3.

1 Contant

 Contant.....................................................................................................................................18
 Task 1........................................................................................................................................19
1.1 (a) Define the basic terminology of the Health and Safety....................................................19
1.1 (b) Outline the reasons for a safe and healthy workplace.....................................................22
1.2 The responsibilities and roles of all the team members in my construction company.........24
1.3 (a) Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974..........................................................................31
1.3 (b) The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999.................................32
 Task 2........................................................................................................................................35
2.1 Formal written report about the organization’s health and safety policy to the Managing
Director [12]....................................................................................................................................35
2.2 Determine training needs based on risk assessments on the respective construction project.
......................................................................................................................................................43
 Task 3........................................................................................................................................48
3.1 Selecting the suitable methods of hazard identification and explaining them......................48
3.2 Identifing the major hazards associated with the construction processes involved in deep
basement construction.................................................................................................................52
3.3 Explaining the use of standard format or documentation for identifying and recording
hazards including accidents pertaining to deep basement construction....................................57
3.4 Explaining how risk assessments are used to address significant hazards associated with the
deep basement construction mentioned.....................................................................................59
 Task 4........................................................................................................................................61
4.1 Evaluating the given changes in procedure or policy.............................................................61
4.2 Produce risk assessment one of the workplaces that have different forms of work within
them and work permit system.....................................................................................................70
(a) Construction of a high rise building in Qatar......................................................................70
(b) Construction of a Major Water Supply Project in Doha.....................................................70
 Task 5........................................................................................................................................79
 Reference:.................................................................................................................................81

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3.2 Task 1
1.1 (a) Define the basic terminology of the Health and Safety.

 Introduction:

Health and Safety is the science of the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of
hazards arising in or from the workplace that could impair the health and well-being of
workers, taking into account the possible impact on the surrounding communities and the
general environment. This domain is necessarily vast, encompassing a large number of
disciplines and numerous workplace and environmental hazards. A wide range of structures,
skills, knowledge and analytical capacities are needed to coordinate. All workers are entitled to
work in environments where risks to their health and safety are properly controlled. Under
health and safety law, the primary responsibility for this is down to employers. Employers have
a duty to consult with their employees, or their representatives, on health and safety matters.

If we discuss about terminology of the Health and safety then we will get five basic
terminology. Those I discuss below:

 Accident:
Accident is an unforeseen and unplanned event or circumstance resulting especially from
carelessness or ignorance. Or we can say undesired circumstances which give rise to ill
health or injury, damage to property, plant, products or the environment; production loses or
increased liabilities [1].

 Incident:
Incident or near miss is a generic term for those events that do not cause harm but which might
have done so under different circumstances. Undesired circumstances and ‘near misses’ which
could cause accidents [3].

 Ill Health:
Medical Definition of ill health is a condition of inferior health in which some disease or
impairment of function is present but is usually not as serious in terms of curtailing activity as
an illness [2]. Acute and chronic ill health caused by physical, chemical or biological agents as
well as adverse effect on mental health [1].

 Hazard:
A Hazard is a condition or event with the potential to cause harm. A hazard is a situation that
poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment. A hazard is any source of
potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain
conditions at work. Basically, a hazard can cause harm or adverse effects to individuals as
health effects or to organizations as property or equipment losses. Sometimes a hazard is
referred to as being the actual harm or the health effect it caused rather than the hazard [4].

 Risk:
A probability or threat of damage, injury, liability, loss, or any other negative occurrence that is
caused by external or internal vulnerabilities, and that may be avoided through preemptive
action. Risk means the likelihood that a specified undesired event will occur due to the
realization of hazard by, or during work activities or by the products and services created by
work activities [1].

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 The above terminology all is interrelated.
Risk is not directly observable – probability of harm to system elements being realized from
exposure to hazards and danger. And this leads to Harm. That is the damage o system elements
– long or short term. And consequently this leads to Accidents, which results in injuries or
health damage [1].

The Endorsed Codes of Training (ACOP) is a commonsense manual for accomplishing the
measures of wellbeing, security and welfare required. A code of training applies to any
individual who has an obligation of care in the conditions portrayed in the code. As a rule,
following an endorsed code of training would accomplish consistence with the health and
safetyobligations, in connection to the topic of the code. Like controls, codes of training
manage specific issues and don't cover all dangers or dangers that may emerge. The health and
safetyobligations require obligation holders to consider all dangers related with work, not just
those for which controls and codes of training exist.

The ACOP has uncommon legitimate status and gives down to earth guidance for every one of
those included in development work. In the event that we take after the exhortation in the
Endorsed Codes of Practices, we will be doing what's necessary to consent to the law in regard
of those particular issues on which it gives guidance. Additionally ACOP offer reasonable
cases of good practice. They give counsel on the most proficient method to conform to the law
by, for instance, giving a manual for what is "sensibly practicable".

 The ACOP clarifies:

The legitimate obligations put on customers, Development Plan and Administration (CDM)
facilitators, architects, important contractual workers, temporary workers, independently
employed and laborers. The conditions in which residential customers don't have obligations
under CDM 2007. Gives data on the new part of CDM facilitator – a key venture counselor for
customers and in charge of organizing the courses of action for health and safetyamid the
arranging period of bigger and more perplexing undertakings.

It additionally incorporates which developments ventures should be told to HSE before work
begins and gives data on how this ought to be finished. The most effective method to evaluate
the skill of associations and people required in development work. The most effective method
to enhance co-operation and co-appointment between each one of those included in the
development extend and with the workforce. What fundamental data should be recorded in
development health and safety designs and documents, and what shouldn't be incorporated.

Directions are law, affirmed by Parliament. These are generally made under the Health and
safety at Work Workmanship, following proposition from HSC. This applies to controls in
view of EC Mandates and in addition "home-grown" ones. The Health and safety at Work
Workmanship, and general obligations in the Administration Directions, are objective setting
and leave managers flexibility to choose how to control dangers which they distinguish.
Direction and Endorsed Codes of Training give counsel.

All gatherings to an agreement have particular duties under health and safety law, and these
can't be passed on to another person: bosses are in charge of shielding individuals from hurt
caused by work exercises. This incorporates the obligation not to hurt temporary workers and
sub-contractual workers on location representatives and contractual workers need to take mind

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 not to imperil themselves, their associates or others influenced by their work contract based
workers additionally need to conform to the HSW Demonstration and other health and safety
enactment.

 A few cases of Affirmed Code of Training.

Control of substances perilous to wellbeing (6th version)

The control of substances perilous to wellbeing directions 2002 Affirmed code of training and
direction. It assesses administrative changes following the presentation of the EU Directions
for Achieve (Enlistment, Assessment, Approval and limitation of Chemicals.) and CLP
(European Control (EC) No 1272/2008 on characterization, marking and bundling of
substances and blends).

Safe utilization of work hardware

Arrangement and utilization of work hardware controls 1998 Endorsed code of training and
direction. This Affirmed Code of Training and direction is gone for businesses, obligation
holders and any individual who has duty regarding the protected utilization of work gear, for
example, chiefs and bosses. It sets out what is expected to conform to the Arrangement and
Utilization of Work Hardware Directions 1998. The Directions, usually known as PUWER, put
obligations on individuals and organizations who possess, work or have control over work
gear. PUWER additionally puts duties on organizations and associations whose representatives
utilize work gear, regardless of whether possessed by them or not.

Manual taking care of – Manual taking care of operations directions 1992 – Direction on
controls. The reference section contains hazard channels which help recognize those
undertakings that don't require a nitty gritty evaluation. It clarifies how HSE's evaluation
instruments can be utilized as a component of the hazard appraisal prepare. Managers must
conform to the Manual Taking care of Operations Controls 1992, as altered by the Health and
safety (Different Revisions) Directions 2002. It discloses how to maintain a strategic distance
from survey and lessen the danger of damage from manual taking care of.

The Administration of Health and safety at Work Directions apply to everybody at work and
urge businesses to adopt a more precise strategy to managing wellbeing and wellbeing by
evaluating the hazard which influences representatives and everybody who may be influenced
by the site occupiers work, including temporary workers setting up crisis methodology giving
preparing and coordinating others on wellbeing and wellbeing matters.

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1.1 (b) Outline the reasons for a safe and healthy workplace.

 Introduction:
A serious workplace injury or death changes lives forever – for families, friends, communities,
and coworkers too. Human loss and suffering is immeasurable. Occupational injuries and
illnesses can provoke major crises for the families in which they occur. In addition to major
financial burdens, they can impose substantial time demands on uninjured family members.
Today, when many families are operating with very little free time, family resources may be
stretched to the breaking point.

Every person who leaves for work in the morning should expect to return home at night in
good health. Can you imagine the knock on the door to tell you your loved one will never be
returning home? Or the phone call to say he’s in the hospital and may never walk again?
Ensuring that husbands return to their wives, wives to their husbands, parents to their children,
and friends to their friends. That is the most important reason to create a safe and healthy
workplace.
[5]
But it is not the only reason. I got three main reason for a safe and healthy workplace.

 Basic Reasons for safe and Healthy workplace

 Safety programs create productive work environments

 Work premises are kept to higher standards for safety, cleanliness and housekeeping.
 A safe work environment produces happier employees because everyone wants to go
home safe each day
 Companies assets are protected
 Safety programs enable a company to win and retain business customers
 Safety programs create an environment where safety improvements are considered,
encouraged and implemented
 Safe work environments enhance the brand value and goodwill for a company
 Safety reduces business costs and disruption

 Moral and Ethical Reasons

The main fact is no one comes to work to be injured or killed. The proactive management of
safety and health in the workplace helps organizations prevent injuries and ill-health at work.
This guidance should help organizations reduce the personal loss caused as a result of
accidents and ill-health at work. Whatever sort of business you are, there is always the
possibility of an accident or damage to someone's health.

Time and again, companies that put safety first turn out higher quality products. In some cases,
that’s because a safe workplace tends to be a more efficient one, free of debris and tangles of
cords. In other cases, it’s a matter of focus. By working in a clean, efficient environment,
workers are able to reduce distractions and truly focus on the quality of what they do. The
results? Better products that create customer loyalty, bigger margins and increased sales. In
these ways and others workplace safety is about much more than legislation. It’s about creating
the kind of productive, efficient, happy and inspiring workplace we all want to be part of. It’s
about creating a highly profitable company. And that’s why it’s important.

 Economic Reasons

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 Besides reducing costs, effective safety and health management promotes business efficiency.
Thousands of work-related accidents, resulting in more than three days off work are reported to
the Health and Safety Authority each year. Work-related diseases and ill-health are more
difficult to measure due to their long latency period but result in excess of one million days lost
at work each year. These accident and ill-health cases are due to failures and deficiencies in the
occupational safety and health management in organizations.

If a worker is injured on the job, it costs the company in lost work hours, increased insurance
rates, workers’ compensation premiums and possible litigation. Productivity is lost when other
workers have to stop work to deal with the injury. Even after the injured employee has been
sent home or taken to the hospital, other employees may be distracted or need to take time off
from work in the aftermath of the incident. Even a single injury can have far-reaching and
debilitating effects on our business.

Example: Piper Alpha – 167 people killed – estimated to have cost over billion including 746
million euro in direct insurance payouts.

In December of 2011 Twenty seven million working days were lost due to work-related
[13]

illness and workplace injury.

 Legal Reasons
The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 (the 2005 Act) requires all duty holders to
ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the safety, health and welfare of workers and
members of the public and to manage and conduct all work activities in such a way as to
ensure their safety, health and welfare. This requires all who have this legal responsibility to be
proactive in managing their safety, health and welfare responsibilities and deal with them in a
systematic way. This section should help organizations to improve their safety and health
performance by providing advice on how safety and health should be managed, and in the
process help them to comply with their legal requirements.
Organization have a legal obligation. In the UK – Health & safety at work act, 1974 and
associated Regulations, e.g Management of Health & Safety at work regs 1999 Quarry
Regulations, 1999.

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1.2 The responsibilities and roles of all the team members in my construction company.
[6]
A contractor is anyone who directly employs or engages construction workers or
manages construction work. Contractors include sub-contractors, any individual self-
employed worker or business that carries out, manages or controls construction work.
They must have the skills, knowledge, experience and, where relevant, the
organizational capability to carry out the work safely and without risk to health.

Construction is a collaborative activity; only by pooling the knowledge and experience

of many people can buildings meet today’s let alone tomorrow’s needs. But simply
bringing people together does not necessarily ensure they will function effectively as a
team. Effective teamwork does not occur automatically. It may be undermined by a
variety of problems, such as lack of organization, misunderstanding, poor
communication and inadequate participation. This leaflet sets out some of the key
ways in which construction teams can harness the collective energy of all their
members to achieve a common purpose.

