Kinematics 1

8. A bird flies north at 20 m/s for 15 seconds. It

KINEMATICS
rests for 5 seconds and then flies south at 25 m/s
for 10 seconds. For the whole trip, find:
1. Brakes are applied to a train travelling at 72
(i) The average speed
km/h. After passing over 200 m, its velocity is
(ii) The average velocity
reduced to 36 km/h. At the same rate of
(iii) The average acceleration
retardation, how much further will it go before it
is brought to rest? 9. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly
for 10 seconds to a velocity of 8 m/s. It then runs
2. A ball is dropped from the roof a tower of
at a constant velocity and is finally brought to rest
height ‘h’ m. The total distance covered by it in
in 64 m with a constant retardation. The total
the last second of its motion is equal to the
distance covered by the car is 584 m. Find the
distance covered by it in the first three seconds.
value of acceleration, retardation and total time
What is the value of ‘h’? (Take g = 10 m/s2)
taken.
3. A ball is dropped from a bridge 122.5 m above
10. A balloon rising with a velocity of 5 m/s
a river. After the ball has been falling for 2
releases a sand bag at instant when the balloon is
seconds, a second ball is thrown straight down
20 m above the ground.
after it. What must its initial velocity be so that
(i) Compute the position and velocity of the sand
both hit the water at the same time? (Take g = 10
bag at the following times after its release:
m/s2) 1 1
seconds, seconds, 1 second and 2 seconds.
4 2
4. What is position-time graph? Discuss the
(ii) How many seconds after its release will the
position-time graph of an object:
sand bag strike the ground?
(i) At rest
(iii) With what velocity will it strike the ground?
(ii) In uniform motion
(iii) In non-uniform motion 11. A ball thrown up from the ground reaches a
maximum height of 20 m. Find:
5. Explain the velocity-time graph of a particle
having: (i) The initial velocity of the ball
(i) Uniform velocity (ii) The time taken by it to reach the highest point
(ii) Uniform acceleration / retardation (iii) Its velocity just before hitting the ground
(iii) Non-uniform acceleration / retardation (iv) Its displacement between 0.5 seconds and 2.5
seconds
6. Using velocity-time graph, derive all the
(v) The time at which it is 15 m above the ground
kinematic formulas or equations.
(Take g = 10 m/s2)
7. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a
12. A train travels from rest at one station to rest
velocity of 20 m/s from the top of a multi-storey
at another station in the same straight-line
building. The height of the point from where the
distance ‘l’. It moves over the first part of the
ball is thrown is 25 m from the ground.
distance with an acceleration of F1 m/s2 and for
(i) How high will the ball rise? the remainder with retardation of F2 m/s2 . Find
(ii) How long will it be before the ball hits the the total time taken to complete the journey.
ground? (Take g = 10 m/s2)
 Kinematics 2
13. A particle is dropped from the top of a tower 19. Body A starts from rest with an acceleration
of height ‘h’ m. Another particle is projected a1 . After 2 seconds, another body B starts from
upwards from the bottom. They meet when the rest with an acceleration a2 . If they travel equal
upper one has descended one-third of the height distances in 5 seconds after the start of A, the ratio
of the tower. Find the ratio of their velocities a1 : a2 will be equal to:
when they meet. Also find the initial velocity of (a) 9 : 25 (b) 5 : 7 (c) 5 : 9 (d) 7 : 9
the lower particle.
20. From the top of a tower, a particle is thrown
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS vertically downwards with a velocity of 10 m/s.
14. A body freely falling from rest has a velocity The ratio of distances covered by it in the 3rd and
‘v’ after it falls through a height ‘h’. The distance 2nd seconds of the motion is: (Take g = 10 m/s2)
it has to fall down for its velocity to become (a) 5 : 7 (b) 7 : 5 (c) 3 : 6 (d) 6 : 3
double is:
21. The water drops fall at regular intervals from
(a) 2h (b) 4h (c) 6h (d) 8h a tap 5 m above the ground. The third drop is
15. A car accelerates from rest at constant rate for leaving the tap at the instant the first drop touches
10 seconds and covers a distance ‘x’. It covers a the ground. How far above the ground is the
distance ‘y’ in the next 10 seconds with the same second drop at instant?
acceleration. Which of the following is true? (a) 1.25 m (b) 2.50 m (c) 3.75 m (d) 4.00 m
(a) x = 3y (b) y = 3x (c) x = y (d) x = 2y 22. A stone is dropped from a certain height
16. With what velocity should a ball be projected which can reach the ground in 5 seconds. If the
vertically upwards so that the distance covered by stone is stopped after 3 seconds of its fall and then
it in the 5th second is twice of that covered by it in allowed to fall again, then the time taken by the
the 6th second? (Take g = 10 m/s2) stone to reach the ground for the remaining
distance is:
(a) 40 m/s (b) 65 m/s (c) 50 m/s (d) 60 m/s
(a) 3 s (b) 4 s (c) 2 s (d) none of these
17. A man drops a ball downwards from the roof
of a tower of height 400 m. At the same time 23. A body is released from the top of a tower ‘H’
another ball is thrown upwards with a velocity of m high. It takes ‘t’ seconds to reach the ground.
t
50 m/s from the surface of the tower. Then they Where is the body from the ground after seconds
2
will meet at which height from the surface of the of its release?
tower?
3H H H H
(a) 100 m (b) 320 m (c) 80 m (d) 240 m (a) m (b) m (c) m (d) m
4 2 6 4
18. A stone thrown upward with a speed ‘u’ from 24. A particle is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s
the top of a tower reaches the ground with a and constant retardation of 4 m/s2 is acting on the
velocity ‘3u’. The height of the tower is: particle. Find the distance travelled by the particle
3u2 4u2 6u2 9u2 in the 3rd second of its motion.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
g g g g (a) 0.5 m (b) 1 m (c) 0 m (d) 2 m
 Kinematics 3
1
SOLUTIONS Or, sn = 0 + × 10(2n − 1)
2
Or, sn = 5 × (2n − 1)
1. Solution:
Or, sn = 10n − 5
Initial velocity = u = 72 km/h = 20 m/s
Final velocity = v1 = 36 km/h = 10 m/s Now, according to the question, s1 = sn
Displacement = s1 = 200 m 45 = 10n − 5
Or, 10n = 50
Applying: Or, n = 5 [∴The total time is 5 seconds]
v1 2 = u2 − 2as1
Applying:
Or, 102 = 202 − 400a
1
Or, 100 = 400 − 400a h = ut + gt2
1 2
Or, 1 − a = 1
4 Or, h = 0 + × 10 × 25
3 2
∴ a = m/s Or, h = 125 m
4
Now, Final velocity = v2 = 0 m/s as the train will Hence, the value of ‘h’ is 125 m.
come to rest.
3. Solution:
Applying: A u = 0 m/s B u = 0 m/s
v2 2 = u2 − 2as2
3
122.5 m

