 The spirited soul which is
in charge of emotions
UNDERSTANDING
THE SELF
LESSON 1: THE SELF
ROM VARIOUS
PHILOSOPICAL
PERSPECTIVE
SOCRATES
Every man is composed of body
and soul. This means that every
human person is dualistic.
This means all individuals have an
imperfect impermanent aspect to
him, and the body, while
maintaining that there is also a
soul that is perfect and permanent.
PLATO
Plato supported the idea from his
master that the man is a dual
nature of body and soul. Plato
added that there are three
components of the soul. The
Republic.
 The rational soul forged
by reason and intellect has
to govern the affairs of the
human person.
should be kept at bay.
 The appetitive soul in
charge of base desires like
eating, drinking, sleeping,
and having sex are
controlled as well.
When this ideal state is attained,
then the human person’s soul
becomes just and virtuous.
AUGUSTINE
The man is of a bifurcated
nature.
 An aspect of man dwells in
the world and is imperfect
and continuously yearns to
be with the Divine and the
other is capable of
reaching immortality.
 The body is bound to die
on earth and the soul is to
anticipate living eternally
in a realm of spiritual bliss
in communion with God.
THOMAS AQUINAS
A man is composed of two
parts. Matter and form.
 Matter (hyle)
“Common stuff that
makes up everything in
the universe.
  Form (morphie)
“Essence of a impressions
substance or things.
RENE DESCARTES
The Father of Modern Philosophy.
Conceived of the human person as
having a body and a mind. He
claimed that there is so much that
we should doubt. If something is
so clear and lucid as not to be even
doubted, then that is the only time
when one should actually buy
proposition.
The self then for Descartes is also
a combination of two distinct
entities:
 Cogito - the things that
thinks, which is the mind
 Extenza – extension of the
mind which is the body
HUME
David Hume, a Scottish
Philosopher that believes that once
can know only what comes form
the senses and experience. One
can rightly see here the
empiricism (the school of thought
that espouses the idea that
knowledge can only be possible if
it is sensed an experienced.
Man can only attain knowledge by
experiencing. According to him,
the self is nothing but a bundle of
Self can be categorized into two:
 Impressions are the basic
object of our experience or
sensation. They therefore
form the core of our
thoughts. Impressions
therefore are vivid because
they are products of our
direct experience with the
world.
 Ideas are copies of
impressions because of
this, they are not as lively
and vivid as our
impressions.
KANT
Along with the different
apparatuses of the mind goes to
self” without the self, one cannot
organize the different impression
that one gets the relations to his
own existences.
Self is actively engage intelligence
in man that synthesizes all
knowledge and experience.
The self is not just what gives one
his personality, in addition, it is
also the seat of knowledge
acquisition for all human persons.
RYLE
The self is not an entity one can
locate and analyze but simply the
convenient name that people use
to refer to all the behaviors that
people make.
MERLEAU – PONTY
The mind and body are so
intertwined that they cannot be
separated from one another.
 One cannot find any
experience that is not an
embodied experience.
 All experience is
embodied.
 The living body, his
thoughts, emotions, and
experiences are all one.
LESSON 2: SOCIAL
SELF &
SOCIALIZATION
SOCIAL SELF
George Herbert Mead, a
sociologist from the late 1800s, is
well known for his theory of the
social self, which includes the
concepts of ‘self’, ‘me’, and ‘I’.
Meads’s theory of the social self
is based on the perspective that the
self emerges from interactions,
such as:
 Observing and interacting
with others
 Responding to others’
opinions about oneself
 And internalizing external
opinions and internal
feelings about oneself
The social aspect of self is an
important distinction because
other sociologist and psychologist
felt that the self was based on
biological factors and inherited
traits.
According to Mead, the self is not
there form birth, but it is
developed over time from social
experiences and activities.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIALIZATION
SELF PROCESS
According to Mead, three Humans learn the expectations of
activities develop the self: society through socialization
 Language develops self by Socialization is different based on
allowing individuals to race, gender, and class.
respond to each other.