The health and safety executive have been worried for quite a while at the poor
standard of welfare offices on numerous development destinations. Welfare plans
incorporate the arrangement of sterile comforts and washing offices, drinking water,
convenience for dress, offices for changing attire and offices for rest and eating
dinners.

Sterile and washing offices incorporating showers if vital with a sufficient supply of
drinking water ought to be accommodated everyone chipping away at the site.
Convenience will be required for the changing and capacity of garments and rest
offices for break times. There ought to be satisfactory emergency treatment
arrangement and defensive attire against antagonistic climate conditions.

There ought to be satisfactory assurance from the climate and just if all else fails
should open comforts be utilized. A decent supply of warm water, cleanser and towels
must be given as near the sterile offices as could be expected under the
circumstances. Hand dryers are allowed however there are worries about their
viability in drying hands totally and consequently expelling all microorganisms. On
account of brief or remote work destinations, adequate synthetic storage rooms and
adequate washing water in compartments must be given. All such offices ought to be
all around ventilated and lit and cleaned consistently.

Drinking water must be promptly open to the whole workforce. The supply of drinking
water must be sufficient and healthy. Ordinarily mains water is utilized and ought to
be set apart as 'drinking water' if water not fit for drinking is additionally accessible.
On a few destinations, especially amid the early phases of development, it might be
important to give filtered water or water in tanks. In this occasion, the water ought to
be changed routinely and shielded from sullying. Containers or mugs ought to be
accessible close to the tap unless a water fountain is given.

Convenience for garments and offices for changing dress must be given which is
spotless, warm, dry, very much ventilated and secure. Where laborers are required to

24 | P a g e
 wear exceptional or defensive dress, game plans ought to be with the end goal that
the specialists' own particular attire is not defiled by any unsafe substances. On littler
destinations, the site office might be reasonable for the capacity of attire gave that it
can be kept secure and utilized as a rest office.

Offices for rest and eating dinners must be given so laborers may take a seat amid
soften times up zones where they don't have to wear individual defensive gear. It
ought to be feasible for laborers to make hot beverages and get ready sustenance.
Isolate rooms ought to be accommodated smokers and non-smokers. Offices ought to
likewise be accommodated pregnant ladies and nursing moms to rest. Courses of
action must be set up to guarantee that sustenance is not sullied by unsafe
substances. Many flames have been caused by setting garments on an electric
radiator. Soggy garments ought not to be situated in contact with the warmer and
there ought to be satisfactory ventilation around the radiator. On the off chance that
conceivable, the warmer ought to be fitted with a high temperature cut-out gadget.

The area of the welfare offices on the site is essential. They ought to be found
neighboring each other and as near the fundamental working region as could be
expected under the circumstances. It is likely that as the work advances, the welfare
offices should be moved. It might be fitting to utilize offices in neighboring premises.
Be that as it may, every such game plan must be concurred ahead of time with the
significant neighbor. Dependence on open accommodations ought to be evaded
because of their shakiness and absence of high temp water for washing.

For general obligations, it can be put on a few gatherings. For illustrations,

businesses, representatives, independently employed, and individuals who control
work guarantees.

For business' obligations, they should guarantee the security, wellbeing and welfare
of every one of their workers if so far as is sensibly practicable. This is regularly
alluded to as the "General obligation of bosses to their workers" and is the best and
most powerful piece of all the wellbeing laws. They have to pay extraordinary push to
put into ensuring something is protected. It places wellbeing safely in the position of
first need.

 Here some of the responsibilities and roles

 The Managing Director

The Managing Director is responsible for the overall arrangements and for
ensuring that the company’s operations are executed at all times in such a manner
as to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare of
all employees and others who may be affected by its operations.

In particular the Managing Director will:

1. Ensure there is an effective company policy for health and safety and that all
employees, contractors and temporary workers are made aware of their
individual responsibility.

25 | P a g e
 2. To understand and ensure, through the appointment of competent persons,
that the company’s responsibilities as employers under the Health and Safety
at Work etc.
3. Act 1974 and any relevant Acts of Parliament and Statutory Instruments are
met.
4. To appoint a Director responsible for safety.
5. To ensure that all Directors and Managers understand and fulfill their
responsibilities with regard to health and safety.
6. Arrange for funds and facilities to meet the requirements of company policy and
legislation.
7. Make provision for adequate and appropriate training to be given to all
employees.
8. To ensure that notification and reporting procedures to the relevant statutory
authorities are carried out.
9. Set a personal example on all matters of health and safety.

 Director Responsible for Health and Safety

The Director Responsible for Health and Safety is accountable to the Managing
Director for all matters relating to health, safety and welfare of employees and
those affected by the company’s operations.
In particular the Director Responsible for Health and Safety will:

1. Understand and ensure that the implications and duties imposed by new Acts
of Parliament, Statutory Instruments, H.S.E. Guidance Notes and Codes of
Practice are brought to the attention of the Board of Directors.
2. To bring company related health and safety matters to the attention of the
Board of Directors at regular intervals.
3. To ensure that good communications exist between employer and employees
and are maintained.
4. Liaise with the person appointed in the role of Safety Manager over the full
range of their duties and responsibilities, with respect to inspections, audits,
report recommendations, changes in legislation and advice obtained from other
sources.
5. Ensure adequate means of distributing and communicating health, safety and
welfare information obtained for the H.S.E., Safety organizations and Trade
associations regarding new techniques of accident prevention, new legislation
requirements and codes of practice etc.
6. Ensure that an adequate programmer of training for health and safety is
established and that the safety culture is encouraged amongst employees.
7. Set a personal example at all times by using the correct personal protective
clothing/equipment and following all safety requirements and procedures.

 Safety Manager
The primary role of the Safety Manager is to advise the Directors and Managers on
all safety, health and welfare matters to ensure the Company complies with its
statutory obligations. The Safety Manager is designated responsibility by the
Director responsible for health and safety to control and update this Safety Manual

26 | P a g e
 and to ensure that all Departments operate to the procedures and instructions
contained there:-

In particular the Safety Manager will:

Understand the application of the Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1974 and
other legislation relevant to the Companies business.

Keep up to date with changes in current legislation and to bring to the attention of
the Director responsible for Health and Safety any relevant new legislation.

1. Attend such courses/seminars run by external sources to enable accurate

interpretation of legislation to enable implementation within the organization.
2. Ensure that all “assessments” as required by legislation are conducted and
reviewed at relevant intervals and to maintain records of the same.
3. To recommend control measures and advise on the standard of P.P.E. issued
to employees.
4. Conduct health and safety inspections and prepare reports of all the company’s
operations.
5. Immediately contact the Director responsible for health and safety if situations
are found, that in the opinion of the Safety Manager, require immediate
rectification or the stopping of any operation.
6. To notify the Director responsible for health and safety if the corrective action
agreed after any workplace inspection is not implemented by the arranged
date.
7. To carry out investigations into all accidents and near-miss incidents and to
record the findings on the relevant forms.
8. Advise the Company Secretary of all incidents reportable under R.I.D.D.O.R.
9. To arrange Health surveillance as instructed.
10. To highlight areas where training/certification is required to meet the standards
imposed by Legislation, Approved Codes of Practice, or H.S.E. guidance.
11. To bring new techniques for improving health, safety and welfare to the
attention of the Director responsible for health and safety.
12. To set a personal example by wearing appropriate personal protective
clothing / equipment and observing all safety requirements/procedures.

 Managers/Heads of Department
Each Manager/Department Head is responsible for his personal safety and that of
all personnel under his or her authority, including others who may be affected by
the company’s activities.

In particular they will:

1. Understand and implement the company safety policy.

2. Appreciate the responsibilities of personnel under their authority and ensure
that each employee knows his/her responsibility and are equipped to play their
part.
3. Conduct Risk Assessments on activities within their department ensuring that
the methods and systems of work are safe. Also that the necessary

27 | P a g e
 procedures, rules and regulations designed to achieve this are formulated,
published and applied.
4. Provide written instructions of work methods outlining potential hazards and
precautions, and ensure they are complied with.
5. Ensure accident and near-miss reporting procedures are understood and
complied with, and assist with accident investigations where appropriate.
6. Ensure all employees and sub-contractors are suitably trained/competent to
carry out the prescribed task and that the necessary licenses/certificates of
competence are in force and appropriate.
7. Ensure the Statutory Notices, the Safety Policy, Insurance Certificate and the
names of Appointed First Aiders are displayed and maintained in prominent
locations.
8. Ensure that all new employees in the company are provided with a copy of the
policy statement, receive such induction training as may be laid down in
procedures, are issued with personal protective equipment as required and
their personal responsibilities as set out in this manual.
9. Reprimand any employee for failing to discharge their health and safety
responsibilities.
10. Set a personal example with regard to health and safety matters.

 Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Manager

The Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Manager is responsible for his personal
safety and that of all personnel under his authority, including others who may be
affected by the company’s activities. In particular he will:-

1. Understand and implement the Company Safety Policy.

2. Appreciate the responsibilities of personnel under their authority and ensure
that each employee knows his/her responsibility and are equipped to play their
part.
3. Ensure that all written schemes and procedures identified in Part 3 of this
document are prepared, contain sufficient detail for each task to be critically
analyzed, and fully comprehensible to all required to use them.
4. Prepare and maintain a scheme which identifies work equipment requiring
inspection by competent persons and ensuring that the equipment is easily
identifiable and available for inspection on the date required.
5. Prepare and maintain suitable records of all inspections. These records to
identify precisely what was inspected, how, who by, when, any defects found,
remedial action taken and the date/time of the next inspection.
6. As the appointed “responsible person” under the Supply of Machinery
Regulations ensure that all items of work equipment manufactured in house
comply with the essential health and safety requirements of schedule three of
the regulations and that all necessary documentation i.e. user and maintenance
guides etc. are produced.
7. Conduct Risk Assessments on activities within their department ensuring that
the methods and systems of work are safe. Also that the necessary
procedures, rules and regulations designed to achieve this are formulated,
published and applied.
8. Ensure that all engineering construction work under his control complies with all
relevant construction statutory instruments.

28 | P a g e
 9. Ensure accident and near-miss reporting procedures are understood and
implemented. Assist with accident investigations where appropriate.
10. Ensure all employees and sub-contractors are suitably trained/competent to
carry out the prescribed task and that the necessary licenses/certificates of
competence are in force and appropriate.
11. Ensure the Statutory Notices, the Safety Policy, Insurance Certificate and the
names of Appointed First-Aiders are displayed and maintained in prominent
locations.
12. Ensure that the impending start of any new employee is advised to the
Company Secretary in good time.
13. Reprimand any employee for failing to discharge their health and safety
responsibilities.
14. Set a personal example with regard to health and safety matters.

 Sub-Contractors
[7]
As buildings become increasingly complicated, so it becomes less and less likely
that any one contractor will have the required skills to carry out all of the works
necessary to construct them, and it may not make good commercial sense to take
on new employees for one project that would then have to be laid off for the next.

1. All Sub-Contractors must comply with the aims of this policy as a condition of
their sub contract and will be required to forward a copy of their Safety Policy
and Safety plan for the work to E & J.W. Glendenning Ltd. For scrutiny.
2. Sub-Contractors will at pre-contract meetings or other time as may be
stipulated, submit Assessments, Test Certificates and Method Statements to
comply with statutory requirements.
3. All Sub-Contractors and their employees must respond to, and promptly comply
with, any instruction issued by the Glendenning Group employees where it
affects health and safety.
4. Operator’s certificates of competence and test certificates for the various types
of plant and equipment to be used will be presented to site management before
the operation commences.
5. 5. Every Sub-Contractor will be responsible for providing his employees with
all necessary personal protective clothing and equipment.
6. All portable tooling and other plant and equipment will be maintained and in
good working order and in the case of lighting appliances and electrical
equipment evidence must be produced as to the correct testing and
certification.
7. 7. Any hired ride on plant will only be operated by persons appointed as being
competent and where applicable certificated to C.I.T.B. or Q.P.T.C. standards
for the plant in question.
8. 8. All electrical plant will be rated at 110 volts or lower and be operated
through a center tapped earth transformer. Any other electrical
equipment must be notified to the site manager who will require evidence
of the additional circuit and equipment protection measures to ensure the
safety of the operatives.
9. 9. Any materials or substances brought onto the site must be correctly labeled
and in approved containers or packages. Such materials or substances must

29 | P a g e
 be advised to the site manager together with an appropriate C.O.S.H.H.
assessment to ensure that the substance poses no risk to health or safety of
those affected by its use and that the correct storage and fire precautions are
adequately catered for.
10. Sub-Contractors will be responsible for ensuring that the personnel placed on
site are fully trained and competent in the work to be undertaken. Evidence of
training will be required at the tendering stage and may be requested during
site safety inspections/audits.
11. Sub-Contractors will ensure that they maintain their workplaces in a safe
condition and that their storage areas are kept clean, tidy and free from
hazards.
12. Further conditions on any other health and safety matters will be contained in
the conditions of order/contract and will form part of this policy’s requirements.

