jes in Europes ¢ Industrial Revolution, of the modern world. ‘a land of villages. There m ae ‘more than 20 000 people. he farming was the same as it had been “Ages. Many peasants still grew crops narrow fields of the three-field system. ‘only enough for themselves with Very did not travel very much. When they They had to walk, or go on horseback or by “The oads were made of earth hammered har. ‘people who travelled used coaches hike this. The in mud in wi ‘They were deep in mt dusiy in summer. The fastest coach bout 15 km/h, but most Wagons Went ny kmh, soods were made by people in their own homes Pitan tools or simple machines driven by 4 waver power These machines Were made mai oF wood because the right Kind of iron a ve. The craftsman worked with expen a Everything took along te and ‘Tis is how things were made before the Industrial Revolution Most people still belonged to one of two classes. ‘There were a few rich nobles, but the majority were workers and peasants, There was, however, a small number of people in the middle class of merchants, tradesmen, lawyers and doctors. It was difficult fo ‘person from the working or peasant class to become rich or middle class,‘fhe person who hed died in 1450 came back in 1850 he would scarcely recognize the country. There would be a ‘great deal that he could not understand, and he probably world have been very frightened By 1850 Britain was mainly an industrial country. “There were over a hundred towns with more than 20 000 people. Over half the population lived in cities. In the countryside the medieval system had gone, and there were big new farms with hedges ( Bilt ) all round the fields. The animals were fatter and bigger, and the farms produced large amounts of food. This is how things were made after the Industrial Revolution Industry easier to move from one class to another. finary people could become rich by: and opening their own workshops. Many more professional people such as lawyers, ‘merchants and bankers were needed. There had to many supervisors, engineers, office workers and Sele = been since 1750? people worked together in dreadful conditions and were paid low wages. However, the new factories could make goods much more quickly than by: hand, so prices fell and ordinary people could afford more goods The new railway trains carried people and goods about the country at speeds of up to 90 km/h: Steamships were crossing the oceans carrying factory goods for sale and bringing back raw materials and’ cheap food Ordinary people were moving about the country much more, looking for work and setting in the new industrial towns [Affer the Industral Revolution, people and goods traveled by sleam- power. “Journeys in the new trains and ships were much faster This picture of a British town is from 1840, What changes do You think there hadThis map shows the three big fields used for farming before the The Agricultural Revolution If a country wants to change from agriculture to industry: it must have plenty of spare money; it must be able ro get raw materials easily; it must have markets to sell the goods it makes; itmust have good farms to grow plenty of food as most people will be living in towns In the 18th century Britain had all of these things except good farming. This was not much better than it had been in the Middle Ages. Most of the peasants had long narrow strips of land scattered in three big fields round the villages. Everyone had to grow the same things — wheat and barley. Every year one third of the land was allowed to ‘rest’ and grew nothing. ‘All of the peasant's animals were put together on the big common field to feed and to mate. The peasants could grow enough for themselves, but not much for anyone else. But all of this began to change in the first half of the 18th century. pune Enclosures The first step was to ‘enclose’ the big strip fields ‘The peasants did not usually have any papers to say that the land belonged to them. The richer people You can see marks left by the old strip fields in this photogray in the villages got the government to take the land away from the peasants and to give it to them. The landlords now had large farms, and put hedges all round to make them into fields. This is called ‘enclosing’ the land, The farm in the photograph was enclosed 250 years ago, but you can stil see the marks of the old strips in the modern fields. The new farmers did not let any Jand be wasted. In the first year they planted a field with wheat. The next year they planted tumips to feed animals in the winter, The nex year they planted clove, whic ‘made the soil rich again. The fiext year they planted! barley, and the-mekt, wheat again. This meant the land produced much more food. This is the same area afer the land Wis enclosed aaaesults of the Agricultural Revolution Now that one man owned a lot of land he could do ‘hist he liked with it, Many farmers tried jinents, such as draining the soil to make it faahee They chose the biggest and best animals and trated them. By doing this the average size of cows, steep and pigs went up three times in fifty years This too meant more food. The new farmers beg to use simple machines in the fields. The most Jnporant was for sowing seed ( HAH). This planted the seeds under the ground away from the birds, The ‘rops are in straight lines and the weeds could be hhoed. Later machines were invented for cutting com and grass. Later still, st eS Were used on farms for driving machines. Asteam-engine on a farm Famspedaced mich mor fod. There “at le for people inthe nem towns working in factories Farms did not need so many workers Country people could go t0 towns where workers were needed in factories The new method of crop rotation ( Wh ) used by farmers in the mid-18th Tat Your Wheat (or brody ‘2d Your Torips (Vor animal food) ‘4th Year Barey (or beer and animal Vale ‘3rd Year Clover (for animal food) makes soll ren animal breedin Old way New way Many peasants lost their land. Those who ‘stayed in the villages had to work for rich farmers who paid very low wagesCapital ( #2 ) ‘Merchants in Europe, especially Holland and Britain were very rich. They did not just want to keep thet money, but to invest it in something that wos m more, They saw that new methods of (product goods quickly could bring them great profits; ‘vere anxious to help inventors and others wh ‘seemed able to do this.