 Play develops one’s self-
consciousness through role- SOCIALIZATION AS
playing SOCIAL CONTROL
 Games develop self by
allowing individuals to - Coercion
understand and adhere to the - Institutions
rules of the activity. - Language
- Peers
- Family
- Self
TWO SIDES OF SELF:
ME & I
AGENTS OF
According to Mead’s theory the
self has two sides: ‘me’ and ‘I ‘ SOCIALIZATION

 Me (social aspect) represents  Family

learned behaviors, attitudes,
and expectations of others and
society.
 I (present and future phase)
represent the individual’s
identity based on response to
the ‘me’.
 The ‘me’ and ‘I’ have a
didactic relationship.
- Introduce children to the
expectation of society
 Media
- Television is the dominant
medium, although half of all
youth use a computer daily.
 Peers
- Peer culture is an important
source of identity
 Religion
- Children tend to develop the
same religious beliefs as their
parents.
 Sports
- Can learn the concepts of self
 Schools
- Source of expectations that
encourage children to think
and behave in particular ways.
THEORIES OF
SOCIALIZATION
Object Relations Theory of
Socialization
INDIVIDUAL LEARNING
PROCESS
- Infants identify with same-sex
parent
FORMATION OF SELF
- Emerges through separating
oneself from primary caretaker
INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY
- Division of labor in the family
shapes identity.
Psychoanalytic Theory of
Socialization
INDIVIDUAL LEARNING
PROCESS
- Unconscious mind shapes
behavior
Social Learning Theory of
Socialization
INDIVIDUAL LEARNING
PROCESS
- People respond to social
stimuli in their environment
FORMATION OF SELF
- Created through interaction of
mental and social worlds
INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY
- Young children learn principle
that shape the external world
Functionalist Theory of
Socialization
INDIVIDUAL LEARNING
PROCESS
- People internalize role
expectations in society
FORMATION OF SELF
- Internalizing the values of
society reinforces social
consensus
INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY
- Society relies on conformity to
maintain social equilibrium

FORMATION OF SELF
- Emerges from tension between
id and superego

INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY
- Societal expectations are
represented by the ego
Conflict Theory of Socialization
INDIVIDUAL LEARNING
PROCESS
- Aspiration that are part of
identity are shaped by
available opportunities
FORMATION OF SELF
- Group consciousness is
formed in the context of a
system of inequality
INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY
- Social control agents exert
pressure to conform
Symbolic Interaction Theory of
Socialization
INDIVIDUAL LEARNING
PROCESS
- Children learn by taking the
roles of significant others
FORMATION OF SELF
- Emerges as the creative self-
interacts with social
expectations of others
INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY
- Expectations of others form
the context for learning social
roles
LESSON 3: THE SELF
IN WESTERN AND
EASTERN
THOUGHTS
Different cultures and varying
environment tend to create
different perceptions of the “self”
and one of the most common
distinctions between cultures and
people is the eastern-vs.-Western
dichotomy wherein eastern
represents Asia and western
represents Europe and Northern
America.
CONFUCIANISM
As a code or ethical conduct, of
how one should properly act
according to their relationship
with other people; thus, it is also
focused on having a harmonious
social life (ho, 1995).
The identity and self-concept of
the individual are interwoven with
the identity and status of his/her
community or culture, sharing its
pride as well as its failures (ho,
1995).
Self-cultivation is see as the
ultimate purpose of life but the
characteristics of a chun-tzu, a
man of virtue or noble character;
is still embedded in his social
relationships (ho, 1995).
 TAOISM
Taoism is living the way of the
tao or the universe. They adopt a
free-flowing, relative, unitary, as
well as paradoxical view of almost
everything.
Taoism rejects the hierarchy and
strictness brought by
Confucianism and would prefer a
simple lifestyle and its teachings
thus aim to describe how to attain
that life.
The ideal self is selflessness, but
this is not forgetting about the self,
it is living a balanced life with
society and nature, being open
and accepting to change,
forgetting about prejudices and
egocentric ideas and thinking
about equality as well as
complementarity among humans
as well as other beings (ho, 1995).