 All Employees
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 (M.H.S.W.R.) re-
enacts the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, which places responsibilities
on the employer and employees alike. In this connection, the Company reminds
employees of their duties under Section 7 of the act: to take care for their own
health and safety and that of others who may be affected by their acts or
omissions. Additionally, employees must also co-operate with the company to
enable it to discharge its own responsibilities successfully.

Furthermore, all employees are expected to:-

1. Carry out assigned tasks and duties in a safe manner, in accordance with
instructions, and to comply with safety rules/procedures, regulations and codes
of practice.
2. If aware of any unsafe practice or condition, or if in any doubt about the safety
of any situation, consult their supervisor.
3. Obtain and use the correct tools/equipment for the work and not to use any that
are unsafe or damaged. All tools, equipment and personal protective
equipment must be stored in the approved place after use.
4. Ensure that all guards are securely fixed and that all safety equipment and
personal protective clothing/equipment provided are used.
5. Not to operate any plant or equipment unless authorized.
6. To report any accident, near-miss, dangerous occurrence or dangerous
condition to their line management.
7. To switch off and secure unattended plant or equipment.
8. To avoid improvised arrangements and suggest safe ways of eliminating
hazards.
9. Not to participate in horseplay or place fellow employees in danger by their
actions.

 Conclusion:
Safe workers are the loyal workers. Any institution knows that employee attrition
and absenteeism can be major obstacles. When we create a healthy and safe
workplace, we reduce those issues in several ways. By budgeting for safety
improvements and making safety part of our operational plan, we engender trust.

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 By involving employees in safety decisions through reporting, committees, walk-
throughs and meetings, we show that their opinions matters to us. By following
through on their input and improving safety, we prove quite tangibly that we care
about their well-being. We should know our rolls and responsibilities in ours
workplace and we have to obey and respect those. Workers typically respond by
working harder, showing more pride in their jobs and remaining loyal.

1.3 (a) Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.

An Act to make further provision for securing the health, safety and welfare of persons
at work, for protecting others against risks to health or safety in connection with the
activities of persons at work, for controlling the keeping and use and preventing the
unlawful acquisition, possession and use of dangerous substances, and for controlling
certain emissions into the atmosphere; to make further provision with respect to the
employment medical advisory service; to amend the law relating to building
regulations, and the Building (Scotland) Act 1959; and for connected purposes [8].

The Act defines general duties on employers, employees, contractors, suppliers of

goods and substances for use at work, persons in control of work premises, and
those who manage and maintain them, and persons in general. The Act enables a
broad regime of regulation by government ministers through Statutory Instrument
which has, in the years since 1974, generated an extensive system of specific
provisions for various industries, disciplines and risks. It established a system of
public supervision through the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and
Health and Safety Executive, since merged, and bestows extensive enforcement
powers, ultimately backed by criminal sanctions extending to unlimited fines and
imprisonment for up to two years. Further, the Act provides a critical interface with the
law of the European Union on workplace health and safety [10].

The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (c 37) (abbreviated to "HSWA 1974",
"HASWA" or "HASAWA") is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that as of
2011 defines the fundamental structure and authority for the encouragement,
regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare within the United
Kingdom [9].

Objectives
Section 1 sets out the objectives of the Act as:
Securing the health, safety and welfare of persons at work;
Protecting persons, other than persons at work, against risks to health or safety
arising out of or in connection with the activities of persons at work;
Controlling the keeping and use of explosive or highly flammable or otherwise
dangerous substances, and generally preventing the unlawful acquisition, possession
and use of such substances.

As originally enacted, there was a fourth objective:

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 Controlling the emission into the atmosphere of noxious or offensive substances; but
this provision was repealed when control of emissions was brought under a uniform
scheme of legislation by the Environmental Protection Act 1990. In general, the other
provisions about emissions in the original Act have subsequently been repealed.

1.3 (b) The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999.

1999 requires co-operation and co-ordination between these contractors. This regulation
[11]

extends that duty by requiring all contractors and the workforce to co-operate with the
operator. Contractors also have duties under regulation 12 of the Management of Health and
Safety at Work Regulations 1999 to those not employed by them who work in parts of the
quarry under their control.

The HSE is the UK government body responsible for enforcing health and safety at work
legislation. The HSE also plays a major role in producing advice on health and safety issues,
and guidance on relevant legislation. The role of enforcement is split between HSE and local
authorities depending on the business sector.

In addition, HSE conducts research into the effectiveness of regulations and other health and
safety issues, consults with employers and employees representatives, and advises legislators
and government on health and safety.
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999

Legislation
The Regulations were introduced to reinforce the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974.
The MHSWR places duties on employers and employees including those who are clients,
designers, principal contractors or other contractors.
Many of the duties overlap with those of CDM but where they go beyond CDM (for example
concerning young people and expectant mothers) additional measures will be needed to
comply fully with MHSWR.
They require the employer to:

1. Undertake an assessment of the risks to health and safety of their employees and others
who may be affected by their work activity. Employers with 5 or more employees should
record the significant findings of this risk assessment.
The following General Principles of Prevention should be applied. Many people refer to
this listing and derivations from it as a hierarchy of risk control.
 Avoiding risks;
 Evaluating the risks which cannot be avoided;
 Combating the risks at source;
 adapting the work to the individual, especially as regards the design of
workplaces, the choice of work equipment and the choice of working and

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 production methods, with a view, in particular, to alleviating monotonous
work and work at a predetermined work-rate and to reducing their effect on
health;
 Adapting to technical progress;
 Replacing the dangerous by the non-dangerous or the less dangerous;
 developing a coherent overall prevention policy which covers technology,
organization of work, working conditions, social relationships and the
influence of factors relating to the working environment;
 Giving collective protective measures priority over individual protective
measures; and
 Giving appropriate instructions to employees.
2. To make appropriate arrangements for managing health & safety. Employers of 5 or more
should record these arrangements
3. Undertake any health surveillance as is necessary regarding the employees when it has
been determined by the risk assessment
4. To appoint competent people, preferably their own employees, to assist in the above
measures. Where there is more than one competent person appointed there must be
adequate co-operation between them
5. Establish procedures to be followed by any employee should situations arise which could
present serious or imminent danger i.e. an evacuation procedure
6. Provide relevant information on health & safety in an understandable form
7. Ensure co-operation and co-ordination between employers and the self-employed sharing a
workplace
8. Ensure employees are given adequate health and safety training and are not given tasks
beyond their competence or physical capabilities
9. Provide temporary workers with the appropriate health & safety information to enable them
to carry out the work safely

Employees also have duties under MHSWR to:

 Report any shortcomings in health & safety arrangements
 Report dangerous situations
 Use equipment in accordance with training and instruction
 Take reasonable care of their own health & safety and those of others who may be
affected by their acts or omissions

The 1999 Regulations revoke:

 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992
 The Management of Health and Safety at Work (Amendment) Regulations 1994
 The Health and Safety (Young Persons) Regulations 1997
 Part 3 of The Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations were amended in October 2003
to remove the civil liability exclusions in the 1999 Regulations and allow:
o Employees to claim damages from their employer in a civil action, where they
suffer injury or illness as a result of the employer breaching the 1999 Regulations.
o Employers to bring actions against employees for breaches of their duties under the
1999 Regulations.

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 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 places a duty on employers
to assess and manage risks to their employees and others arising from work activities.

Employers must also make arrangements to ensure the health and safety of the workplace,
including making arrangements for emergencies, adequate information and training for
employees and for health surveillance where appropriate. Employees must work safely in
accordance with their training and instructions given to them.

Employees must also notify the employer or the person responsible for health and safety of
any serious or immediate danger to health and safety or any shortcoming in health and safety
arrangements.

Penalties for non-compliance with the health and safety at work legislation include;

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an important means of preventing work injuries.

Ideally, the best approach is to maintain a safe work environment and eliminate any potential
hazards. PPE should only be relied upon as a last line of defense in places where it is not
practicable to control the hazards at source.

The use of PPE generally implies working in a potentially hazardous work environment and
its use is a major means of injury prevention. Therefore, it is of prime importance to ensure
that the equipment chosen is both reliable and effective, it is being properly used and
maintained, and the user has undergone adequate training. The aim of this booklet is to raise
the awareness of occupational safety and health practices and the proper use of PPE of people
from all walks of life.

The “Construction Sites (Safety) Regulations” clearly state that no person shall enter a
construction site without wearing a suitable safety helmet. In other places where there is the
risk of falling objects, workers must also correctly wear safety helmets to avoid head injury.

Also, fall from height accidents could cause serious injuries. Employers and employees
engaged in work at height should pay particular attention to the hazards involved and adopt
adequate precautions. To ensure the safety and health of the workers in work at height, the
Council has launched the “Anchor Device Sponsorship Scheme for Renovation &
Maintenance SMEs” and “Safe Ladder Sponsorship Scheme for SMEs”. The schemes assist
the employers of small and medium enterprises involved in work at height. The sponsorship
goes to the purchase of anchor devices for fall protection system and safe ladders.

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3.3 Task 2
2.1 Formal written report about the organization’s health and safety policy to the Managing
Director [12].

Health and Safety at Work Etc. Act 1974, Section 2 (3)

COMPANY SAFETY POLICY

VJA Construction Ltd.

The Board of Directors believe that the Health, Safety and Welfare of its employees and others
affected by its operations should have equal importance to quality, cost, production and morale.
In accepting this responsibility the Board of Directors aim, so far as is reasonably practicable, to
provide a working environment that is safe and without risk to health by paying particular attention
to:-

a) The provision and maintenance of plant, equipment and systems of work that are
safe and without risk to any person.
b) Safe arrangements for the handling, storage and transportation of articles and
substances.
c) Sufficient information, instruction, training and supervision to enable all employees
to avoid hazards and contribute positively to their Health and Safety at work.

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 Adequate communication of information, instruction and supervision will also be
provided to avoid injury to any other persons likely to be affected.
d) Safe access to and egress from places of work.
e) The provision and maintenance of a working environment that is, so far as is
reasonably practicable, adequate with regard facilities and arrangements for
employee’s welfare at work.

This policy can only be successful with the active co-operation of all management, employees,
contractors and visitors, who have a duty to offer all necessary assistance to ensure the Health and
Safety of themselves and others.
The Board of Directors also believe that it is the responsibility of all employees to perform their
assigned duties safely by following established safe working procedures, the correct use of
personnel protective equipment (P.P.E.) or control measures and by reporting or, where able to do
so safely, correcting unsafe acts or conditions.
In order to ensure the implementation of this policy the Board of Directors have appointed
Mr.I.F.Glendinning as the Director Responsible for Health and Safety.
Arrangements and Responsibilities for Health and Safety are laid out in the Company Safety
Document.

Signed ...................................................................................... Date....................................

Managing Director

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A health and safety strategy is a composed articulation by a business expressing the organization's
dedication for the insurance of the health and safety of workers and to general society. It is a
supported responsibility by administration to its workers in regards to their wellbeing and security.

Wellbeing is a common duty of all individuals from the association. In light of a legitimate
concern for enhanced security, the association might give, so far as could be expected under the
circumstances, an office free of health and safety perils. To fulfill this, the association might
consent to all word related security, wellbeing and natural laws commanded by important
neighborhood, state, and government law or direction.

To anticipate wounds to its faculty, Architects and all representatives , and to counteract harm to
property and hardware, the association might give preparing to its staff, Designers and all
workers , as suitable, and should require consistence with wellbeing directions and systems.
Thusly, every worker is eventually in charge of individual security, and might take after wellbeing
and wellbeing approaches and techniques, practice alert in the execution of obligations, utilize
ordinary safe working practices, watch and obey wellbeing postings and principles, utilize and
keep up individual defensive hardware when required and affirmed, and immediately report all
mischances to the suitable specialists.

The target of the Security Arrangement is to ensure the wellbeing and prosperity of all
representatives by:

 Decreasing the quantity of mischances and wounds.

 Instituting satisfactory systems to shield all property from misfortune and harm because of
mischances.
 Assuring that all representatives unmistakably comprehend the dangers that specifically
influence them in the execution of their obligations, and furnishing all workers with
satisfactory preparing to manage these dangers
 Requiring all representatives to be an inconsistency with all security controls and strategies.
 Reducing, controlling, or maintaining a strategic distance from representative presentation
to all known or suspected word related wellbeing and dangers.
 Establishing and keeping up a correspondence with all workers to keep them mindful of the
wellbeing and wellbeing components identified with their employment.
 Establishing and keeping up a mishap and damage revealing framework and recordkeeping
framework.
 Training all representatives to utilize the announcing framework.

