REVIEWER - acts as selective barrier that determines what moves

in and out of the cell

Anatomy & Physiology - plays a role in communication between cells
Chapter 3: CELLS STRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS - made up primarily of phospholipids and proteins

MOVEMENT THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE

- cell membranes are selectively permeable –they
allow some substances, but not others to pass into
or out of the cells
I. CELL STRUCTURE - intracellular materials has a different composition
CELL than extracellular
- Basic living unit of all organisms - cell’s survival depends on maintaining the
- Simplest organism = single cells difference
- Humans = multiple cells - nutrients must enter cells continuously, and waste
- Complex living structures which have many products must exit
characteristics in common but are also specialized - rupture, alteration in permeability, or inhibition of
to perform specific functions transport processes can disrupt the balance of
- Highly organized unit substances and lead to cell death.
ORGANELLES
- Specialized structures that perform special
functions
NUCLEUS
- Contains the cell’s genetic material
CYTOPLASM
- Living material surrounding the
nucleus
CELL MEMBRANE OR PLASMA
MEMBRANE
- Encloses the cytoplasm
FUNCTIONS
- Have all the characteristics of life
1. CELL METABOLISM AND ENERGY
USE
2. SYNTHESIS OF MOLECULES PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
3. COMMUNICATION - no energy required
4. REPRODUCTION AND
INHERITANCE DIFFUSION

II. CELL MEMBRANE

- Outermost component of the cell
- Encloses the cytoplasm
- Forms the boundary between material inside the cell
and material outside it
- Extracellular substances = outside the cell
- intracellular = inside the cell

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 - Process when solutes move from -Force required to
an area of higher concentration to prevent the movement
an area of lower concentration of of water across a
that same solute in solution selectively permeable
SOLUTION membrane
- Generally composed of HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
one or more substances - Force that counteracts
SOLUTES osmotic pressure
- Substances dissolved in
solvents
SOLVENTS
- Predominant liquid or
gas where solvents are
dissolved in
CONCENTRATION
GRADIENT
- The difference in the
concentration of the
solute in a solvent
between two points
divided by the distance
between the two points
CHANNELS HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
- Certain small, water- - lower concentration of
soluble substances can solutes
diffuse between the - higher concentration of
phospholipid molecules water relative to the
of the cell membrane cytoplasm of the cell
LEAK CHANNELS LYSIS
- Constantly allows - swelling of cell
passage leads to rupture
GATED CHANNELS HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
- Limits the - higher concentration of
movement of ions solutes
across the - lower concentration of
membrane by water relative to the
opening and cytoplasm of the cell
closing CRENATION
- cell shrinkage
OSMOSIS ISOTONIC SOLUTION
- Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable - concentrations of
membrane, from region of higher concentration to various solutes and
one of lower concentration water are the same on
both sides of the cell
membrane
CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
- Many nutrient molecules
(amino acids and glucose)
cannot enter the cell by diffusion
CARRIER MOLECULES
- Proteins within the cell
membrane
- Involved in carrier-mediated
transport mechanisms which
exhibit specificity

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

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 FACILITATED DIFFUSION
- Moves substances across
the cell membrane from an
area of higher concentration
to an area of low
concentration of that
substance
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- Moves substances across
the cell membrane from
regions of lower
concentration to those of EXOCYTOSIS
higher concentration against - Release of materials from cells
a concentration gradient

SECONDARY ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
- Involves the active
transport of one substance
across the cell membrane,
establishing a concentration
gradient
COTRANSPORT
- Diffusing substance
moves in the same
direction as
transported
substance
COUNTERTRANSPORT
- Diffusing substance
moves in a direction
opposite to that of
the transported
substance
ENDOCYTOSIS
- Uptake of material through the cell
membrane by the formation of
vesicle
- Usually exhibits
specificity (receptor-
mediated endocytosis)
PHAGOCYTOSIS
- Used for endocytosis
when solid particles are
ingested
- Important means by
which WBCs take up
and destroy harmful
substances that have
entered the body
PINOCYTOSIS
- Much smaller vesicles
are formed and they
contain liquid rather than
particles
III. ORGANELLES
NUCLEUS
- Large organelle located near the center of the
cell
- Nuclei of human cells contain 23 pairs of
chromosomes, which consist of DNA and
proteins
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
- Consists of outer and inner membranes with
a narrow space between them which binds
the nucleus
NUCLEAR PORES
- Through these, materials can pass into or
out of the nucleus
CHROMATIN
- Chromosomes which are loosely coiled and
collective
RIBOSOMES
- Where proteins are produced
- May be attached to other organelles
(endoplasmic reticulum)
- May not be attached (free ribosomes)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- Series of membranes forming sacs and tubules
that extend from the outer nuclear membrane
into the cytoplasm
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
- ER with ribosomes attached to it
- Where protein synthesis occurs
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
- No ribosomes
- Site for lipid synthesis