BUDDHISM
The self is see as an illusion,
born out of ignorance, of trying
to hold and control things, or
human-centered needs; thus, the
self is also the source of all these
sufferings (ho, 1995). It is,
therefore, our quest to forget about
the self, forget the cravings of the
self, break cause of all suffering
and in doing so, attain the state of
nirvana (ho, 1995).
WESTERN AND
EASTERN CULTURES
PERSPECTIVE
Western
 Western perspective does not
discount the role if
environment and society in the
formation of the self, but the
focus is always looking toward
the self.
 You compare yourself in
order to be better; you create
associations and bask in the
glory of that group for your
self-esteem; you put primacy
in developing yourself.
 One can also describe that the
western thought looks at the
world in dualities wherein you
are distinct from the other
person, the creator is separate
from the object he created, in
which the self is distinguished
and acknowledge (Wolter
2012).
 The western culture is what we
would call an individualistic
culture since their focus is on
the person.
 Westerners may seem to have
loose associations or even
loyalty to their groups.
Competition is the name of the
 game, and they are more likely
straightforward and forceful in
their communication as well as
decision making.
 Westerners also emphasize
more in the value of equality
even if they see that the
individual can rise above
everything else. Because
everyone is on their own in the
competition, one can say that
they also promote ideals that
create “fair” competition and
protect the individual.
 The eastern perspective sees
the other person as part of
yourself as well as the things
you may create, a drama in
which everyone is
interconnected with their
specific roles (Wolter 2012).
 Asian culture, on the other
hand, is called a collectivistic
culture as the group and social
relations that is given more
importance than individual
needs and wants.
 Asians, with their collectivistic
culture, put more emphasis on
hierarchy as the culture wants
to keep things in harmony and
order (qingxue 2003).
LESSON 4: THE SELF
AS COGNITIVE
CONSTRUCT
William James (1890)
 Was one of the earliest
psychologists to study the
self and conceptualized
the self as having two
aspects – the “I” and the
“me”
- I is the thinking, acting,
and feeling self
- Me is the physical
characteristics and
psychological
capabilities that makes
who you are.
Carl Roger’s (1959)
 Theory of Personality
- I as one who acts and
decides
- Me is what you think or
feel about yourself as an
object
Carl Rogers concept of self-
schema
Hobbies
Family Religion

IDENTITY AND SELF-
CONCEPT
Identity is composed of personal
characteristics, social roles, and
responsibilities, as well as
affiliations that define who one is.
Self-concept is what basically
comes to your mind when you are
asked about who you are.
As you grow and adapt to the
changes around you, they also
change but they are not passive
receivers they actively shape and
affect how you see, think and feel
about things.
Three reason why self and
identity are social products
1. We do not create ourselves out
of nothing. Society helped in
creating the foundations of who
we are and even if we make our
Nationality
choices, we will still operate in
our social and historical contexts
in one way or the other.
2. Whether we like to admit it or
not we actually need others to
affirm and reinforce who we think
we are. We also need them as
reference points about our
identity.
3. What we think is important to
us may also have been influenced
by what is important in our social
or historical context.
SOCIAL INTERACTION &
GROUP AFFILIATION
Social interaction and group
affiliation are vital factors in
creating our self-concept
especially in the aspect of
providing us with our social
identity or our perception of who
we are based on our membership
to certain groups.
CARVER & SCHEIER (1981)
Two types of self that we can be
aware of:
 1. The private self or your
internal standards and
private thoughts and
feelings.
2. The public self or your
public image commonly
geared toward having a
good presentation of
yourself to others
SELF-AWARENESS
Self-awareness can keep you
from doing something
dangerous; it can help remind you
that there is an exam tomorrow in
one of your subjects when you are
about to spend time playing
computer games with your
cousins, among others.
Our group identity and self-
awareness also has a great impact
on our self-esteem, one of the
common concepts associated with
“self”. It is defined as our own
positive or negative perception or
evaluation of ourselves.
SOCIAL COMPARISON
THEORY
We learn about ourselves the
appropriateness of our behaviors
as well as our social status by
comparing aspects of ourselves
with other people.
One of the ways that affects our
self-esteem is through social
comparison.