Security Arrangement Obligations

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 The Overseeing Executive should:

 Assume extreme institutional duty regarding the general wellbeing and wellbeing
arrangement of the association.
 Ensure the presence of a progressing Wellbeing Advisory group and the position of
Executive of natural Health and safety(EH&S).
 Delegate to the Security Board and the Executive of EH&S duties regarding building up
the methodology to be trailed by all representatives, and each one of those having
authoritative obligations regarding workforce supervision and offices control.
 Act on proposals of the Wellbeing Advisory group and the Executive of EH&S
 Invest the Executive of EH&S with the specialist to translate material controls and
strategies, and implement them through fitting authoritative channels.

The wellbeing board of trustees might:

 Hold consistent gatherings as essential, however meet at any rate once consistently.
 Assess potential dangers and impart proposed peril control data to the association.
 Inform representatives of security advisory group exercises and proposals.
 Help propel representatives to make a culture of security in the work environment.
 Assist in:
 Development of wellbeing tenets, arrangements, and methods.
 Control of perils.
 Periodic assessment of the wellbeing program.
 Inspection of the working environment.
 Development of wellbeing preparing and mindfulness themes.

What's more, the security panel should:

 Coordinate the foundation of grounds strategies and models relating to security, wellbeing,
and misfortune control.
 Transmit correlated security and wellbeing data to the Executive of EH&S and to proper
heads as required.

The Executive of Natural Health and safety might:

 Be enabled by the overseeing chief to decipher and implement every single material
direction and strategies;
 Assist in the arrangement of composed systems and norms for safe general practices in
work and site circumstances;
 Inspect all association offices, including yet not constrained to, particular operations, site
exercises, in conjunction with fitting council individuals at customary and satisfactory
interims.
 Use crisis activity techniques and deliberate with the fitting association divisions and
administrative organizations for medicinal concerns, compound spills, flames, and power
misfortune in conjunction with other set up crisis reaction staff's and arrangements.
 Implement, in conjunction with wellbeing panel individuals and managerial executives, the
security and wellbeing preparing exercises required for particular operations and lab work
that may deliver risky circumstances;

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  Actively advance and be an asset for instructive wellbeing preparing programs for
divisions, staff sand all workers.
 Perform recordkeeping for security projects and issues.
 Report to the Security Advisory group and the Staff Office concerning mishap reports and
mischance examinations;
 Provide a hazard evaluation, as asked for, for progressing or proposed operations, give
techniques to chance minimization or disposal, and create cost gauges for usage of these
systems.

Wellbeing officers, managers, organizers should:

 Ensure that all people, all staff's and every other worker in their areas of expertise
comprehend wellbeing related systems and arrangements, especially with respect to
mischance revealing and safe-work hones. To accomplish this end, wellbeing gatherings
with workers ought to be planned once consistently (can be incorporated into customary
departmental meeting) to examine the accompanying issues. These gatherings ought to be
archived as to substance and participation, with duplicates of documentation being sent to
the Natural Health and safety Office.
 Recent mischances, assuming any.
 Near misses, A close miss is characterized as an episode that can possibly cause
genuine damage or property harm. The occurrence uncovers a physical condition or
representative activity that could prompt future genuine damage or property harm if
not rectified.
 Employee proposals for enhancing work environment security conditions.
 Results of investigations by Ecological Health and safety or potentially the State.
 Corrective activities performed because of risky conditions that were distinguished.
 Any questions relating to the security program, approaches, and activities of the
Wellbeing Board of trustees.

 Request preparing, writing, or data from the Chief of EH&S as expected to guarantee that
representatives comprehend mischance revealing techniques and safe work rehearses.
 Guarantee that office chiefs and aides uphold wellbeing rules, report mischances instantly,
and keep records of close misses for survey.
 When vital, quickly and precisely entire a mishap report shape or guarantee that the frame
is finished, and present a duplicate to the Work force Office inside 24 hours of the
mischance or damage.

Representatives might:

 Receive a duplicate of the associations Security Arrangement and sign an announcement

recognizing that they have gotten and perused the approach.
 Perform their occupation inconsistency with safe work rehearses.
 Attend required security preparing programs when they are advertised.
 Promptly answer to their chief any unmistakable unsafe condition or method that may put a
worker at the chance. On the off chance that the boss does not react to the report of peril,
contact the Chief of EH&S for development.
 Report any mischances, wounds, or exposures to risky chemicals to their boss.

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  Recognize "close misses" and report them to their director; coordinate in the examination
of any close miss or mishap to keep a repeat.
 Understand and utilize affirmed safe work techniques, and perceive potential dangers or
outcomes if apparatus, devices or kindred representatives neglect to perform sufficiently.
 Operate hardware or gear just for which they have been approved and prepared.
 Use just devices, apparatus and vehicles that are in safe working request.
 Never jeopardize the wellbeing or security of a colleague, understudy, or the general
population through tomfoolery, handy jokes, wanton disregard, or neglectful apathy.
 Never be affected by inebriating refreshments, mind-modifying substances or prescription
that could influence their execution at work (likewise observe Grounds Medication and
Liquor Strategy).

Wellbeing preparing:

The authoritative wellbeing Society and Working environment (Wellbeing, Security and
Welfare) Directions 1992 require that the association give representatives security
preparing and training programs. In consistence with this, the association might advise all
workers of:

 All perils to which they are uncovered.

 Routes of the introduction of peril, through skin contact, inward breath, ingestion, and so
on.
 Proper safety measures to shield them from the introduction.
 Emergency treatment techniques.

To this end, the association should give worker wellbeing preparing in the accompanying
zones:

 New worker introduction;

 Basic worksite wellbeing;
 Hazardous materials in the working environment (Peril Correspondence);
 Accident announcing;
 Emergency methods;
 Use of individual defensive gear as suitable and as endorsed;
 Medical care and medical aid;
 Fire assurance/avoidance;
 Materials dealing with and capacity;
 Machinery and hardware protecting;
 Other ranges as considered important by the Wellbeing Advisory group or offices.

Those in regulatory or administrative positions should give wellbeing preparing or make

plans for security preparing when:

 A new worker or an exchanged representative starts work in their specialty.

 Procedures have been changed.
 Specific data must be made accessible.
 Employee execution needs change.
 Loss investigation uncovers patterns adding to wounds.

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 Restorative Treatment

Any worker who need therapeutic treatment due to a business related mischance or damage
should:

 If the damage is not life debilitating, the worker ought to go to the allocated first aider to
get the circumstance took care of.
 If the damage requires prompt consideration, the worker ought to go to Crisis Room.
 In the occasion of a genuine mishap or damage where casualties ought not to be moved,
call 911 to react.

Mishap Announcing/Examination

All business related mischances, regardless of whether damage happens, must be accounted
for inside one working day to the Staff Office and Natural Health and safetyutilizing the
online First Report of Damage and Word related Illness shape (gotten to through Faculty or
EH&S).

On the off chance that the occurrence includes any property harm or misfortune, the Work
force Office and Physical Offices Chief must be told instantly.

Any non-business related episodes including guests must be accounted for inside one
working day by phone or face to face to the Staff Office utilizing the Guest Occurrence
Report shape.

All business related mishaps including at least one of the accompanying might be
researched consequently:

 Injury or demise including a worker. Damage or demise of an understudy will be

incorporated into this area if the damage or passing happens nearby.
 Damage to association’s property as well as vehicle in overabundance of $250.00.

The prompt manager or office head should make the underlying examination and report
utilizing the Principal Report of Word related Damage and Word related Infection. On the
off chance that the damage includes a worker or guest, the representative/Guest Episode
Report must be utilized. The finished shape should be sent to the Work force Office inside
twenty-four hours of the occurrence. The Faculty Office will arrange with the Chief of
EH&S to explore the occurrence.

A mishap report must be started regardless of the possibility that the worker does not look
for restorative consideration. This ensures the representative, the faculty office and the
association. On the off chance that a representative does not finish a report shape and later
chooses to see a specialist, and association has no documentation that the mishap happened
at work, the claim might be addressed or tested by the association and additionally the
Laborer's Remuneration transporter, and subsequently might be denied, regardless of the
possibility that no damage or property harm come about because of the episode. A "close
miss" flags that something is wrong and ought to be researched to avoid facilitate
occurrences.

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 A mishap report must be started and answered to the State Division of Work and Industry
Security Department inside eight hours in case of the passing of any representative from a
business related occurrence, and detailed inside 24 hours in case of the in-quiet
hospitalization of a worker, a removal or loss of an eye because of a business related
episode.

Crisis

In any crisis circumstance inside the association or the site, 911 must be brought in the
accompanying conditions:

 Anytime we have an oblivious individual. Regardless of the possibility that the individual
recaptures cognizance quickly, 911 must be called. The harmed/sick individual has the
privilege to decline treatment, yet we have the commitment to get medicinal help
dispatched to the scene. Note: A-1 Emergency vehicle does not charge for going to the
scene if nobody is taken in the rescue vehicle.
 Any mishap, disease, or work environment savagery circumstance where an existence
debilitating condition exists or a circumstance where the victim(s) ought not be moved.
 Anytime a fire caution goes off. The call ought to be made by somebody in the building
where the alerts are ringing. On the off chance that Physical Offices work force know about
the alert, as a reinforcement, they should call 911 in the occasion somebody in the building
did not call.

Physical Offices work force will go to the scene and sit tight for the fire division to arrive
yet won't enter the building. None of the association’s worker will enter until the fire
fighters have proclaimed the scene safe. In any case, at the demand of the fire division, the
offices staff may run in with the fire fighters to see the caution board to figure out which
alert has been initiated. Once the scene has been proclaimed safe, the offices
representatives will reset the alert, and the inhabitants will be permitted to backpedal into
the building.

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2.2 Determine training needs based on risk assessments on the respective construction
project.

The construction industry involves people working in a dynamic and ever-changing

environment. Hazards and risks change frequently on a site as construction work progresses and
as workers move from project to project.
A large majority of the industry’s workforce is employed by sub-contractors who undertake
work on many different sites managed by different contractors, and often within different
sectors of the industry.

The contractor where appointed should note that, in accordance with conditions of contract, he
is responsible for the safety of site operations.
The contractor shall comply with all the requirements described herein without detraction from
his responsibilities under the contract.

The contractor shall throughout the progress of the works comply with his duties under all
approved codes and all relevant health and safety legislation. Where no specific legislative
requirements exist, the contractor shall comply with guidance provided by codes of practice or
industry standards as a minimum standard of safety.

The contractor shall be responsible for ensuring compliance with this document throughout the
project including the activities of his appointed sub-contractors or temporary visitors.

 Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment Is the process where you: Identify hazards. Analyze or evaluate the risk
associated with that hazard. Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard.
Before any work commences on site the contractor shall nominate a competent person to be
responsible for coordinating risk assessments of all operations where risk is foreseeable and
ensuring that appropriate control measures are established and incorporated into safe systems of
work. The contractor shall use these safe systems of work as the basis for the health and safety
method statements. All method statements shall be developed in reasonable time to allow
coordination of hazardous works.

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 The objective of risk assessment is to highlight project related hazards and to develop methods
to deal with those hazards.

These assessments shall be in writing and will include but not limited to the following activities:

 Major Construction Elements

 General public and third party safety
 Location of site access/egress
 Vehicle movements on and off site
 Vehicle, Machinery and equipment hazards within the site
 Vehicle/Pedestrian segregation
 Temporary services distribution
 Siting of static plant and equipment
 Scaffolding
 Trench/Ground works
 Hazardous Chemicals
 Storage, Use and disposal of substances hazardous to health
 Noise
 Working at heights
 Excavation and underground services
 Manual Handling
 Use of portable hand tools
 Emergency procedures including evacuation routes
 Fire
 Materials storage
 Site hoarding
 Contaminated ground
 Lifting new elements of structure

All risk assessments shall be reviewed and revised as necessary to accommodate any changes
in methods of working, plant, equipment, material and or site development.
The management team will be available to liaise on matters of health and safety relevant to
these risks assessment.

The contractor shall ensure that all employees including sub-contractors are adequately trained
to carry out their particular duties or tasks including driving plant and operating equipment.
Housekeeping is of paramount importance. Contractors shall set down and make available to
the management team their systems for maintaining a clean, tidy and safe site.

 Training Needs

Training needs or Training Needs Analysis is the process used to identify the training and
development needs of the employees (all trades, professions, employees and contractors) so
they can be able to carry out their job effectively, safely and efficiently, and develop their
careers.

The Analysis considers the skills, knowledge and attributes (behaviors) that the people need
and how to identify and develop them effectively. The outcome of your analysis should be a
robust learning and development plan, based on identified requirements and linked to
organizational, team and individual objectives.