{dustrial Revolution began in Britain almost ae before anywhere else. There are a number of reasons for this. Unlike most countries of Europe, Britain had settled her quals about religion and politics. The people ‘were united and had great freedom. They could worship a5 they liked, or not worship at all. The nobles had litle power over the ordinary people so that there was no danger of revolution as in France and elsewhere. An clected Parliament ruled the count, not the king alone, so the people had some say in making the laws, British merchants were especially rich, Many had ‘made great fortunes trading with America (sending slaves from Africa and bringing cotton, tobacco and sugar to England), Merchants trading with India were also rich. They all had large amounts of money Which they wanted to invest. This money encouraged the growth of a good banking system which helped ndustry and trade to grow.‘Transport and the Industrial Revolution ‘The revolution in transport — railways and steamships - obviously had a great effect on industry ‘and trade. It also made a big difference to the lives ‘ofthe people. The first engines pulled trucks of coal ‘abmines about 1813, The first passenger tran began fn 1829. The line was only 15 kilometres long but twas so successful that within 20 years there were lines all over Britain. At first people thought that they would all die if they travelled at more than 20 km/h, and a man with a red flag had to walk in front ofthe engine to warn people. Soon however, trains became faster, more comfortable, safer and cheaper, and were travelling at 80 or 90 km/h. Cheaper transport Railways could carry goods and passengers much amore cheaply than by road, Heavy goods such as coal, iron and machinery could be sent long distances which was impossible by horse and cart, Factories could now be built in the best places because raw ‘iaterials could be taken to them easily and finished goods taken to the ports for export. All of this made een. $0 that ordinary people could buy Building a railway line Employment The railways gave work to hundred: of people. There were men building the the engines; there were men running there were men digging the coal and making the iam ways, Mis for mail’. This picture fr shows the post being tr severybody would get off the train each time i ‘ach time it slopped at a cartoon from 1849 you can seal the passengers dining ea warning the people that the iain is about to leave s and people could move much more quicl by rail than by horse and cart. This meant that hae like fresh fish and milk could get to the towns. Post and newspapers could go all over the country im & few hours instead of several days, so people became more aware of what w: home easel fas happening at i andThis railway station in London is over 100 years iil used today New towns New towns grew up with the railways. There w factory towns making engines, rails and carta; There were new towns at important railway junction: Staller towns grew up outside the big cities because people could travel to work easily on the railways or tramways, or in London, on the unde railway. These suburbs were much nicer places to live in than the dirty, crowded city centres. ce, Railways were built to places which were very difficult to reach by road. People could travel all over the country to look for work or to visit relatives and friends. The cheapness and speed of rail travel allowed many ordinary people to have a holiday for the frst time. Often this was only a day by the sea - which most ‘working people had never seen. These are some of, the swimming costumes for rich people they might have seen in 1889 when a return trip to the seaside, about 80 kilometres away, cost about 12 cents Swimming costumes from the late 19th century An early wooden steamship Steamships Steamships were slower to develop than railways because sailing ships were quite good, while roads were very bad. The first successful steamship was made in Scotland in 1802. It was driven by a paddle Wheel. Many early steamships were used for pulling barges or large sailingships in and out of harbours Some, however, could cross the oceans. The propeller was invented in the 1830s, and after about 1850 it was used for ove ships. Iron was first used to build ships about 1840. This meant that ships could be made much bigger. The big steam-driven iron ships could go faster than the wooden sailing ships because they could travel in any weather. They could also carry much ‘more cargo, and needed fewer men to work them. Steamdriven cranes on the docks lifted goods from the ships to steam trains. All of this made cheaper, In 1880 the frst ship with eft Taunched. Now meat and other perishable foods could be taken anywhere in the world cheaply — which ‘meant a big improvement in the diet of poorer people, ‘An iron steamshipThe effects of Ky the Industrial X Revolution: 1 Before the Industrial Revolution most people worked alone or with only a few others. When factories began they had to work together with hundreds of others. ‘This had a great effect on their lives. At first most ‘of these effects were very bad, because there were almost no laws to protect workers from greedy and cruel factory owners, People could be made to work in terrible conditions, for long hours and for low ‘wages. Children could be sent to work as early as three or four years, and there were no safety regulations a all in mines and factories, After about 1840, however, conditions did improve a litte, though a hundred years later in the UK there were still many things that needed improvement. Capital and labour The factory system divided much of the country into two groups — capitalists (% ) and workers (or about). Capitalists were men who had a lot money (or ‘capital’ t0 invest. They owned the factories and employed the workers, who were generally very poor. Most capitalists had one idea - to make more money. They did not bother who suffered as long as they became richer. They paid workers as little as possible and made them work long hours in bad conditions, The poor man is saying 0 the rick men: “All I wanl isco work and eat the wages of my labour.” The rich men are replying: "Well, all we want isto do ‘nothing and ear other people's wages.” ‘These are the rules of one cotton factory in 1823 ‘Any spinner with a window open ‘Any spinner found dirty at work ‘Any spinner found washing For leaving the oil can out of place ‘Any spinner heard whistling ‘Any spinner being 5 minutes late For having the gaslight too bright For having the gaslight on too long 'Any spinner being sick must pay the owner for