SELF-EVALUATION
MAINTENANCE THEORY
Social comparison also entails
self-evaluation maintenance
theory, which states that we can
feel threatened when someone
outperforms us especially when
that person is close to us.
Second, we may also reconsider
the importance of the aspect or
skill in which you were
outperformed.
“Achieving your goal through
hard work may increase your self-
esteem too”.
NARCISSISM
Narcissism is a “trait”
characterized by high self-esteem,
self-admiration, self- Self-esteem concluded that
centeredness programs, activities and
parenting styles to boost self-
They are often charismatic
esteem should only be for
because of how they take care of
rewarding good behavior and
their image. Taking care of that
other achievements and not for the
image includes their interpersonal
purpose of merely trying to make
relationships thus they will try to
children feel better about
look for better partners, better
themselves or to appease them
acquaintances as well as people
when they get angry or sad.
who will appreciate them a lot, but
it makes them a bad romantic
partner or friend since they engage
in relationships only to serve
themselves.
SELF-ESTEEM
Self-esteem is a very important
concept related to the self.
High and healthy self-esteem may
result to an overall good
personality, but it is not and
should not be the only source of a
person’s healthy perspective of
herself.
People with high self-esteem are
commonly described as outgoing,
adventurous and adaptable in a
lot of situations they also initiate
activities and building relationship
with people, but they may also be
bullies and experiment in abusive
behaviors with drugs, alcohol
and sex.
BAUMEISTER, SMART &
BODEN (1996)
THE PHYSICAL AND
SEXUAL SELF
It has been believed that the sex
chromosomes of humans define
the sex (female or male) and their
secondary sexual characteristics.
From childhood, we are controlled
by our genetic makeup. It
influences the way we treat
ourselves and other. However,
there are individuals who do not
accept their innate sexual
characteristics and they tend to
change their sexual organs through
medications and surgery. Aside
from our genes, our society or the
external environment helps shape
our selves.
Marieb,E.N. (2001) explains that
the gonads (reproductive glands
that produce the gametes; testis or
ovary) begin to form until about
the eighth week of embryonic
development. During the early
stages of human development, the
embryonic reproductive structures
of males and females are alike and
are said to be in the indifferent
stage. When the primary
reproductive structures are formed
Development of the accessory
structures and external genitalia
begins. The formation of male or
female structures depends on the
presence of testosterone.
Any intervention with the normal
pattern of sex hormone production
in the embryo result in strange
abnormalities.
 Genetic male develops the
female accessory structures
and external genitalia if the
embryonic testes fail to
produce testosterone.
 Genetic female is exposed to
testosterone (as in the case of a
mother with androgen-
producing tumor of her
adrenal gland), the embryo has
ovaries but may develop male
accessory ducts and glands as
well as a male reproductive
organ and an empty scrotum.
As a result,
pseudohermaphrodites are
formed who are individuals
having accessory ducts and
glands, as well as male
reproductive organ and an empty
scrotum. As a result,
pseudohermaphrodites are formed
who are individuals having
accessory reproductive structures
that do not “match” their gonads
while true hermaphrodites are
individuals who possess both
ovarian and testicular tissues but
this condition is rare in nature.
 usually performed during
childhood to solve this problem.
Abnormal separation of
chromosomes during meiosis can
lead to congenital defects of the
reproductive system. Males who
possess extra female sex
chromosome have the normal
male accessory structures, but
atrophy (to shrink) of their testes
causes them to be sterile. Other
abnormalities result when a child
has only one sex chromosome. An
XO female appears normal but
lacks ovaries. YO males primarily
such as phimosis, which is due to
a narrowing of the foreskin of the
male reproductive structure and
misplaced urethral openings.
