Tutorial

LOG SECTION

Depth (ft.)

11800

11820
A

B
11840

11860

11880

11900

2
 Tutorial

Formation Evaluation – Example of Section B Exam

You have a section which shows results from a suite of downhole logs which include
CALI (Caliper in inches), GAPI (Gamma Ray in API), ILM and ILD (Medium and
Deep Induction Resistivity in ohm-metres), PEF (Photoelectric Factor in barns per
electron), RHOB (Bulk Density in g/cc), NPHI (Neutron Porosity, fraction), and DT
(Long Spaced Sonic in sec/ft).

Answer the following questions related to the log section. Remember you will need
to show your methodology. You will need to refer to certain charts (as indicated),
which you will have in your notes.

(1) Zone the section into probable / possible lithologies. Indicate the hydrocarbon
bearing zones.

(2) Calculate the density porosity at depths A, B, and C (using the bulk density log
results). Use an appropriate matrix density for your chosen lithology, and use
a fluid density of 1.00 g/cc.

(3) Determine the acoustic porosity at depths A, B and C using the sonic log DTLN
(Delta-T Long Spacing Near). Use the Empirical equation from Chart Por-3
for your chosen lithology.

(4) Determine M and N at depths A, B, and C using the data from the porosity logs,
and plot the results on an M-N plot (Chart CP-8; also look at the simplified plot
in your notes). Use a fluid transit time of 189 sec/ft, and a fluid neutron porosity of 1.

(5) Calculate the water saturation at depths A, B and C. Do this by using the Humble
formula together with the density porosity to calculate the formation resistivity
factor F. Obtain Rt , the true formation resistivity, from the ILD log (deep
induction), and assume the values given on the log are corrected for invasion,
borehole, bed thickness etc. Note that the scale for the ILD log at these depths
runs from 20-2000 ohm-m.

Also assume n=2, and Rw the resistivity of the formation water is 0.045 ohm-m.

Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University 32

 Porosity
Schlumberger

Porosity Evaluation from Sonic

Por-3
(English)

vf = 5300 ft/sec
50 50

Time average
Field observation

1.1
40 40
Por
1.2

1.3
) 1.4
ne
sto ne
30 e to 1.5 30
lim nds
ite

(
sa
φ, porosity (p.u.)

φ, porosity (p.u.)
m

1.6
it e

r tz
lo

lc

ua
Do

Ca

Bcp
Q

20 20

vma(ft/sec)
23 ,000
19 ,00 0
26

21 00
18 ,50 0
,

,00 0
0

10 10

0 0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
t , interval transit time (µsec/ft)
© Schlumberger

These two charts (Por-3) convert sonic log interval transit time,
t , into porosity, φ. Two sets of curves are shown. The blue set
employs a weighted-average transform. The red set is based on
empirical observation (see Reference 20). For both, the saturat-
ing fluid is assumed to be water with a velocity of 5300 ft/sec
(1615 m/sec).
To use, enter the chart with the interval transit time from the
sonic log. Go to the appropriate matrix velocity or lithology
curve and read the porosity on the ordinate.
For rock mixtures such as limy sandstones or cherty
dolomites, intermediate matrix lines may be required. When
using the weighted-average transform in unconsolidated sand,
a lack-of-compaction correction, Bcp , must be made. To accom-
plish this, enter the chart with the interval transit time; go to the
appropriate compaction correction line, and read the porosity on
the ordinate. If the compaction correction is unknown, it can be
determined by working backward from a nearby clean water
sand whose porosity is known.
Continued on next page

3-3

3
4
 Tutorial

Crossplots for Porosity, Lithology and Saturation

Schlumberger

M-N Plot for Mineral Identification

CP-8
For CNL* curves that have been environmentally corrected

1.1

Gypsum

1.0

s
Ga or
Secondary lt
porosity sa

0.9
CP vma = 5943 m/sec
= 19,500 ft/sec

Quartz sandstone
Calcite (limestone)
vma = 5486 m/sec
= 18,000 ft/sec
0.8 1 2 34
Dolomite
M 324 1

0.7 Anhydrite

Sulfur

Approximate
0.6
shale
region
Fresh mud
ρf = 1.0 Mg/m3, f = 620 µsec/m
t
ρf = 1.0 g/cm3, f = 189 µsec/ft
t
0.5 Salt mud
ρf = 1.1 Mg/m3, f = 607 µsec/m
t
ρf = 1.1 g/cm3, f = 185 µsec/ft
t