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 - Participates in detoxification of chemicals - Similar to cilia but longer
within cells - Usually occur only one per cell
MICROVILLI
- Specialized extensions of the cell membrane
GOLGI APPARATUS - Numerous on cells
- Closely packed stacks of curved, membrane- - Increases its surface area
bound sacs
- Collects, modifies, packages , and distributes IV. WHOLE-CELL ACTIVITY
proteins and lipids manufactured by the ER
- Present in large numbers
- Mostly highly developed in cells that secrete
protein
SECRETORY VESICLES
- Small, membrane-bound sac that transports or
store materials within the cell
- Pinch off from Golgi apparatus, fuses to the cell
membrane and contents of the vesicle are
released to the exterior of the cell
LYSOSOME
- Membrane-bound vesicles formed from the
Golgi apparatus
- Contain a variety of enzymes that function as
intracellular digestive enzymes
PEROXISOMES
- Small, membrane-bound vesicles
- Contain enzymes that break down fatty acids,
amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide GENE EXPRESSION
MITOCHONDRIA - DNA contains information that directs protein
- Small organelles with inner and outer synthesis
membranes separated by space GENE
- Major site for ATP production within cells - Sequence of nucleotides that
CRISTAE provides a chemical set of
- Numerous folds in the inner membrane instructions for making a specific
- Project like shelves into the protein
mitochondria’s interior TRANSCRIPTION
CYTOSKELETON - Cell makes a copy of the gene
- Consist of proteins that support the cell, hold necessary to make a particular
organelles in place, and enable the cell to protein
change shape - Takes place in the nucleus
MICROTUBULES MESSENGER RNA
- Help support the cytoplasm of the cell - Travels from the nucleus to
- Assist in cell division the ribosomes in the
- Form essential components of certain cytoplasm, where the
organelles information in the copy is
MICROFILAMENTS then used to constructs a
- Involved in cell movement protein by means of
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS translation
- Provide mechanical support to the cell CODONS
CENTRIOLES - Groups of three
CENTROSOMES nucleotides that
- Specialized zone of cytoplasm close to carry information in
the nucleus mRNA
- Where microtubules formation occurs - Each codon
- Contains two centrioles which are specifies a
normally oriented perpendicular to each particular amino
other acid
CILIA TRANSFER RNA
- Cylindrical structures that project from the - Specialized molecules that
surface of cells carry the amino acids
- May vary in number from none to thousands (necessary to synthesize
- Capable of moving proteins) to the ribosomes
FLAGELLA

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 -
1 pair is the sex
chromosomes
2X
CHROMOSOMES
– female
X CHROMOSOME
AND Y
CHROMOSOME –
male
AUTOSOMES
- Remaining 22 pairs of
chromosomes
- Determine an
individual’s other
characteristics
-
TRANSLATION MITOSIS
- Converts the copied information into - Forms new cells necessary for
a protein growth and tissue repair
- Occurs at the ribosomes - Parent cell
RIBOSOMAL RNA divides to form
TRANSFER RNA two daughter
- There is one type of tRNA for cells with the
each mRNA codon same amount
- In each tRNA there is a three and type DNA
nucleotide anticodon that as the parent
pairs with the codon of the cell and
mRNA performs the
- Ensures that the correct same function
amino acid is matched with
the correct codon of the
mRNA
V. CELL LIFE CYCLE
CELL CYCLE

INTERPHASE
- DNA is replicated
- Two strands of DNA
separate from each other, and
each strand serves as a
template for the production of DIFFERENTIATION
a new strand of DNA - Single cell formed during fertilization
CELL DIVISION divides by mitosis to form two cells,
- Formation of daughter which divide to form four cells and so
cells from a single parent cell on
- Each cell in the - Process by which cells develop with
human body, except for sex specialized structures and functions
cells, contains 46 - Some portions of DNA are active, but
chromosomes others are inactive and differ with
MEIOSIS each cell type
- Forms sex cells APOPTOSIS
necessary for reproduction - Programmed cell death
SEX CELLS/GAMETES - Normal process by which cell
- Have half the number of numbers within various tissues are
chromosomes as other cells adjusted and controlled
46 CHROMOSOMES - Eliminates excess cells to maintain a
- Diploid number of constant number of cells within the
chromosomes tissue
SEX CHROMOSOMES - Eliminates damaged or potentially
- Determine the dangerous cells, virus-infected cells,
individual’s sex and potential cancer cells
23 PAIRS OF - Regulated by specific genes
CHROMOSOMES

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 1. CHROMATIN
CONDENSATION AND
FRAGMENTATION
2. NUCLEAR
FRAGMENTATION
3. DEATH
4. CELL FRAGMENTATION
5. MACROPHAGES
PHAGOCYTIZE THE
CELL FRAGMENTS
CELLULAR ASPECT OF AGING
- Major hypotheses that attempt to
explain how aging occurs:
1. CELLULAR CLOCK
2. DEATH GENES
3. DNA DAMAGE
4. FREE RADICALS
5. MITOCHONDRIAL
DAMAGE

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