Puberty is the period of life,
generally between the ages of 10
and 15 years old, when the
reproductive organs grow to their
adult size and become functional
A critical event for the
under the influence of rising levels
development of reproductive
of gonadal hormones
organs takes place about one
(testosterone in males and
month before birth wherein the
estrogen in females).
male testes formed in abdominal
cavity at approximately the same
location as the female ovaries,
descend to enter the scrotum. If
this normal event fails, it may lead
to cryptorchidism. This condition
usually occurs in young males and
causes sterility (which is also a
risk factor for cancer of the
testes)that is why surgery is

 In males, as they reach the age
of 13, puberty is characterized
by the increase in the size of
the reproductive organs
followed by the appearance of
hair in the pubic area,
axillary, and face. The
reproductive organs continue
to grow for two years until
sexual maturation marked by
the presence of mature semen
in the testes.
 In females, the budding of
their breasts usually occurring
at the age of 11 signals their
puberty stage. Menarche is
the first menstrual period of
females which happens two
years after the start of puberty.
Hormones play an important
role in the regulation of
ovulation and fertility of
females.
The production of estrogen may
still continue after menopause, but
the ovaries finally stop
functioning as endocrine organs.
The reproductive organs and
breasts begin to atrophy or shrink
if estrogen is no longer released
from the body. The vagina
becomes dry that causes
intercourse to become painful
(particularly if frequent), and
vaginal infections become
increasingly common.
Other consequence of estrogen
deficiency:
- Irritability
- Mood Changes
- Intense vasodilation of skin’s
blood vessels
- Gradual thinning of the skin
- Loss of bone mass
- Slowly rising blood
cholesterol levels ( which risk
for cardiovascular disorders)
There is no counterpart for
menopause in males. Although
aging men show a steady decline
in testosterone secretion, their
reproductive capability seems
unending. Healthy men are still
able to father offspring well into
their 80s and beyond.
EROGENOUS ZONES
Erogenous zones refer to parts of
the body that are primarily
receptive and increase sexual
arousal when touched in a sexual
manner. Some of the commonly
known erogenous zones are the
mouth, breasts, genitals, and
anus. Erogenous zones may vary
from one person to another. Some
people may enjoy being touched
in a certain area more than the
other areas. Other common areas
of the body that can be aroused
easily may include the neck ,
thighs, Abdomen, ang feet.
HUMANS SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR
Human sexual behavior is defined
as any activity---solitary, between
two persons, or in a group----that
includes sexual arousal
(Gebhard, P.H 2017).
There are two major factors that
determine human sexual behavior.
 The inherited sexual response
patterns that have involved as
a means of and ensuring
reproduction.
 Become part of each
individual’s genetic
inheritance, and the degree of
restraint or other types of
influence exerted on the
individual by society in the
expression of his sexuality.
TYPES OF BEHAVIOR
The various types of human sexual
behavior are usually classified
according to the gender and
number of participants.
Solitary behavior involves only
one individual
Sociosexual behavior involving
more than one person. generally
divided into heterosexual behavior
(male with female) and
homosexual behavior (male with
male or female with female).
(Gebhard, P.H 2017)
Solitary Behavior
Self-gratification means self-
stimulation that leads to sexual
arousal and generally, sexual
climax. Usually, most self-
gratification takes place in
private as an end in itself but can
also be done in a sociosexual
relationship.
Self-gratification, generally
beginning at or before puberty, is
very common among young
males, but becomes less frequent
or abandoned when sociosexual
activity is available.
Consequently, Self-gratification is
most frequent among the
unmarried. There are more males
who perform acts of self-
gratification than females.
Majority of males and females
have fantasies of some
sociosexual activity while they
gratify themselves. The fantasy
frequently involves idealized
sexual partners and activity that
the individual has not experienced
and even might avoid in real life.
Some adolescence become
aggressive when day respond to
such stimuli. The rate of teenage
pregnancy is increasing in our
time. Adolescents need to control
their sexual response in order to
prevent premarital sex and acquire
sexuality transmitted diseases.
Sociosexual Behavior
Heterosexual behavior is the
greatest amount of sociosexual
behavior that occurs between only
one male and one female. It
usually begins in childhood and
may be motivated by curiosity,
such as showing or examining
genitalia.
There is varying degree of sexual
impulse and responsiveness
among children. Physical contact
involving necking or petting is
considered as an ingredient of the
learning process and eventually of
courtship and the selection of a
marriage partner.
