long Answer Type Questions

Q.22 Describe the structure and functioning of

heart with the help of a diagram.

Q.23 What are components of blood and what is

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the functions of each ?

Q.24 Explain the blood group in human.

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Q.25 Write the functions of blood.

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