B released 2 s
Or, 0 = 202 − 2 × × s2 after the
4 release of A
3
Or, s = 400
2 2 For Ball A:
∴ s2 = 266.67 m Height = h = 122.5 m
So, the train will further move 66.67 m. Initial velocity = ua = 0 m/s
Time = t = 2 seconds
2. Solution:
Applying:
Initial velocity = u = 0 m/s 1
Let distance covered in the first 3 seconds be s1 . h = ua t + gt2
2
Applying: 1
Or, 122.5 = 0 + × 10 × t2
1 2
s1 = ut + gt2 Or, 5t2 = 122.5
2
1 Or, t2 ≈ 25
Or, s1 = 0 + × 10 × 9 Or, t ≈ 5 seconds
2
∴ s1 = 45 m
So, ball B is released after (5 – 2) = 3 seconds
Let distance covered in the last second be sn .
For Ball B:
Applying: Initial velocity = ub m/s
1 Height = h = 122.5 m
sn = u + g(2n − 1)
2 Time = t = 3 seconds
 Kinematics 4

Applying:
1
h = ub t + gt2
2
1 P
Or, 122.5 = 3ub + × 10 × 9
2
Or, 122.5 = 3ub + 45
Or, 3ub = 77.5
∴ ub ≈ 26 m/s
T
So, ball B must be thrown with initial velocity 26 5. Solution:
m/s so that both the balls hit the water at the same
time. (i) Velocity-Time graph of a particle with
uniform-velocity:
4. Solution:
Position-Time graph – The graph in which the
position of a particle is plotted on the y-axis and
time on the x-axis is known as Position-Time V
graph.
(i) Position-Time graph of a particle at rest:

T
(ii) Velocity-Time graph of a particle with
uniform acceleration / retardation:
P

V
T
(ii) Position-Time graph of a particle in uniform
motion:

T
(iii) Velocity-Time graph of a particle with non-
uniform acceleration / retardation:
P