Petting differs from hugging,
kissing, and generalized caresses
of the clothed body to practice
involving stimulation of the
genitals. Petting may be done as
an expression if affection of
affection and a source of pleasure,
preliminary to coitus. Petting has
been regarded by others as a near-
universal human experience and
is important not only in selecting
the partner but as a way of
learning how to interact with
another person sexually.
Coitus, the insertion of the male
reproductive structure into the
female reproductive organ, is
viewed by society quite differently
depending upon the martial status
of the individuals.
Perspective of societies in Coitus
Majority of human societies allow
premarital coitus, at least under
certain circumstances.
In modern western society, primatial
coitus is more likely to be tolerated
but not encouraged if the individuals
intend marriage.
In most societies, marital coitus is
considered as an obligation.
Extramarital coitus involving
exceptional conditions or with
specified persons.
Societies are becoming more
considerate toward males than
females who engage in
extramarital coitus. This double
standard of morality is also
evident in premarital life.
A behavior may be interpreted by
society or the individual as erotic
(i.e., capable of engendering
sexual response) depending on the
context in which the behavior
occurs.
Kiss - can interpret as intimacy the spinal cord serves as a great
between couples. On the other transmission cable.
hand, it can interpret as form for
The muscles contract in response
respect or reverence.
to the signal coming from the
Examination and touching motor nerve fibers while glands
someone’s genitalia is not secrete their respective products.
interpreted as a sexual act Hence, sexual response is
especially when done for medical dependent on the activity of the
purpose. nervous system.
PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN The hypothalamus and the limbic
SEXUAL RESPONSE system are the parts of the brain
believed to be responsible for
Sexual response follows a pattern
regulating the sexual response, but
of sequential stages or phases
there is no specialized “sex
when sexual activity is continued.
center” that has been located in the
1. Excitement Phase human brain.
2. Plateau Phase
3. Sexual Climax
4. Resolution Phase Animal experience show that each
individual has coded in its brain
two sexual response patterns, one
NERVOUS SYSTEM for mounting (masculine)
FACTORS behavior and one for mounted
(feminine) behavior. Sex
The Autonomic System is hormones can intensify the
involving controlling the mounting behavior of individuals.
involuntary responses. The
efferent cerebrospinal nerves
transmit the sensory messages to
Apart from brain-controlled sexual
the brain. The brain will interpret
responses, there is some reflex
the sensory message and dictate
(i.e., not brain-controlled) sexual
what will be the immediate and
response. This reflex is mediated
appropriate response of the body.
by the lower spinal cord and leads
After interpretation and to erection and ejaculation for
integration of sensory input, the male, vaginal discharges and
efferent cerebrospinal nerves lubrication for female when the
receive commands from the brain genital and perineal areas are
and send them to the muscles; and stimulated. But still, the brain can
overrule and suppress such reflex
activity –as it does when an
individual decides that a sexual
response is socially inappropriate.
THE PHYSICAL AND
SEXUAL SELF (II)
SEXUAL PROBLEMS
Sexual problems may be classified
as physiological, psychological,
and social in origin. Any, given
problem may involve all three
categories
Physiological Problems
Physiological problems are the
least among the three categories.
Only a small number of people
suffer from diseases that are due to
abnormal development of the
genitalia or that part of the
neurophysiology controlling
sexual response. Some common
physiology conditions that can
disturb sexual response include
vaginal infections, retroverted
uteri, prostatitis, adrenal
tumors, diabetes, senile changes
of the vagina, and
cardiovascular problems.
Psychological Problems
Psychological problems comprise
by far the largest category. They
are usually caused by socially
induced inhibitions, maladaptive
attitudes, ignorance, and sexual
myths held by society.
Magazines, marriage books, and
general sexual folklore often
strengthen these demanding ideals,
which are not always achieved;
therefore, can give rise to feelings
of inadequacy anxiety and guilt.
Such resulting negative emotions
can definitely affect the behavior
of an individual.
Premature emission of semen is
a common problem, especially for
young males. Sometimes this is
not the consequence of any
psychological problem but the
mature result of excessive tension
in a male who has been sexually
deprived. Erectile impotence is
almost always of psychological
origin in males under 40; in older
males, physical causes are more
often involved.