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 The training needs analysis process is about gathering information to identify gaps between job
knowledge and skills required for the project employment needs and the current knowledge
and skills of an employee or group of employees. It starts with collecting information against
the four levels of needs (legislation, organization, job and individual needs). Once the
information has been collected, it is then analyzed using a variety of sample templates.

 Organization Analysis

This relates to the needs of the organization or company as a whole, identifying where
training should be used to achieve organizational goals, objectives, targets and business
planning. This level views training needs in the context of what an organization needs.

 Job Analysis

This relates to the needs of specific jobs within an organization and uses information
about jobs to develop standards of performance that identify the necessary licenses,
legislative and regulatory requirements, knowledge, skills and attributes to achieve the
desired standards of performance. This level views training in terms of jobs which
together make up an organization.

 Personal Analysis

This relates to the needs of individuals within an organizations and the adequacy of
their competency level to perform their job requirements. This level views training in
terms of individuals who collectively make up the organization.

Regardless of what level of analysis that is been performed, the questions one needs to ask
includes but not limited to:

 Does a performance problem exist?

 Does the individual know how to do their job?
 Does the individual know the standards required for their job?
 Does the individual know the systems, processes and forms required?
 Does the individual know the legislative, regulations or codes that impact their work?
 What are the training related parts required for their job?
 What are the gaps if any?
 Why is there a gap?
 What are the causes of the gaps?
 What content is required in the training?
 What are the consequences of not identifying and implementing the training?
 Is there a training need?
 What are the parameters of the problem, need and tasks?
 What are the most important areas to deal with first?

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 General induction training aims to provide persons new to the construction industry with a
basic knowledge of HSE legislative requirements, principles of risk management and the
prevention of injury and illness in the construction industry.
General induction training should comprise a formal training program that provides workers in
the construction industry with an awareness and understanding of:

 The rights and responsibilities under the HSE law

 Common hazards and their risk in the construction site
 Basic risk management principles and
 The standard of behavior expected of workers on construction sites.

General induction training is recommended for all persons who carry out construction work,
including site managers and supervisors, surveyors, laborers and trade persons
It also recommended for all persons who access operational construction zones unaccompanied
or not directly supervised by an inducted.
It is recommended for all persons whose employments cause them to routinely enter
operational construction zones.

For all other persons the need for induction training should be determined by a risk assessment.
There are many other activities that relate to construction work where general induction
training may be necessary. The person in control of the construction project or work should
determine this by examining:

 The nature of the work to be performed and the level; of risk associated with those
tasks.
 The circumstances in which the work will be undertaken.
 The level of supervision

Induction training should be undertaken by persons working In general construction as well as

those in the residential sector.

General induction training consist of the knowledge an the skills described in the unit of
competency “work safely in the construction industry’’. The training should include at least the
following health and safety topics:

 Identify and understand roles, responsibilities and rights of duty holders

 Understand HSE communication and reporting processes
 Apply the principles of risk management
 Identify common hazards and control measures
 Interpret and apply safety information and documentation
 Use safe work practices
 Response to incidents

General induction should be completed once upon entry to the industry before commencing
construction work. However, general induction may be repeated when the person with control
of the construction work decides that there is need for re-training. This can be determined
through supervision, incidents, risk management, or when a person re-enters the industry after
an extended absence.

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 Site induction aims to provide participants with knowledge of HSE issues and safe work
practices specific to a particular construction workplace or site. It familiarizes persons on a
particular construction site with the principal contractor’s rules and procedures for HSE and
emergency management on that site, the supervisory and reporting arrangements, who the site
health and safety representatives are and any other issues relevant to that site.

The principal contractor or person with control of the construction work is responsible for
ensuring that site induction is carried out for all persons entering the site.

Site induction will vary between principal contractors, construction sectors and the
construction phase a project is going through at the time a person is brought onto the site. For
example, it may not be practical or necessary to provide the same level of site induction in the
residential construction sector as expected for general construction projects.

Site induction should be based on the HSE management plan, since the plan covers site
hazards, control measures, safety rules and other information specific to the site. Site induction
for general construction projects should include at least the following health and safety topics:

 Any site specific hazards and risk control measures involved in carrying out the work
as identified by the risk assessment process.
 Regulatory requirements or codes of practice relevant to any site specific hazards.
 site orientation including safe access/egress, location of amenities, first aid, security
requirements
 Site specific safety rules or procedures including notification of changes to the work
site
 On-site consultation and reporting arrangements, and details of relevant authorized
personnel,
 Accident, emergency and evacuation procedures and associated equipment on site.

A sample checklist for providing site induction to persons starting construction work who have
completed general induction training should be recorded and documented.

Where visitors to the construction site are required to enter an operational construction zone, it
is recommended that they attend a brief site induction session. A sample checklist for
providing induction to visitors should be recorded and documented. Any visitors should be
supervised by fully inducted site personnel at all times while on the site.

Site induction should be provided in the form of information and instructions by a competent
person who is familiar with the site and its hazards and risks. The induction should be tailored
to overcome any language barriers. There is no requirement for assessment attached to this
training.

Site induction should be provided prior to commencing construction work at each new site and
whenever there are changes to the site at which work is being undertaken that may affect health
and safety.

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3.4 Task 3
3.1 Selecting the suitable methods of hazard identification and explaining them.

 Introduction:
Hazard identification is a vital part of the workplace safety process. Hazard identification is a
process used to identify possible situations where people may be exposed to injury, illness or
disease, the type of injury or illness that may result from these and the way in which work is
organized and managed. Hazard identification involves a critical sequence of information
gathering and the application of a decision-making process. These assist in discovering what
could possibly cause a major accident, how likely it is that a major accident would occur and
the potential consequences and what options there are for preventing and mitigating a control
measures. These activities should also assist in improving operations and productivity and
reduce the occurrence of incidents and near misses. Hazard identification is the process of
identifying hazards in the workplace or for a work procedure. In order to understand what
hazard identification involves, it is first necessary to understand the nature of hazards.

Any situation, substance, activity, event, or environment that could cause injury, ill health or
death to a worker or other people in the workplace. Health and safety legislation requires us to
be proactive in identifying and controlling hazards before they cause actual harm to anyone.
Our aim should always be to be proactive the reactive hazard identification processes such as
identifying the cause of an injury after it has occurred, are less effective and have failed to
prevent the workplace incident. We should remember that a workplace is any place that a
worker carries out a work task for our business so even when your workers are offsite or
travelling for example, you need to be sure that they are not exposed to health and safety risks.
[15]
.

 Methods of hazard identification:

There are many methods for hazard identification. I state some of them and I will explain three
of them [16]:

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  Conducting pre-start discussions on the work to be carried out.
 Encouraging workers to recognize and highlight hazards while performing work.
 Carrying out safety inspections and audits of the workplace and work procedures.
 Monitoring, measuring and testing the working environment such as noise monitoring,
electrical testing and atmospheric testing.
 Analyzing proposed new or modified plant, material, process or structure.
 Conducting hazard surveys.
 Reviewing product information, like safety data sheets, operating manuals, etc.
 Researching publicly available data on hazards, like newspaper articles, industry or
safety regulator alerts.
 Looking at past incident and near-miss reports.

Knowledge of hazards and their implications is necessary for the next steps of the safety case
process, including safety assessment, but is only worthwhile if it informs and improves
decision-making and seeks to identify all potential hazards and major incidents.

The hazard identification process sets the foundation for the remainder of the Safety Case
process. All hazards are identified during this phase so they can be assessed and safely
managed. Therefore the technique selected should:
 be systematic and structured
 faster creative thinking about possible hazards that have not previously been
experienced
 be appropriate for the facility

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  Consider which approach will extract the maximum quantity of useful information. It
should be appropriate for the people involved.

A simple, structured brainstorming technique will satisfactorily identify the majority of hazards
for many facilities. However, it may be necessary to apply a combination of different hazard
identification techniques to ensure that the full range of hazards is properly considered.

For example, incident data is useful to check that known hazards have not been missed. An
operator should take into account the operating history of the facility, or similar facilities
within the organization or industry. However, for the overall hazard identification process the
operator should not rely solely on historical data. A recorded incident is just one example out
of a vast range of potential incidents (most of which will never occur). The operator must
identify and control all potential incidents that may occur, not just prevent repetitions.

The operator will also need to decide when it is appropriate to use a more detailed technique.
Situations where a more detailed technique may be needed are where:

 there is uncertainty as to the underlying causes of a particular incident

 the complexity of a particular hazard is high
 a more detailed breakdown of the major incident is required to adequately assess the
likelihood during the Safety Assessment phase (see guidance note – Safety Assessment)
 The facility is new and the operator has no operating experience. A more detailed
technique may provide greater insight into the operability of the facility.
Because ownership of the Safety Case process is the responsibility of the whole organization
from management to shop floor, and because of the amount of work required to demonstrate a
case for safety, developing a Safety Case requires a large commitment in terms of site
personnel at all stages, including hazard identification. When carrying out hazard identification
it is recommended that the following aspects are considered:

 Provide the right mix of expertise and involve all relevant work groups – hazards not
evident to individual work groups may be identified in the interaction between the
various work groups.
 Involve contractors and suppliers as necessary e.g. truck drivers provide a different
perspective on loading operations.
 Include an operations person who has a thorough knowledge of the facility and its
history
 Include someone with sufficient technical expertise in areas relevant to the facility,
such as those with chemical knowledge or of maintenance procedures, and designers to
capture design intent.

It is not usually possible to involve all workers in the hazard identification workshops;
however, it is important to provide feedback to those not directly involved. This feedback
should be in the form of training on the hazards that are present and the controls that are in
place. It should also provide an opportunity for the workers to review and comment on the
hazard identification output. This is an important quality control activity.

Sufficient time needs to be allocated to the hazard identification phase of the Safety Case
project plan. The plan should allow time for the workshop and to verify information to be used

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 in the workshop and post-workshop verification activities. Some contingency should be
allowed in the schedule for additional hazard identification activity that may arise from the
Safety Assessment.

The table of Site commitment for hazard identification.

The operator must base the hazard identification process on a comprehensive and accurate
description of the facility, including all necessary diagrams, process information, existing
conditions, modifications and material safety data sheets (MSDS). Prior to conducting the
hazard identification, the operator should collect all relevant information, compile it and then
check it for accuracy.

The hazard identification may be supported by past risk assessments and historical incident
data. The operator should refer to previous hazard studies, if they are relevant to identifying
major incidents, and consider all the issues discussed in this guidance note. However, the
operator must ensure that any existing studies:

 are fully understood by the hazard identification participants

 are still relevant for the current operating conditions and condition of the facility
 were conducted to an acceptable standard
 Addresses identified gaps.

While previous studies can be helpful, it cannot be assumed that they are correct e.g. the
absence of identified hazards in previous risk studies should not be taken as an indication that
there are no hazards to be identified. It may be that the previous hazard identification process
was inadequate, hazards were screened out and/or there have been changes to the facility since
the risk study.

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 It is useful to have a record of the facility and industry’s incidents or near misses at the hazard
identification workshop. Incidents or near misses, either at the facility or at similar facilities,
provide a clear indication of what has gone wrong in the past and could go wrong again. This
information is best used as a quality check at the workshop to avoid missing potential hazards
and major incident scenarios. The operator should review its own plant operating history and
conditions (e.g. corrosion, breakdowns and maintenance) for potential scenarios. However,
major incidents are rare and historical incidents are unlikely to represent the full range of
potential incidents. Incident data should be used to supplement more systematic hazard
identification techniques.

Another useful source of information on the hazards associated with storage and handling of
hazardous materials are MSDS. It is also worth referring to the technical literature provided by
material suppliers on their products

Hazard Identification Process

The identification of controls can occur during the hazard identification, separately or during
the Safety Assessment. The operator may find it beneficial to identify all (or as many as
possible) of the potential major incidents prior to identifying the hazards that may give rise to
the major incident. This may also assist in dividing the facility into sections for the hazard
identification process.

3.2 Identifing the major hazards associated with the construction processes involved in deep
basement construction.

 Introduction:
The construction of basements does have inherent risks, among them water ingress and load-
bearing capacity, and this guide is intended to address issues of risk management in the
construction of basements for residential buildings. Primarily the construction of basements
requires greater thought and detailing at the site survey and design stages to ensure risks are
addressed and designed or managed out. Soil and site conditions are key contributory factors
for potential failure and therefore the importance of geotechnical data cannot be
underestimated.

 Hazards in deep basement Construction.

There are many hazards associate with the construction processes involve in deep
basement construction. I am listing the major hazards in deep basement construction
and I will explain some of them [18]:

 Cave-ins
 Slips, trips, and falls while accessing, egressing, or working in the excavation.
 Contact with overhead electrical conductors and underground utilities.
 Materials handling.