steam ‘The temperature in this kind of factory was about (C. A spinner would earn about six shillings a Some workers had so many fines that they would pay the owner at the end of the week instead of getting any wages. Employment of women and children The steam-engine provided the power in factories so that few strong men were needed. This meant the ‘owners could employ women and children who werk paid only about half men's wages. Factory owners Would often give a job to a man only if he could bring his wife and several children to work as well A woman and a child outside a we seLiving in cities Big ees aTEW up around the factories bectuse truss of people went there to work, Many of the streets ere very narrow and made of earth, with kes fall of filthy water, The houses were very Smuland very crowded. They were packed round the factory so that the people could get to work aqicly - there was no transport, of course. The Sijes gw up so quickly that there were no real police, no churches, and nothing for the people to Go. ORen the few shops belonged to the factory ‘owners, who charged very high prices because the workers had to buy goods there. Conditions in the factories People were often made to work from twelve to sixteen hours a day in hot, dusty and unhealthy factors. When they worked at home they could stop from time to time to rest or to eat. Now they had to keep on working their machines as long as the steamengine kept turning, Sometimes they even had tocattheirmeals while they worked. There are many stories of children who were so tired at the end of the day they fell asleep and were killed in the machines. Above: plan of workers’ houses Below: haw each house was divided ‘Oe ae Cities lke this grew very fast in Britain in the 19th century Workers’ homes The workers’ houses usually belonged to the factory owner who could charge what rent he liked, They were very small, jammed together and badly built. Often there was a family of five or six people in each room and another in a cellar. There was often only one lavatory for ten or twenty houses, and this was just a hole in the ground with a shelter round it There was one pump or well for the same number of houses, and the water was filthy with sewage, Rubbish was thrown into the street where it rotted and caused disease. People were so badly paid they could afford little furniture or any comfort at all in their homes. Workers’ housing in the 19th centuryThe effects of the Industrial Revolution: 2 Ey ‘The Industrial Revolution started in Britai vei Ve the middle of the 19th century other countries Tike France, Belsium, Germany and the United Sttes were quickly becoming industrialized. After 1 Japan began to build many factories. At irs, as we saw on page 35, industrilization made life very miserable for many working people. But after about 1840 things began to improve, and life for many people grew slowly better, though it was still much worse than ours today. Most people today think that an industrial way of life is best because they can have so many things. This is why developing countries try very hard to start factories and to make goods for export. When they are selling goods to other countries, they can also buy things from abroad that they want. The Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions have affected the whole world: agricultural machinery in China Workers‘ housing in London, 1870. The rooms were dark. damp and very crowded Better standards of living ‘The factory system helped to narrow the gap between working people and the rich. Goods could be made much more quickly and cheaply by machine than by hand, so many more people could have them. Ordinary people could have much better clothing: their homes could have cold running water, drain, lavatories and gas because iron pipes were cheap to make. They could have carpets and better furniture and household goods. They could have some luxuries which only the rich could have afforded earlier many had bicycles and pi short holidays, if only fe anos, a d even went on ay by train to the seaside, From about 1880 refrigerated ships brought cheap meat and fruit from all over the world so that working People could have better food There was still a wide gap between the working for ate mdlthe rich, but the good things of life woe This Ls time being shared a litte more fairly. is is one of the grea i Be eo the great results of industrializationOpportunities incursion gave ton dpe er sql aystem gave the chance for some The inde families to rise in the world, Some 6 de reney rich and a few even became nobles. became ve9) es needed many different kinds of worker The facies, managers, engineers, mechanics and at cchicians. The big businesses needed clerks of ginds. More bankers, accountants and lawyers oft needed. Working people who were prepared Wefork hard and study could often get better jobs, 1th pood wages. Workers who were clever and energetic enough could set up their own businesses, Tfihey succeeded they might become very rich indeed, owning their own factories New goods and new inventions Inventions from the late 19th century One invention often leads to several others, and the rate of discovery became faster. By the end of the 19th century electricity was being widely u especially in industry; there were some telephones carly motor cars, and the first underground train In medicine, anaesthetics were i as early X-rays, and many new kinds of drugs and operations. People could go to the first cinemas, listen to early record players or take photographs with simple cameras. On the other hand, countries raced to build giant iron warships with guns with one tonne shells machine guns, huge cannon and other weapons more deadly than the world had ever known. Political changes Before the Industrial Revolution workers did not ‘meet many others in the same trade. Now hundreds of men and women met in the factories and could talk about wages and conditions of work. They realized how badly they were paid and how unfairly they were treated. They began to form trade unions to try to get better conditions and shorter hours. ‘Then the ordinary people wanted to have a share in running the country by being allowed to vote for Parliament. They felt that the only way to get fair conditions for all working people was to change the laws of the country. Until 1832 only a few people, ‘mainly wealthy, could vote. But by 1884, after a long struggle, almost all men (but no women) were allowed to vote. PP ti a