Ejaculatory importance, which
results from the inability to
ejaculate in coitus, is uncommon
and is usually of psychonic origin.
It appears to be associated with
ideas of contamination or with associated with biological
memories of traumatic interactions because both
experiences. infections may occur in the same
populations. Infection with certain
is a strong spasm of the pelvic
STDs can increase the risk of
musculature constricting the
getting and transmitting HIV as
female reproductive organ so that
well as modify the way the disease
penetration is painful or
develops.
impossible. It can be due to anti-
sexual conditioning or Aside from HIV and AIDS, there
psychological trauma that serve as are there sexually transmitted
disease in humans.

SEXUAL TRANSMITTED
DISEASES
Sexually transmitted disease
(STDs) are infections
transmitted from an infected
person to an uninfected person
through sexual contact. STDs
can be caused by bacteria, viruses,
or parasites, Examples include
gonorrhea, genital herpes,
human papillomavirus infection,
human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS). Chlamydia, and syphilis
(national institute of allergy ang
infectious diseases of the nation
institute of health of the United
States 2017).
STDs are a significant global
health priority because of their
overwhelming impact on women
and infants and their inter-
relationships with HIV and
AIDS. STDs and HIV are
The following list of diseases is
based on sexually transmitted
disease surveillance 2016 of the
U.S Department of Health and
Human Services Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
1. Chlamydia Trachomatis
- The most common STD which
is curable. It spreads through
unprotected anal, vaginal, or
oral sex with a person infected
with Chlamydia.
2. Gonorrhea
- The magnitude of the increase
among men suggest either
increased transmission or
increased case ascertainment
(e.g., through increased extra
genital screening) among
MSM (men who have sex with
men) or both.
3. Syphilis
- In 2016, 27,814 Primary and
Secondary (P&S) syphilis
cause were reported,
representing a national rate of
8.7 cases per 100,000
population and 17.6% increase
from 2015. Can cause serious
health problems without
treatment. Infection develops
in stages (primary, secondary,
latent, and tertiary.)
4. Chancroid
- Chancroid is caused by
infection with the bacterium
Haemophiles ducreyi. Clinical
manifestations include genital
ulcers and inguinal
lymphadenopathy or buboes.
5. Human Papillomavirus
- Human papillomavirus (HPV)
is the most common sexually
transmitted infection in the
United States. Over 40 distinct
HPV types can infect the
genital tract; although most
infections are asymptomatic
and appear to resolve
spontaneously within a few
years,
6. Herpes Simplex Virus
- Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is
among the most prevalent of
sexually transmitted
infections. Although most
infections are subclinical,
clinical manifestations are
characterized by recurrent,
painful genital and/or anal
lesions.
7. Trichomonas Vaginalis
- Trichomonas vaginalis is a
common sexually transmitted
protozoal infection associated
with adverse health outcomes
such as preterm birth and
symptomatic vaginitis.
NATURAL & ARTIFICIAL
METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
Natural Method
The natural family planning
methods do not involve any
chemical or foreign body
introduction into the human body.
People who are very conscious of
their religious beliefs are more
inclined to use the natural way of
birth control and others follow
such natural methods because they
are more cost-effective
a. Abstinence
the most effective natural birth
control method with ideally 0%
fail rate. It is the most effective
way to avoid STIs (Sexually
Transmitted Infections). People
find it difficult to comply with
abstinence, so only a few uses this
method.
b. Calendar Method
This method is also called as the
rhythm method. It entails
withholding from coitus during
the days that the woman is fertile.
c. Basal Body Temperature
The basal body temperature (BBT)
indicates the woman’s temperature
at rest. Before the day of ovulation
and during ovulation, BBT falls at
0.5°F; it increases to a full degree
because of progesterone and
maintains its level throughout the
menstrual cycle.
d. Cervical Mucus Method
- The change in the cervical
mucus during ovulation is the
basis for this method. During
ovulation, the cervical mucus
is copious, thin, and watery.
e. Symptothermal Method
- The symptothermal method is
basically a combination of the
BBT method and the cervical
mucus method. The woman
records her temperature every
morning and also takes note of
changes in her cervical mucus.
f. Ovulation Detection
- The ovulation detection
method uses an over-the-
counter kit that requires the
urine sample of the woman.