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  Heavy equipment working near the excavation
 Tripping over equipment, debris and spoil
 Excavated material or other objects falling on workers
 Exposure to underground services or overhead electrical cables
 Unstable adjacent structures
 Mishandled or poorly placed materials
 Hazardous atmosphere (noxious gases/lack of oxygen)
 Toxic, irritating or flammable and explosive gases
 Incidents involving vehicles and other mobile equipment

Cave-in
A cave-in is a collapse of a geologic formation, mine or structure which may occur
during mining or tunneling. Cave-ins pose the greatest risk and are much more likely
than other excavation related accidents to result in worker fatalities. A cave-in typically
occurs when storm water washes soil into a defective pipe or structure. Over time, the
ground or pavement above the defective pipe or structure sinks. Cave-ins can be
easily identified by depressions in the soil or pavement. Cave-ins can also happen
around manholes or catch basins where pipes enter the structure. Geologic structures
prone to spontaneous cave-ins include alvar, stingy and other limestone formations,
but can also include lava tubes and a variety of other subsurface rock formations.
Glacier caves and other ice formations are very prone to collapse from exposure to
warm temperatures or running water. Workers can be critically injured or die in cave-
ins. Many cave-ins occur on small jobs of short duration, such as water, gas, electrical
and sewer line connections [17].

One of the biggest hazards related to trenching and excavation is the risk of cave-ins.
An unstable trench or excavation can collapse, killing or injuring workers by
suffocation or crushing when a worker is buried by falling soil. Trench stability is
affected by a number of factors such as:

 Improper use or installation of support system or trench box

 Soil type and moisture content
 Weather
 Vibration
 Depth of the trench
 Length of time the trench is left open
 Surcharge (excessive weight near the trench)
 Adjacent buildings and structures
 Existing foundations,
 Previous excavations or soil disturbances.

Most fatal cave-ins occur on small jobs of short duration such as service connections
and excavations for drains and wells. Too often people think that these jobs are not
hazardous enough to require safeguards against collapse. Unless the walls are solid
rock, never enter a trench deeper than 1.2 meters (4 feet) if it is not properly sloped,
shored, or protected by a trench box.

There are three basic methods of protecting workers against trench cave-ins:

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  Sloping.
 Shoring.
 Trench boxes.

Slips, trips, or falls

[19]
Unfortunately, falls are still one of the leading causes of fatalities and critical injuries
across Ontario. In the industries served by the Infrastructure Health and Safety
Association (IHSA), the number of lost-time injuries caused by falls in 2011 rose by
3.2 per cent from the previous year. Those statistics show that we need to do more to
reduce falls in our industries.

There is some way that we can prevent slips and trips or falls:

 The best way to prevent slips and trips is to practice good housekeeping. Keep
pathways and work areas clear of materials and debris.
 With snow and ice during the winter months, you need to take extra care to
prevent slips and trips. Keep walkways, access areas, and stairs clear of snow
and ice. Use salt or sand in those areas and ensure your boots provide good
traction.
 Stack materials neatly and secure them so that they can’t fall into pathways or
work areas. Make sure the surface they are on can support their weight.
 Make sure that cords from power tools and lights don’t pose a tripping hazard.
Fasten the cords to the floor or keep them away from pathways and work
areas. Unplug them when they aren’t in use.
 Guardrails and floor opening covers should be your first choice when it comes
to preventing falls. They offer the best protection because they actually
eliminate the fall hazard if they’re set up properly. With guardrails in place, you
can’t fall because there is no open edge. With secured floor opening covers in
place, you can’t fall because they eliminate the opening.
 From time to time, you may have to remove one or more guardrails to allow a
delivery or access to certain equipment. Remember that before a guardrail is
removed, everyone working in the fall hazard area must be protected by
another form of fall protection (such as a travel restraint or fall-arrest system).
As soon as it’s possible, put the guardrails back.
 When it’s not possible to use guardrails, use a travel restraint or fall-arrest
system and always tie off to a suitable anchor point.
 Avoid working from ladders. Use a work platform whenever possible.
 Always maintain three-point contact when you’re going up or down ladders and
when you’re climbing on or off vehicles or equipment.

Electrical hazards
[20]
Electricity is a major hazard which can, if not correctly controlled, present
significant risk to workers on a building site. Electricity has been called a ‘silent’ killer
and must be treated with respect. Electric hazard is a dangerous condition where a
worker could make electrical contact with energized equipment or a conductor, and

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 from which the person may sustain an injury from shock. There is potential for the
worker to receive an arc flash burn, thermal burn, or blast injury. Working near an
electrical hazard is dangerous and can be fatal. Any work on or near energized
equipment must be done only when measures are in place to provide protection from
electric shock and burn. With adequate safety measures in place, every electrical
injury and fatality can be prevented. An electric hazard is considered to be removed
when protective measures are put in place at the source, or along the path (place
electrical insulation/barrier between the worker and the electrical hazard). Where PPE
is relied upon for worker protection, an electrical hazard is considered to remain and it
is still necessary to address safety requirements for other workers in the area.

There are basically two ways to be injured by electricity. One is by electric shock and

the other is by arc flash.

Electric shock is the passing of electric current through the body. Electrical contact
can cause involuntary physical movements. The electrical current may prevent you
from releasing your grip from a live conductor, throw you into contact with a higher
voltage conductor, it may cause you to lose your balance and fall, it may cause severe
internal and external burns, and it also can kill you. A household 125-volt circuit can
deliver 15 amps. Current as low as 30/1000 of 1 amp (30 mA) can cause breathing to
stop. A 15-Amp circuit contains many times the current needed to cause death.

An arc flash is a release of energy caused by an electric arc. The flash causes an
explosive expansion of air and metal. The blast produces a dangerous pressure wave,
a dangerous sound wave, shrapnel, extreme heat, and extreme light. These dangers
can result in blast injuries, lung injuries, ruptured eardrums, shrapnel wounds, severe
burns, and blindness. Arc flash injuries can also result in death.

Heavy Equipment Hazards

[21]
Struck-by injuries are one of the three most common lost-time injuries in Ontario.
They occur when a worker is hit by work tools, by materials, by a vehicle, by
equipment such as a backhoe bucket, by flying debris, by earth during a trench
collapse, or by any other object.

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 There are a variety of ways that heavy equipment can present hazards if we don't
have the proper protection or controls. For example, we can be electrocuted if the
equipment contacts an overhead power line, can be crushed if your equipment
overturns, struck by or crushed by material being moved by heavy equipment,
crushed if caught between the equipment and a wall or other object, and can be run
over by a heavy vehicle.

Here I note some way or tips to avoid the Heavy Equipment Hazards:

o Whenever possible, plan a drive-through site to eliminate the need for vehicles
to back up.
o Train your drivers/operators to know their blind spots.
o Use a signaler where necessary, and make sure the signaler has been trained
on standard hand signals.
o Make sure your drivers/operators wear their seatbelts.
o Have your workers wear high-visibility clothing as required.

 How we can prevent the Hazard [18]

Protect ourself
Do not enter an unprotected trench! Trenches 5 feet (1.5 meters) deep or greater
require a protective system unless the excavation is made entirely in stable rock.
Trenches 20 feet (6.1 meters) deep or greater require that the protective system be
de-signed by a registered professional engineer or be based on tabulated data
prepared and approved by a registered professional engineer.

Protective Systems
There are different types of protective systems. Sloping involves cutting back the
trench wall at an angle inclined away from the excavation. Shoring requires installing
aluminum hydraulic or other types of supports to prevent soil movement and cave-ins.
Shielding protects workers by using trench boxes or other types of supports to prevent
soil cave-ins. designing a protective system can be complex because you must
consider many factors: soil classification, depth of cut, water content of soil, changes
due to weather or climate, surcharge loads.

Mark and locate utilities

Employers must ensure all gas, electrical and other services are located or marked in
or near the area to be excavated. If a service poses a hazard, it must be shut off and
disconnected before the excavation activity begins. If a potentially hazardous service
cannot be disconnected, the service owner must be asked to supervise the service’s
uncovering during the excavation.

Determine soil strength

Determine the soil type to protect excavation walls from collapsing. This can be
determined by doing things such as inspecting trenches and excavations following a
rainfall, melting snow, thawing earth and overflows from nearby streams, storm drains

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 and sewers. The soil type determines the strength and stability of the excavation
walls.

Equipment handling
Keep heavy equipment, excavated soil or rock and construction material at least one
meter away from the upper edges of the trench or excavation. Do not position or
operate a vehicle or machinery in a manner that could affect the wall’s stability.

General roles

 Keep heavy equipment away from trench edges.

 Keep surcharge loads at least 2 feet (0.6 meters) from trench edges.
 Know where underground utilities are located.
 Test for low oxygen, hazardous fumes and toxic gases.
 Inspect trenches at the start of each shift.
 Inspect trenches following a rainstorm.
 Do not work under raised loads.
 Determine how workers will enter and exit excavation.
 Know in advance what excavation equipment and tools are needed.
 Consider possibility of environmental hazards in excavation.
 Be aware of nearby vehicles and mobile equipment causing soil to vibrate.
 Provide training to workers.

3.3 Explaining the use of standard format or documentation for identifying and recording
hazards including accidents pertaining to deep basement construction.

Risk assessment is the process where we:

 Identify hazards.
 Analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard.
 Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard.

In practical terms, a risk assessment is a thorough look at your workplace to identify those things,
situations, processes, etc. that may cause harm, particularly to people. After identification is made,
you evaluate how likely and severe the risk is, and then decides what measures should be in place
to effectively prevent or control the harm from happening.

Overall, the goal is to find and record possible hazards that may be present in your workplace. As
mentioned, it may help to work as a team and include both people familiar with the work area, as
well as people who are not – this way you have both the "experienced" and "fresh" eye to conduct
the inspection.

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The documentation required to comply with the "5 Steps to Risk Assessment" recommended by
the HSE:

 Look for and identify the hazards;

 Decide who might be harmed;
 Evaluate the level of risk(s) arising from the hazards and decide whether existing
precautions are adequate or more should be done; 
 Record findings; 
 Review assessment(s) from time to time and revise if necessary] should be tailored to be
"suitable and sufficient" for the nature and size of the operation(s), the likelihood of
hazards and the extent and severity of the risk.

This Multiple Hazard Risk Assessment form is the most compact style of risk assessment
form available on the site and appropriate to construction where potential hazards are few and the
extent and severity of risk limited.

It provides for the recording of the following:

 General and responsibility information 
 Description of hazards
 Consequences of hazards
 Risk levels
 Persons at risk
 Controls and precautions in place
  Further action required 
  Further action required 

The Single Hazard Risk Assessment and Action Plan can be used. This provides for
recording single hazards and the risk assessment process is covered in greater detail and a more
defined format.
Where there are substantial hazards or potential hazards, and the risk(s) could be severe and
extensive it is recommended that the risk assessment cycle should be managed by the application
of the relevant Checklist(s),  Single Hazard Risk Assessment Form and Risk Assessment Action
Plan. 

The proposed documentation and format is attached herewith.

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3.4 Explaining how risk assessments are used to address significant hazards associated with
the deep basement construction mentioned.

As a component of dealing with the health and safety of our business we should control the
dangers in your working environment. To do this you have to consider what may make hurt
individuals and choose whether you are finding a way to keep that mischief. This is known as
hazard evaluation and it is something you are required by law to do.

A hazard appraisal is not about making gigantic measures of printed material, but instead about
recognizing sensible measures to control the dangers in your working environment.

For a few dangers, different directions require specific control measures. Hazard appraisal can
assist distinguish where you have to take a gander at specific dangers and these specific control
measures in more detail. These control measures don't need to be surveyed independently yet
can be considered as a feature of, or an expansion of, your general hazard evaluation.

When considering your hazard evaluation, recall:

 The danger is anything that may cause hurt, for example, chemicals, power, working
from stepping stools, an open drawer and so on.

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  The chance is the possibility, high or low, that some individual could be hurt by these
and different risks, together with a sign of how genuine the mischief could be

Hazard appraisal makes a difference:

 Identify the dangers

 Decide who may be hurt and how
 Evaluate the dangers and choose safeguards
 Record your noteworthy discoveries
 Review your appraisal and refresh if vital

A standout amongst the most imperative parts of hazard evaluation is precisely distinguishing
the potential perils in your working environment. A decent beginning stage is to stroll around
your working environment and consider any risks. At the end of the day, what is it about the
exercises, procedures or substances utilized that could harm workers or damage their
wellbeing?

There are a few dangers with a perceived danger of damage, for instance working at tallness,
working with chemicals, hardware, and asbestos. Contingent upon the kind of work that will be
completed, there might be different dangers that are significant to development site.

