PRACTICAL 12 Module 12

RESEARCH 2
UNDERSTANDING DATA AND WAYS
TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT DATA

A
module developed by DepEd-Davao City
Icons were illustrated by

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

 Copyright Page

Writer:

KATRINA O. QUIZAN
Teacher I Communal National High School

Evaluators:

ACHILLES CHARLES G. GRANDEZA

Crossing Bayabas National High School

RONNIE M. VALES
Team Leader
Bernardo D. Carpio National High School

ELSIE E. GAGABE
EPS-Research

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

 ________________________________________
Information about this ADM learner’s material

I. Objectives:
The learner demonstrates understanding of
Ia. Content Standards quantitative research designs.

The learner is able to describe adequately

Ib. Performance Standards
quantitative research designs.
The learner chooses appropriate quantitative
. Ic. Learning Competencies
research design. (CS_RS12-IIa-c-1)
Understanding Data and Ways to
II. Content / Topic
Systematically Collect Data

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

 Hi there! This module will guide you through the next

steps of your research. After identifying the problem, asking

your questions, and pointing out your target respondents,

you will have to identify which research design suits your

study the most.

Since research design is a crucial part and the

foundation of your study, this module is programmed to

guide you step-by-step for an easier transfer of knowledge.

You will also have the chance to apply your learning

at the end of this module. Always remember that you can

ask your teachers or parents for any questions that you

might encounter.

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

 The very focus of this module is to target the enhancement of your

skills in deciding which quantitative research design is appropriate

for different kinds of studies. Thus, we will focus on the following

targets:

a. Define the different quantitative research designs;

b. Choose appropriate quantitative research designs based on the

problem given.

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

Introduction

Research does not always involve experiments. Some studies are made to

describe or understand the phenomena of a certain situation based on the focus of the

researcher. This is when research design comes along. A general knowledge of

research designs will lead you to have a better conceptualization of you study.

In this module, you can explore the different types of research design based on

their purpose. There are researches that uses non-experimental designs that does not

involve the manipulation of the variables. Some research also provide explanations on

relationships or develop conceptualizations and generalization about the variables.

Most importantly, the idea of familiarizing and mastering the research designs

would give you an advantage and a higher validity. Validity, to quote, is termed to

whether a research had measured what it supposed to measure (The Importance of

Understanding Research Methodology, 2013).

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

Instruction: Re-arrange the letters to unlock the words being defined below.

1. To make or show connection between two things _________________

LREETA
2. To give relevant characteristics or qualities of a certain object _______________

SCDERBIE
3. To note the similarity or difference between two things_________________

POMCAER
4. A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or
demonstrate a known fact _______________________

PEXEIMETNR
5. The overall strategy that you choose that would include the methods and
procedures in collecting and analyzing data ___________________

GDSINE

Great!

How did you find the activity? Are you familiar with these words?

The next parts will introduce you gradually to the different types of

research design that you can choose from!

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

 You’re awesome in unlocking the words! This time,
we will try to discover what these words really mean.

Instruction:

1. What words did you unlocked in the activity?

2. Are you familiar with some of the words?

3. How would this words connect to our topic on research design?

At this point, we will move forward to our main topic. In your

previous module, we were able to discuss the different types of

quantitative design. Let us have a short review about that and will

soon learn to apply these designs appropriately.

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

 The Research Design

Quantitative research aims to either describe or determine the

relationship of things within a specific sample of population. In starting your

research, you should choose first a general framework of your study that

will provide the blueprint of your analysis and measurement. This general

framework is your research design.

THE TWO TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

When you do quantitative research, you must first decide whether you will

do Experimental or Non-Experimental.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

EXPERIMENTAL NON-EXPERIMENTAL

True Experimental Descriptive

Quasi Experimental Comparative

Correlational

Fig. 1.1 Types of Quantitative Research Design

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

WHEN WILL WE USE EXPERIMENTAL?