T
V

(iii) Position-Time graph of a particle in non-

uniform motion:
T
 Kinematics 5
1
6. Solution: ∴ s = ut + at2 [Putting values of OA, OC, DB
B 2 and AD]
c. Proof of v2 = u2 + 2as: From the graph, slope
a DB DB
of AB = a = tan θ = =
v AD OC

θ ∴ as = slope of AB × area of trapezium OABC

A D BD 1
Or, as = + (OA + CB) × OC
u OC 2
1
C Or, as = × BD(OA + CB)
O 2
t 1
Or, as = (CB − CD)(CB + CD)
AB represents the velocity-time graph of a 2
particle starting with an initial velocity ‘u’, 1 1
Or, as = (v − u)(v + u) = (v2 − u2 )
attaining a final velocity of ‘v’ in time ‘t’, moving 2 2
2 2
with a uniform acceleration ‘a’. ∴ v = u + 2as [Proved]

Along the time and the velocity axes, OC = t, OA 1

d. Proof of sn = u + a(2n − 1):
= u, and CB = v. 2
C P
∴ a = slope of AB B
DB CB − CD CB − OA v − u a
= tan θ = = = =
AD AD OC t
a. Proof of v = u + at: We know the equation of A
a straight line of slope ‘m’ with an intercept ‘c’ on n−1
the y-axis is y = mx + c u n

Comparing the corresponding values for AB, we O D E

get, y = v, m = a, x = t and c = u. Let AP represent the velocity-time graph of a
∴ The graph follows the equation: v = u + at particle starting with an initial velocity ‘u’ and
moving with a uniform acceleration ‘a’. Let
1
b. Proof of s = ut + gt2 : The area under the points D and E represent times (n – 1) and ‘n’
2
graph gives the displacement of the particle in respectively. Hence, area of trapezium BCED
time ‘t’. denotes the displacement sn in the nth second.
1
Area of the graph is area of trapezium OABC, ∴ sn = (DB + EC) × DE
which is the sum of areas of the rectangle OADC 2
From the graph, DE = OE – OD = n – (n–1) = 1 s
and the triangle ABD.
DB = velocity attained in time (n – 1)
Hence, the displacement of particle in time ‘t’ is: = u + a(n – 1)
1 EC = velocity attained in time ‘n’ = u + an
s = OA × OC + AD × DB
2 1
1 DB ∴ sn = [{u + a(n − 1)} + (u + an)] × 1
Or, s = OA × OC + × × AD2 2
2 AB 1
∴ sn = u + a(2n − 1) [Proved]
2
 Kinematics 6

7. Solution: 9. Solution:
Initial velocity = u1 = 20 m/s In the first part:
Let the height of the highest point be ‘h’ m. Initial velocity = u1 = 0 m/s
Applying: Time = t1 = 10 seconds
v2 = u1 2 − 2gh Final velocity = v1 = 8 m/s
Or, 02 = 202 − 2 × 10 × h [Since velocity of the Applying:
ball at the highest point will be zero] v1 = u1 + at1
Or, 20h = 400 Or, 8 = 0 + 10a
∴ h = 20 m ∴ a = 0.8 m/s2 [This is the acceleration]
Hence, the ball will rise 20 m above from where Now, applying:
1
it is thrown. s1 = u1 t1 + at1 2
Now, total distance from ground = 20 + 25 = 45 2
1
meters Or, s1 = 0 + × 0.8 × 100
Initial velocity = u2 = 0 m/s 2
∴ s1 = 40 m
Displacement = s = 45 m
In the second part:
Applying:
Initial velocity = u2 = 8 m/s
1
s = ut + gt2 Final velocity = v2 = 0 m/ss
2
1 Displacement = s2 = 64 m
Or, 45 = 0 + × 10 × t2 Applying:
2
2
Or, 5t = 45 v2 2 = u2 2 − 2as2
Or, t2 = 9 Or, 0 = 64 – 128a
∴ t = 3 seconds ∴ a = 0.5 m/s2 [This is the retardation]
So, it will take 3 seconds before the ball hits the Now, applying:
ground. v2 = u2 – at2
Or, 0 = 8 – 0.5t2
8. Solution: Or, t2 = 16 seconds
In the first case: v1 = 20 m/s and t1 = 15 seconds Suppose the distance covered by the car when it
∴ d1 = 20 × 15 = 300 m was undergoing constant velocity be ‘x’ m.
In the second case: v2 = 0 m/s and t2 = 5 seconds So, 40 + x + 64 = 584
∴ d2 = 0 m ∴ x = 480 m
In the third case: v3 = 25 m/s and t3 = 10 seconds 480
∴ d3 = 25 × 10 = 250 m Time taken to cover 480 m = t3 = = 60
8
So, Total distance = 300 + 0 + 250 = 550 m seconds
Total time = 15 + 5 + 10 = 30 seconds So, total time = t1 + t2 + t3 = 60 + 16 + 10 = 86 s
550
∴ Average Speed = = 18.33 m/s 10. Solution:
30
Net Displacement = 300 – 250 = 50 m Initial velocity = u = – 5 m/s
50 Applying:
∴ Average Velocity = = 1.66 m/s 1
30 s = ut + gt2
50 2
So, Average acceleration = = 1.5 m/s2
30
 Kinematics 7
1 (iv) Applying:
Or, 20 = −5t + × 10 × t2
2 1
Or, 5t2 – 5t – 20 = 0 s1 = ut − gt2
2
Or, t2 – t – 4 = 0 1
Solving for ‘t’ using quadratic equation: s1 = 20 × 0.5 − × 10 × (0.5)2
2
−b ± √b2 − 4ac 1
x= s2 = 20 × 2.5 − × 10 × (2.5)2
2a 2
Now, s2 − s1 :
1 ± √17
Or, t = 10
2 = 20(2.5 − 0.5) − [(2.5)2 − (0.5)2 ]
2
So, either t = 2.56 s or t = –1.56 s
= 20 × 2 − 5[3 × 2] = 40 – 30 = 10 m
Since time can never be negative, t = 2.56 seconds
(v) Applying:
Now, applying: 1
v = u + gt s = ut − gt2
2
Or, v = −5 + 10 × 2.56 1
Or, v = 25.6 – 5 Or, 15 = 20t − × 10 × t2
2
∴ v = 20.6 m/s Or, t2 – 4t + 3 = 0
11. Solution: So, t = 1 second when it is ascending and t = 3
seconds when it is descending.
12. Solution:
Solving using graphical approach:
20 m
V