For each peril there's should be clear about who may be hurt; it will help distinguish the most
ideal method for controlling the hazard. That doesn't mean posting everybody by name, yet
rather distinguishing gatherings of individuals (e.g. 'individuals working in the storeroom' or
'passers-by').

Having distinguished the dangers, at that point choose how likely it is that mischief will
happen; i.e. the level of hazard and what to do about it. Hazard is a piece of regular day to day
existence and you are not anticipated that would dispense with all dangers. What you should do
is ensure you think about the fundamental dangers and the things you have to do to oversee
them mindfully.

For the most part, there's have to do everything 'sensibly practicable'. This implies adjusting
the level of hazard against the measures expected to control the genuine hazard regarding cash,
time or inconvenience. Be that as it may, there's no compelling reason to make a move in the
event that it would be horribly unbalanced to the level of hazard.

Make a record of the critical discoveries - the dangers, how individuals may be hurt by them
and what is set up to control the dangers. Any record created ought to be basic and centered
around controls.

Any printed material created should impart and deal with the dangers in the site. For a great
many people this does not should be a major exercise - simply take note of the principle
focuses down about the critical dangers and what you finished up.

A simple approach to record discoveries is to utilize the hazard administration format. When
recording the outcomes keeps it straightforward, for instance 'Smoke from welding: nearby
fumes ventilation utilized and routinely checked'.

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 In the event that the hazard evaluation distinguishes various perils, you have to place them
arranged by significance and address the most genuine dangers first.

Recognize long haul answers for the dangers with the greatest outcomes, and in addition those
dangers well on the way to cause mishaps or sick wellbeing. Likewise set up whether there are
upgrades that can be actualized immediately, even briefly, until the point when more
dependable controls can be set up.

The more prominent the hazard the more hearty and dependable the control measures should
be.

3.5 Task 4
4.1 Evaluating the given changes in procedure or policy.

After a risk assessment is finished, you can proceed to screen and audit the recognized hazard
at your association to confirm that hazard information stays legitimate, and that hazard
treatment is powerful. While your association must start and perform most observing and
investigating exercises outside of the application, the consequences of these exercises can be
reflected in the framework. This implies, you can audit chance evaluation information and
reassess chance in view of the aftereffects of your checking exercises.

Your hazard appraisal ought to be explored frequently to guarantee that the danger of staff
being hurt by business related viciousness has not changed and that no further control measures
are required. It ought to likewise be surveyed if any progressions happen in your business that
may expand the danger of savagery, e.g. solitary working, business changes in the idea of the
work you do.

There is no lawful time allotment for when you should survey your hazard evaluation. It is at
your circumspection to choose when a survey is considered important, however the hazard

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 evaluation is a working archive and, as your business encounters change, this data ought to be
recorded and refreshed. As a guide, it is prescribed that hazard evaluations be explored on a
yearly premise.

In a risk assessment application, the association can do the accompanying to help its checking
and exploring exercises:

 Create a follow –up risk assessment

You can create follow-up assessments to reassess risks that have been identified in a
previous risk assessment. You can also reevaluate the effectiveness of controls per risk
and define additional controls based on your assessment results.

 Evaluate the effectiveness of controls

You can evaluate the effectiveness of controls that have been implemented to reduce
risk at a specific location.

 Schedule control inspections

You can create a series of control inspections to monitor the effectiveness of specified
controls. In the series, you can define how often individual inspections occur and who
performs the inspections.

 Identify risk affected

If there are changes to occupational exposure limits (OEL), you can identify which
existing risks may be affected by the revisions. The system displays the possible effects
of the revisions on previous risk analysis results.

 Display different versions of risk assessments, risks and control effectiveness.

If different versions exist for a risk assessment or a risk, you can access these versions
from the risk assessment application. You can also display an effectiveness history for
controls.

 Display change documents

You can display change documents for risk assessments, risks, and tasks.

 Health and safety policy/procedure: Personal protective equipment

The purpose of the Personal Protective Equipment Policies (PPE) is to protect the employees
from exposure to work place hazards and the risk of injury through the use of personal
protective equipment (PPE). PPE is not a substitute for more effective control methods and its
use will be considered only when other means of protection against hazards are not adequate or
feasible. It will be used in conjunction with other controls unless no other means of hazard
control exist.

Personal protective equipment will be provided, used, and maintained when it has been
determined that its use is required to ensure the safety and health of our employees and that
such use will lessen the likelihood of occupational injury and/or illness. The scope of the
program includes PPE for eye, face, head, foot, and leg and hand protection. If respirators
and/or hearing protection is necessary, the organization’s Respiratory Program and Hearing
Conservation program, respectively, will cover their use.

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 Hazard assessment

Each task and/or job will be assesses to determine foot, head, eye, face, and hand hazards
present and the proper PPE that should be worn. The assessments will include observation of
the following sources of hazards:

 Impact: Flying chips, objects, dirt, particles, collision, motion hazards.

 Penetration: Falling/ dropping objects, sharp objects that cut or pierce
 Compression: Rollover or pinching
 Chemical: Splashing, burns, fumes
 Temperature extremes: Sparks, splashes from molten materials, burns from high/low
temperatures
 Harmful Dust: Dirt, particles, asbestos, lead
 Light Radiation: Wielding, cutting, brazing, lasers, furnaces, lights.

A Hazard Assessment form will be completed for each job and/or task and will serve as
certification that a hazard assessment has been performed. Hazard assessments will be
update/evaluated whenever conditions or procedures change.

 Training and selection of PPE

The responsible person will make certain that the personal protective equipment in use is
appropriate for the identified tasks, provides a level of protection that meets or exceeds the
minimum required to protect employees from the hazards, and meets all MIOSHA/ANSI
requirements as specified in MIOSHA’s PPE standard.

The responsible person will make sure that all affected employees receive training on:

 What PPE is necessary and why

 How to wear PPE properly
 PPE limitations and capabilities and
 PPE care and maintenance

Each employee will demonstrate that he or she understands the training and will sign the PPE
Assignment, Training, and Fit-Test Form. The information on the form will include the name
of the employee, the date(s) of training, and the type of PPE the employee is certified to wear.

Training will be repeated under the following conditions:

 Changes in the work place that make previous training obsolete new assignment for
employees or change in job assignment/equipment
 Incorrect use of failure to use equipment
 Introduction of new PPE

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 Employees will conduct inspection, cleaning, and maintenance of PPE at intervals according to
the manufacturer’s instructions. They will not use damaged or defective equipment.

Both supervisors and workers shall receive instruction from a qualified person.

Training Shall Include:

 Proper fitting instructions including hands on demonstration and practice in a normal

atmosphere and finally in a test atmosphere.
 Discussion of the contaminant involved: including basic description, route of
transmission, and its potential effects on the human body.
 Discussion of engineering and administrative controls involved.
 Discussion of the respirator selected its function and limitations.
 Discussion regarding how to recognize and handle emergencies.
 Demonstrations and instructions in the proper care, maintenance, repair and storage of
the respirator.

Periodic checks shall be done to verify worker diligence in observing proper respiratory
procedures. Training should be informed periodically: i.e. annually or whenever there is a
process or respirator change.

 Health and safety policy/procedure: Alcohol and Drug Policy

Alcohol & Drug Policy & Procedures has been established to provide a formal process to assist
Employees in dealing with substances that can negatively impact or interfere with their work
performance. The policy is necessary because the Employees covered are employed in the
construction industry which is ranked highest of high hazard work.

Alcohol and Drug Policy is established:

 to provide a safe workplace for Employers and their Employees and those whose safety
may be affected by the conduct of Employers and their Employees, and
 To ensure compliance through alcohol and drug testing. Testing will be required:

 in instances of incident, post incident

 for reasonable grounds
 return to work following a rehabilitation program
 pre-access when required by the site owner/client

 To provide assistance and recovery programs for Employees affected by Alcohol or

Drugs.
 To ensure that Employers and their Employees are treated fairly and with respect.

The use of alcohol and drugs may adversely affect the ability of a person to work in a safe
manner. Employers and their Employees at construction workplaces often work independently

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 and with equipment or material that can pose a threat to the safety of the workforce if handled
without proper care and attention. This Policy reminds Employers and their Employees of the
risks associated with the use of alcohol and drugs and provide understandable and predictable
responses when an Employer’s or Employee’s conduct jeopardizes the safety of the workplace.

The purposes of the Alcohol and Drug Policy are to promote:

 The safety and dignity of Employers and their Employees

 The welfare of Employees and their families,
 The best interests of the Unions and Employer organizations, and
 The best interests of the construction industry and the public.

There are no other reasonable alternatives available that impose a smaller burden on Employee
and Employer rights and at the same time are equally effective in promoting the purposes of
the Alcohol & Drug Policy.

Alcohol and Drug Work Rule may include:

 An employee may not use, possess or offer for sale alcohol and drugs while at a
company workplace.
 An employee may not report to work or work with an alcohol level that exceeds forty
milligrams of alcohol in one hundred milliliters of blood or the equivalent
concentration for breath, urine or saliva.
 An employee may not report to work with a drug level for the drugs set out below equal
to or in excess of the concentrations set out.
 An employee may not report to work while unfit to work on account of the use of a
prescription or nonprescription drug.
 An employee may not report to work if he/she refuses comply with a request made by a
representative of the company to submit to an alcohol and drug test or
 An employee may not report to work if he/she refuses provide a sample for an alcohol
and drug test or
 An employee may not report to work if he/she refuses follow instructions of the Third
Party Administrator.
 An employee may not report to work if he/she refuses follow instructions of the Third
Party Administrator.

An employer has to comply with the alcohol and drug work rule if he or she is in possession
while at a company workplace of a prescription drug prescribed for him or her or a non-
prescription drug and

 the Employee is using the prescription or non-prescription drug for its intended purpose
and in the manner directed by the Employee’ s physician or pharmacist or the
manufacturer of the drug, and
 the use of the prescription or non-prescription drug does not adversely affect the
Employees ability to safely perform his or her duties, or
 the Employee has notified his or her supervisor or manager before starting work of any
potentially unsafe side effects associated with the use of the prescription or non-
prescription drug.

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 The leadership of the organization is committed to ensuring that Employers and their
Employees are informed about the existence of Alcohol & Drug Policy and to ensuring that
Employers are taking such other steps as are reasonable to inform their Employees of the risks
associated with the use of alcohol & Drug Policy 6 and drugs and the assistance available to
them under the employers employee alcohol and drug assistance program.

Responsibilities

Foremen, supervisors and management representatives are required to monitor job and
individual performance to identify situations that may be the result of the use of alcohol or
drugs. They shall acknowledge their responsibilities using the form provided in Appendix A.
Training will be provided to foremen and supervisors.

The Designated Employer Representative is responsible to implement and administer the site-
specific program.

Each Employee is responsible for reporting to work free from substances that negatively
impact work performance.

The organization is responsible for maintaining the Alcohol & Drug Policy. Any recommended
changes to the policy and procedures must be forwarded to the management or leadership for
formal review and approval.

 Health and safety policy/procedure: Site Safety Inductions

The purpose of the induction is to make new employees to feel at home in their new positions
and working environment as quickly as possible so as to allow them to contribute effectively as
soon as possible and also is to ensure that no person without a safety induction works on the
construction site of the organization and this procedure will also ensure that no visitor will
enter the construction site without a safety induction.

The procedure shall be applicable to all working projects within the organization construction
group in order to comply with the legal requirements of the Occupational Health and Safety
Act 85 of 1993 and relevant regulations.

The induction policy shall refer to OHS Act 85 of 1993 section 8, section 13, General Safety
regulations 2C and Construction Regulations 8.2(b). Employers have the duty to inform
employees and persons who might be affected by their activities of the dangers / hazards when
entering a workplace.

Health safety and environmental policy are put in place to protecting the health and safety of
all people working at or visiting the site.

It should also include the plan on how to manage, conduct and supervise all work in
compliance with the legislation and best practice.

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 Health safety and environmental policy will ensure that all workers have a clear understanding
of their responsibilities along with that of the organization.

It will explain deeply the need for induction and also explain to inductee the importance of site
inductions as all sites are different and have a wide range of hazards which will change as the
site develops.

The implementation of good induction practice will:

 Enable new employees to settle into their new position quickly and become productive
and efficient members of staff within a short period of time;

 Provide an overview of the organization and enable the new employee to see where
they fit in to the big picture;

 Assist in developing a management style where the emphasis is on leadership, openness

and honesty;

 Ensure that new employees operate in a safe working environment

 Reduce costs associated with repeated recruitment, training and staff turnover;

 Enable new employees to understand the corporate culture and the overall framework
in which health care services are delivered and that an environment exists where staff
feel able to contribute their opinions.

Site inductions changes as all sites are different and have a wide range of hazards which will
change as the site develops.