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

© Schlumberger N

This crossplot may be used to help identify mineral mixtures (φ N ) f − φ N

from sonic, density and neutron logs. (The CNL neutron log N= ( English or metric)
ρb − ρf
is used in the above chart; the time average sonic res ponse is
assumed.) Except in gas-bearing formations, M and N are Points for binary mixtures plot along a line connecting the
practically independent of porosity. They are defined as: two mineral points. Ternary mixtures plot within the triangle
defined by the three constituent minerals. The effect of gas,
M=
t f − t × 0.01 (English) shaliness, secondary porosity, etc., is to shift data points in the
ρb − ρf directions shown by the arrows.
The dolomite and sandstone lines on Chart CP-8 are divided
t f − t × 0.003 (metric) by porosity range asfollows: 1) φ = 0 (tight formation);
M= 2) φ = 0 to 12 p.u.; 3) φ = 12 to 27 p.u.; and 4) φ = 27 to 40 p.u.
ρb − ρf
4-20

Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University 4

5
Formation Evaluation – Example of Section B Exam Solutions

(1) Main zonations :

• Relatively clean quartz sandstone units at approximate depths 11804 – 11833

ft, 11845 – 11869 ft (with possibly a short muddy sand interval at 11855 – 11857
ft), 11877 – 11879 ft.

• Main muddy sand units at approximate depths 11833 – 11841 ft, 11869 – 11880
ft, 11879 – 11880 ft.

• Shale units at approximate depths 11790 – 11804 ft and 11880 – 11910 ft.

• Cemented zone at approximate depths 11841 – 11845 ft, and also some possible
partially cemented zones at approximate depths 11817 – 11819 ft, 11822 –
11825 ft and 11873 – 11877 ft.

The main hydrocarbon bearing zones are between the following approximate depths:
11804 – 11841 ft, 11845 – 11869 ft, 11877 – 11880 ft.

(2) Density Porosity = (rma – rb) / (rma – rf)

If we make the assumption that the lithology is relatively clean quartz sandstone in
each case (in reality at depth B we have a slightly muddy sand) so that the matrix
density rma is about 2.65 then:

Depth A: Porosity = (2.65 – 2.39) / (2.65 – 1.00) = 0.158 or 15.8 %

Depth B: Porosity = (2.65 – 2.36) / (2.65 – 1.00) = 0.176 or 17.6 %

Depth C: Porosity = (2.65 – 2.43) / (2.65 – 1.00) = 0.133 or 13.3 %

(3) Assuming again that the lithology is clean quartz sandstone, the Empirical
equation (using Chart Por-3) gives acoustic porosities of:

Depth A: 13.5 %
Depth B: 17.8 %
Depth C: 12.0 %

(4) M = 0.01 [(tf – t) / (rb - rf)]

Depth A: M = 0.01[(189 – 70) / (2.39 – 1)] = 0.856

Depth B: M = 0.01[(189 – 75) / (2.36 – 1)] = 0.838
Depth C: M = 0.01[(189 – 68) / (2.43 – 1)] = 0.846

65
 Tutorial

N = (jNf – jN ) / (rb – rf)

Depth A: N = (1 – 0.12) / (2.39 – 1) = 0.633

Depth B: N = (1 – 0.15) / (2.36 – 1) = 0.625
Depth C: N = (1 – 0.08) / (2.43 – 1) = 0.643

(5) Formation factor F (using the Humble formula) = 0.62 /j 2.15

Depth A: F = 0.62 / 0.1582.15 = 32.98

Depth B: F = 0.62 / 0.1762.15 = 26.05
Depth C: F = 0.62 / 0.1332.15 = 47.33

Sw = ÷ [ (F Rw ) / (Rt) ] assuming the saturation exponent n = 2

Depth A: Sw = ÷ [ (32.98 x 0.045) / (100) ] = 0.122 or 12.2 %

Depth B: Sw = ÷ [ (26.05 x 0.045) / (24) ] = 0.221 or 22.1 %
Depth C: Sw = ÷ [ (47.33 x 0.045) / (300) ] = 0.084 or 8.4 %

Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University 67