We use experimental when we want to compare two groups—one group is

affected by an intervention and the other one is not. Experimental Design could be in:

a. True Experimental -True Experimental uses random assignment. Random

assignment uses random procedures to assign people which group they

should belong. This is to keep in mind that any differences made by the two

groups are due to random chances and will keep any bias from the study.

On the other hand, when we do not randomly select the sample, we use a Quasi-

Experimental design.

b. Quasi-Experimental- This is by any means, non-randomized intervention

studies due to some unfeasible or unethical reasons to conduct randomized

sampling (Harris, 2006). Each group is assigned the role due to the

infeasibility of choosing randomly.

Sampling Assignment Pre-Test Intervention Post-Test

Fig. 1.2 The Process of Experimental Research Design

(Source: https://scientificinquiryinsocialwork.pressbooks.com/chapter/12-1-experimental-design-what-is-it-and-when-should-it-be-
used/)

WHEN WILL WE USE NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN?

Contrary to Experimental, Non-Experimental Research Design does not alter a

variable. There will be no controlled group. The data will only be interpreted through the

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

descriptions, observation, and interactions of the respondents. Non-experimental can be

classified into Descriptive, Comparative, or Correlational.

a. Descriptive- We use Descriptive design when we try to determine the statistics

of a certain situation rather than trying to identify the cause-effect relationship of

the variables.

b. Comparative- Comparative design aims to identify underlying causes of

differences in a non-experimental set-up. It compares and contrasts variables to

better understand the nature of things.

c. Correlational design- Correlational design could be used if we plan to discover

the direction of the relationship of two variables.

Now we’re set! You already know the definitions of the different

quantitative designs. This time, we will practice choosing which research

design is appropriate for every research problem.

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

 In deciding what research design is appropriate for your study, you can follow this logic diagram:

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

 A. CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE RESEARCH DESIGN

Instruction: Read the situations below. Decide and choose what research design

is appropriate in each scenario. You can choose your answers from the box

below.

CORRELATIONAL DESCRIPTIVE COMPARATIVE

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL

1. You want to test if online learning is effective to Grade 7 students of Sta. Ana

National High School in improving their reading skills. You have chosen 2

groups. One group consists of students who have the capacity to do online

learning and the other group consists of those who will have to do face-to-

face reading instruction. Which research design is most appropriate for this

scenario considering that you cannot do random assignment because not all

students can have online learning?

ANSWER: __________________________________________________

2. You want to explore the preferred college courses of Senior High School

students of Davao City National High School. Which research design should

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

 you use if you would merely describe the percentage rate of students and

their preferred college course?

ANSWER: __________________________________________________

3. You want to test if the kind of music they listen affects the mood of Senior

High School students. You have chosen two groups randomly. Random

assignment is also conducted. One group gets to listen to hard rock music

while the other one listens to classical and suiting music. Right after the

session, their behavior is being observed. What research design is used?

ANSWER: __________________________________________________

4. You want to measure the level of confidence of HUMSS students and

discover if it has a relationship to their oral performance in class. Which

research design is the most appropriate to use?

ANSWER: __________________________________________________

5. You want to compare the level of environmental awareness of Senior High

School students from a school in the rural area with the Senior High School

students from a school in the urban area. Which research design will you use

if you would want to look for relationships of the variables?

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

 B. CHOOSING YOUR OWN RESEARCH DESIGN

Instructions: Now that we are one step ahead of your research, it’s time
that you decide what research design you will be using. Always remember
to refer to the logic diagram above in deciding. Fill out the needed details
below:

State your problem: ____________________________________________

Purpose of your study: __________________________________________

Research Design: ______________________________________________

How is your experience in answering the activity? These kinds of

situation are the ones you will often encounter when you start

your study. So always take note of the discussion above and

explore more on topics appropriate for each research design.

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

1. Research design is your framework for your study. It will guide you from choosing a

sample to identifying your data collection process.

2. Quantitative research design is composed of Experimental and Non-Experimental.

3. Experimental research is a design that involves two variables where one of the

variables receives intervention.