Site instruction is specific to the site and provides the inductees with information on the current
hazards of the site and tells the inductees about the site rules.

Site inductions will explain to the inductees the requirement to observe site specific elements
appropriate to their own work activities and/ or site wide hazards which may include

 Open excavations
 Work at height
 Overhead power lines
 Confined spaces
 Contaminated land
 Excessive vehicle movements
 Traffic management systems
 Fire risks

Site inductions ensure that inductees are made aware of specific requirements for the
production of risk assessments and method statements where specific hazards are identified.

It ensures inductees are aware of areas of work that will require specific authorization to
proceed such as a permit to work.

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 It ensures inductees are made aware of restricted areas and the reasons for the control measures
in place.

Site induction contents may include and also be explained to the inductees’ bout the following:

 Project health and safety requirements

 Emergency evacuation procedures
 Personal protective equipment
 Plants and equipment’s
 Working at height
 Designated site staffs
 Welfare on site
 Environment and waste disposal
 Standard site rules
 Signs on site
 All other policy including drug and alcohol policy

All operatives are made fully aware that it is legal requirement to report all accidents
irrespective of how trivial they may seem at the time. Accident reporting is necessary to
ensuring that a proper investigation is undertaken so that lessons can be lamed to prevent a
recurrence.

 Health and safety policy/procedure: None smoking policy

In addition to reviewing your health safety policy – It is also important to review policies and
procedures relating to smoking at work areas.
Furthermore, in order to keep pace with changes, health and safety policies must be regularly
reviewed.

Smoking is a major cause for concern within a workplace. It can have a direct impact on both
smokers and non-smokers, and ultimately employers. In addition, most employers now have a
legal responsibility to ensure that people do not smoke in the workplace.

Safety It is estimated that around 20% of workplace fires are started by cigarettes or discarded
matches. This can lead to higher fire insurance premiums.

Staff morale many non-smokers dislike working in a smoky environment. This can often lead
to conflict. Non-smokers whose health is affected by the effects of passive smoking may take
legal action against the employer.

Passive smoking is simply the breathing in of environmental tobacco smoke, whether it is

smoke from burning tobacco, or smoke which is exhaled by smokers. Passive smoking can also
aggravate conditions such as asthma and some allergies.

Developing a smoking policy

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 Whether smoking is banned or not in your premises, a policy makes clear what the
organization expects from employees. A good policy will also cover issues like support for
those who may wish to stop smoking. A policy is recommended for those premises where
smoking is still allowed.

Key steps in developing a smoking policy may include:

 Consult with your employees. Large organizations may wish to form a special task
group consisting of representatives from management, trade unions and staff, including
representation of both smokers and non-smokers reflecting staff smoking levels within
the organization. It is important that a senior manager 'champions' the initiative.

 Obtain the views of all employees. Large organizations may wish to conduct a survey,
whereas small businesses may take on views by discussing issues directly with their
employees.

 Ensure that all employees receive a letter detailing the proposed policy. This can be
simply done by attaching the letter to an employee's pay slip/wage packet. Give
employees the opportunity to comment on, and propose changes to the policy.

 Revise the policy Give employee’s copies of the revised policy and notice of when it
will be introduced. The minimum period of notice is usually 12 weeks, or the period of
notice stipulated in the employment contract.

 Implement the policy after the appropriate period of notice, implement the policy.
Visually promote the policy using appropriate signs and posters.

 Review the policy regularly.

Elements of a smoking policy should include:

 be a written statement so as to ensure that there is no misunderstanding regarding it

 Regard no-smoking as the norm, not the other way around. Non-smokers should be
protected from exposure to passive smoking at all times
 explicitly state where and when smoking is allowed, if the policy is not a blanket ban
 state how the policy will be enforced

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  provide help and support for those smokers who wish to stop smoking
 Provide all employees with education on key issues surrounding smoking.

4.2 Produce risk assessment one of the workplaces that have different forms of work within
them and work permit system.

(a) Construction of a high rise building in Qatar.

or
(b) Construction of a Major Water Supply Project in Doha.

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 Risk Assessment

Section 19 of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 requires that employers and
those who control workplaces to any extent must identify the hazards in the workplaces under
their control and assess the risks to safety and health at work presented by these hazards.

Employers must examine and write down these workplace risks and what to do about them.
Ultimately, assessing risk means that anything in the workplace that could cause harm to your
employees, other employees and other people (including customers, visitors and members of
the public) must be carefully examined. This allows you to estimate the magnitude of risk and
decide whether the risk is acceptable or whether more precautions need to be taken to prevent
harm.

Employers are required to implement any improvements considered necessary by the risk
assessment. The aim is to ensure that no one gets hurt or becomes ill.

However, it is important to remember that, in identifying hazards and assessing risks,

employers should only consider those which are generated by work activities. There is no need
to consider every minor hazard or risk that we accept as part of our lives.

The results of any Risk Assessments should be written into the Safety Statement.

 Risk Assessment affected by sudden change of weather

Integrating environmental protection at the project planning stage ensures that measures to
avoid and minimize pollution can be built into the project design and work schedule. Once a
site has been selected, it is necessary to conduct an environment assessment that identifies
which parts of the environment may be vulnerable to damage from construction activities.

Managing a risk assessment is a useful way in which to approach this aspect of site
management. The assessment should not only consider the risk of the activity to be done but
also the weather and the environmental impacts on a site.

An initial assessment of the site should be conducted to identify sensitive weather changes in
sensitive environmental areas that require protection at weather changes. Depending on
weather, the impact of air discharges, noise and vibration on the health and amenity of adjacent
residents will need to be included in the assessment. An environmental monitoring program
should be initiated to collect data on all sectors of the environment. Understanding which
segments of the environment are vulnerable is a prerequisite to identifying and managing
environmental risks.

Environmental risk deals with the probability of an event causing an undesirable effect. There
are three types of elements to consider when defining risk. They are:

 A time frame over which the risk or risks are being considered
 A probability of the occurrence of one or more events within the time frame
 A measure of the consequences of those events within the time frame

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 Environmental assessment may be said to be able to identify or obtain information on any
relevant environmental impact that the construction site project may cause. These may include:

 Identify sensitive environmental areas or uses that may be affected by construction

activities within the time frame.
 Identify whether residents adjacent to the site could be affected by pollution from
construction activities or suffer reduced amenity within the time frame.
 Monitor baseline air and water quality and ambient noise levels adjacent to the
construction site within the said time frame.
 Conduct an assessment of expected noise levels from construction activities which may
affect the surrounding community within the time frame.

 Setting the Scene:

The manager of a successful bricklaying contractor, with help from worker representatives,
carried out a general risk assessment that covered their typical work. This assessment was used
when tendering for contracts to demonstrate the firm’s approach to health and safety. In the
tender documents the manager was clear about what was needed from the principal contractor
to do the job safely. The firm won a bricklaying contract for a development of three-storey
flats. Work was due to start on 1st July 2010. The manager checked the construction phase
plan and met the principal contractor’s site manager on site. This extra information was used to
amend the general assessment so that it was specific to the work and conditions.

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3.6 Task 5

Performance Evaluation

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  The purpose of the assessment
 Project Sites visited
 Forms of work assessed
 Content of the assessment
 Performance review
 Area of improvement

The purpose of the Assessment:

The purpose of risk assessment is to identify potential problems before they occur so that risk-
handling activities may be planned and invoked as needed across the life of the project to
mitigate adverse impacts on achieving objectives.

Project Sites Visited:

The main aim or purpose of site visit is to have a real life example of site exposure to gain
better sense of what a construction site look like and be able to gain knowledge of the risks of a
real life construction site and to be able to learn the risk assessment procedures. Sites visited:

 Construction Waldorf Astoria Hotel, Dafna Doha Qatar.

 Construction of Mega Water Reservoir for Kaharama, Abu Nahkla Doha Qatar

Forms of work Assessed:

The forms of work assessed are:
 Raft works
 Pipe laying works

Content of the Assessment:

The contents of the assessment templates include:
 The Activity to be performed
 The hazards of the activity
 The risks of Activity
 The risk rating
 The control measures
 Responsibility for monitoring compliance

Performance review:
The entire content of the assignment is based on research from different HSE sites including
but not limited to hse.gov.uk which is responsible for managing health and safety. In my
research, I have learnt a lot about managing health and safety within the UK standards which
helps leaders, owners, trustees and line managers in managing health and safety properly.

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 By properly researching the site, I have gained knowledge of the current health, safety and
welfare legislation and the essential core elements of managing health and safety which helped
me to tackle the assignment questions and learning outcome which includes but not limited to:

 The basic terminology of health and safety

 The reasons for a safe and healthy work place
 Roles and responsibilities of all team members in the construction company
 The health and safety at work Act
 The management of health and safety policies and procedural documents
 Risk Assessment of activities in a construction site
 Hazzard identification associated with construction activities
 Standard documentation of health and safety policy and procedures etc.

By visiting two different construction sites, I was exposed to a real life site condition and the
risk of working at a construction site, the exposure helped me in the risk assessment which
helps in the identification of hazard and be able to propose mitigation or control measures of
the required risk assessment in task 4.2 with the assistance of the assigned site safety managers.

Area of Improvement:
I need to improve on the area of being able to conduct a risk assessment on my own, identify
the hazard associated with the activity and be able to propose relevant and useful control
measures which can be adopted not only in the organization that I may find myself as an
Engineer but also to similar Engineering companies within the construction industry and
sector.

I need to improve on the area of understand deeply the application of health and safety in
organizations or the construction industry so as to be able to mitigate foreseeable and
unforeseeable hazards and injuries on site.

I also need to improve in the area of being able to give a comprehensive and qualitative risk
analysis which can be adopted for a mega project not only in Doha but around the world within
the construction industry.

3.7 Reference:
1. Class handout: Health & Safety Management for Quarries.
2. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/ill%E2%80%93health
3. http://www.edp-uk.com/Resources/Health-Safety-Terms-and-Abbreviations
4. https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html
5. http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Managing_Health_and_Safety/

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 6. http://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/cdm/2015/contractors.htm
7. http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contractor
8. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1974/37
9. http://www.dilapidationsdirect.co.uk/PDF/Health&SafetyatWorkAct1974.pdf
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Health-and-Safety-at-Work-Regulations-1999
12. http://www.hse.gov.uk/quarries/education/reference/topic4safetypolicy.doc
13. http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/at-a-glance.pdf
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15. http://remotehealthatlas.nt.gov.au/hazard_identification.pdf
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identification-methods/
17. http://www.stlmsd.com/customer-service/service-issues/cave-ins
18. https://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/sawo/pubs/fs_trenches.php
19. http://www.nsc.org/NSCDocuments_Advocacy/Fact%20Sheets/Slips-Trips-and-Falls.pdf
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%2BHeavy%2BEquipment.html?show_text=1
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health-English-17-11-2014.pdf
29. http://blog.samtrac.com/hse-terminology
30. http://training.itcilo.it/actrav_cdrom2/en/osh/intro/inmain.htm
31. https://books.google.com.qa/books?
id=HWGgyj4QV68C&pg=PA151&lpg=PA151&dq=Define+the+basic+terminology+of+t
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LXI8&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Define%20the%20basic
%20terminology%20of%20the%20Health%20and%20Safety&f=false
32. http://bvsper.paho.org/ssmanual/English/Module2.pdf
33. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/
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35. "Nanotechnology risks – the real issues". Nanowerk.com.
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laws-and-legislation/work-health-and-safety-act-2011
37. https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2011-018
38. https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/WORK%20HEALTH%20AND%20SAFETY
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39. http://epi.minsal.cl/epi/html/frames/frame1.htm

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 40. http://www.cersso.org/en/mat_pmgsst_e.asp
41. Work Health and Safety Act 2011
42. Ferguson, Jan (2003): Building in Practice. Mitchell, London.
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Technology, June1986.
44. Dennis, Lock Project management: The Gower Handbook of Management, 2nd Ed.
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management/how-teams-work/content-section-4.1
49. Bamisile, Ayo. (2005): Building Production Management. Foresight press Ltd., Lagos,
Nigeria
50. https://www.finance-ni.gov.uk/articles/roles-and-responsibilities-project-manager
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job-description
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53. https://www.peninsulagrouplimited.com/guides/health-and-safety-policy-procedures/
54. https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/21822/GS_Policies.pdf
55. http://www.wrla.org/sites/wrla_01/files/health_and_safety_manual_sample.pdf
56. http://www.interprovincial.ca/images/pdfs/publications/safety-manual-final.pdf
57. http://www.nhbc.co.uk/AboutNHBC/documents/filedownload,49628,en.pdf
58. https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/osh_policy.html
59. http://sydney.edu.au/policies/showdoc.aspx?recnum=PDOC2011/231
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