(i) Let initial velocity be u1 m/s

v
Displacement = s = 20 m α β
Final velocity = v1 = 0 m/s because the ball comes
t T
to rest when it reaches the maximum height.
Applying: This velocity-time graph has two straight
v1 2 = u1 2 − 2gs segments of slopes F1 and F2 .
Or, 0 = u1 2 − 2 × 10 × 20 Or, u1 2 = 400 We know, area under V-T graph is the
∴ u1 = 20 m/s displacement which is ‘l’.
(ii) Applying: 1
So, vt = 𝑙
2
v1 = u1 – gt1 2l
Or, 0 = 20 – 10t1 Or, v =
t
Or, t1 = 2 seconds Here initial velocity when acceleration is taking
(iii) Applying: place is 0 m/s and final velocity when retardation
v2 2 = u2 2 + 2gs is taking place is also 0 m/s.
Or, v2 2 = 400 ∴ v2 = 20 m/s
 Kinematics 8

Also F1 = tan α and F2 = tan β, which are Also we have upper particle:
1
acceleration and retardation respectively. s1 = h
In case of acceleration, applying: 3
1 2 1
v = u + at1 Or, gt = h
2 3
Or, v = F1 t1 3 2
v ∴ h = gt …(ii)
Or, t1 = 2
F1
Combining (i) and (ii), we get:
In case of retardation, applying:
3 h2
v = u – at2 h= g 2
Or, u = F2 t2 2 u
v 3gh
Or, t2 = [Since u = v = 0 m/s] ∴u=√
F2 2
So, t = t1 + t2
v v Final velocities are:
t= + v1 = 0 − gt and v2 = u − gt
F1 F2
v1 −gt
F1 + F2 Or, =
Or, t = v ( ) v2 u − gt
F1 F2 h 3
2l F1 + F2 Using u = = gt
t 2
Or, t = ( ) v1 −gt
t F1 F2
= = −2
v2 3
2l(F1 + F2 ) gt − gt
∴t= √ 2
F1 F2 The ratio is negative because v1 and v2 are
opposite.
13. Solution: So v1 : v2 = 2 : 1
Let t = time taken before colliding
Taking the line of motion as x-axis and ground as
origin
For the upper particle applying:
1
x1 = xi + ut + at2
2
1
Or, x1 = h + 0 + gt2
2
For the lower particle:
1
x2 = xi + ut + at2
2
1
Or, x2 = 0 + ut − gt2
2
At time t: x1 = x2
1 1
h + gt2 = ut − gt2
2 2
∴ h = ut …(i)