4. Experimental research design has two types: True Experimental (which conducts

random assignment on variables) and Quasi-Experimental (which assigns variables

according to their feasibility and availability)

5. Non-experimental research is a design that does not manipulate any variable.

6. Non-Experimental has three types: Descriptive, Comparative, and Correlational

Research Design. (A)Descriptive design is used when we only intend to describe a

variable and make generalizations and concepts out of the things observed.

(B)Comparative design is used when we intend to compare a characteristic of two

variables. (C)Correlations design is used when we try to discover the direction of

relationship between the variables.

7. In choosing the appropriate research design, always consider the purpose of your

study—whether you want to experiment/modify your variables, describe

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

 phenomena, compare groups, or look for relationships.

A. Instruction: Read the situations below. Choose the appropriate research

design for each scenario and justify why it is appropriate to use. Choose

only the letter of your answer.

1. Maria is very fond of potted plants. However, she observed that her snake plant
outside is healthier than her snake plant inside. She wants to test if the sunlight
could really affect the plants so she prepared two plants with the same condition
and treatment except that one plant (which she have chosen randomly) receives
more sunlight than the other. What research design did Maria use?

A. Maria used True Experimental because she had two variables where one
variable was randomly chosen to undergo intervention. She tested if
sunlight affects the growth of her plants.

B. Maria used Quasi-Experimental because she had two plants as variables

but Maria could only use snake plants and not any other plants.

C. Maria used Correlational because she tested if sunlight has any

relationship with the growth of her plants.

D. Maria used True Experimental because she tested the truth behind the
slow growth of her snake plant.

2. Josh wants to know what kind of gadgets do Grade 3 pupils already use and how
frequently they use it. Josh decided to have a survey among Grade 3 students
with the consent of their parents. What research design did Josh use?

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

 A. Josh used Comparative design because he compared the Grade the
types of gadgets used by Grade 3 pupils.

B. Josh used Comparative design because he compared how often

Grade 3 students use their gadgets.

C. Josh used Descriptive design because he aims to describe the type of

gadgets Grade 3 students use and how frequent they use it.

D. Josh used Descriptive design because he described the attitudes of

Grade 3 pupils when it comes to using their gadgets.

3. You want to know if the hours of study have a relationship with your classmates’
scores in Math. You sent questionnaires about their study habits and gathered
information on their scores in Math. What research design did you use?

A. I used Comparative design because I compared my classmates’

scores in Math and how long they study.

B. I used Correlational design because I have studied if there is any

relationship between my classmates’ scores in Math and their study
habits.

C. I used Descriptive design because I only described their intelligence

through their scores in Math.

D. I used Correlational design because I have discovered that their scores

in Math have relationship with their attitude.

Good job!

You have finished this module. Now that you have the general
knowledge of research designs, you can now start
conceptualizing your own study. Always remember that
research design will serve as your framework. It will guide you
on how to choose your sample, how to collect data, and what
KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School
type of analysis will you use. If you have any questions, you
may ask your teacher.
Answer Key

LET’S TRY THIS!

1. Relate

2. Describe

3. Compare

4. Experiment

5. Random

LET’S DO THIS!

1. Quasi-Experimental

2. Descriptive

3. True-Experimental

4. Correlational

5. Comparative

LET’S TEST OURSELVES!

1. A

2. B

3. C

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School

 REFERENCES

Harris, A. D., McGregor, J. C., Perencevich, E. N., Furuno, J. P., Zhu, J., Peterson, D.
E., & Finkelstein, J. (2006). The use and interpretation of quasi
experimental studies in medical informatics. Journal of the American Medical
Informatics Association: JAMIA, 13(1), 16–23.
https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M1749
The Importance of Understanding Research Methodology. (2013, September 25).

Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-importance-of

understanding-research-methodology.html.

Wadsworth Cengage, 2010; Brians, Craig Leonard et al. Empirical Political Analysis:

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods. 8th ed. Boston

KATRINA O. QUIZAN – Communal National High School