The kit can predict ovulation
through the surge of
luteinizing hormone (LH) that
happens 12 to 24 hours before
ovulation.
g. Coitus Interruptus
Coitus Interruptus is one of the
oldest methods that prevents
conception. A couple still goes
on with coitus, but the man
withdraws the moment he
ejaculates to emit the
spermatozoa outside of the
female reproductive organ.
A disadvantage of this method
is the pre-ejaculation fluid that
contains a few spermatozoa
that may cause fertilization.
ARTIFICIAL METHOD
a. Oral Contraceptives
also known as the pill, oral
contraceptives contain synthetic
estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen suppresses the Follicle
stimulating Hormone (FSH) and
LH to prevent ovulation.
b. Transdermal Patch
c. The transdermal patch
contains both estrogen and
progesterone. The woman
should apply one patch every
week for three weeks on the
following areas: upper outer
arm, upper torso, abdomen,
or buttocks. At the fourth
week, no patch is applied
because the menstrual flow
would then occur.
d. Vaginal Ring
The vaginal ring releases a
combination of estrogen and
progesterone, and it surrounds the
cervix. This silicon ring is inserted
into the female reproductive organ
and remains there for three weeks
and then removed on the fourth
week, as menstrual flow would
occur. The woman becomes
fertile as soon as the ring is
removed.
e. Subdermal Implants-
Subdermal implants are two rod-
like implants inserted under the
skin of the female during her
menses or on the seventh day of
her menstruation to make sure
that she will not get pregnant.
f. Hormonal Injections
A hormonal injection contains
medroxyprogesterone, a spermicide.
progesterone, and is usually
given once every 12 weeks
intramuscularly. The inj ection
causes changes in the
endometrium and cervical mucus
and can help prevent ovulation.
g. Intrauterine Device
An Intrauterine device (IUD) is a
small, T-shaped object
containing progesterone that is
inserted into the uterus via the
female reproductive organ. It
prevents fertilization by creating a
local sterile inflammatory
condition to prevent implantation
of the zygote.
h. Chemical Barriers
Chemical barriers such as
spermicides, vaginal gels and
creams, and glycerin films are
used to cause the death of sperms
before they can enter the cervix
and to lower the pH level of the
female reproductive organ so it
will not become conductive for the
sperm.
i. Diaphragm
It is a circular, rubber disk that
fits the cervix and should be
placed before coitus. Diaphragm
works by inhibiting the entrance
of the sperm into the female
reproductive organ and it works
better when used together with a
j. Cervical Cap
The cervical cap is made of soft
rubber and fitted on the rim of
the cervix. It is shaped like a
thimble with thin rim and could
stay in place for not more than 48
hours.
k. Male Condoms
The male condom is a latex or
synthetic rubber sheath that is
placed on the erect male
reproductive organ before
penetration into the female
reproductive organ to trap the
sperm during ejaculation.
l. Female Condoms
They are usually bound by two
rings. The outer ring is first
inserted against the opening of the
female reproductive organ and the
inner ring covers the cervix. It is
used to prevent fertilization of
the egg by the sperm cells.
m. Surgical Methods
During vasectomy, a small
incision is mad on each side of the
scrotum. The vas deferens is then
tied, cauterized, cut, or plugged to
block the passage of sperm.
women, tubal ligation is
performed after menstruation and
before ovulation. The procedure is
done through a small incision
under the woman’s
direct link between self-identity
with what we have and possess.
Our wanting to have and possess
has a connection with another
aspect of the self, the material self.
William James a Harvard
psychologist in the late nineteenth
century who wrote The Principles
of Psychology in 1890 that
understanding the self can be
examined through its different
components. He described these
components as:
1. Its constituents;
2. The feelings and emotions
they arouse--self-feelings.
3. The actions to which they
prompt--self-seeking and self-
preservation.

THE MATERIAL SELF The constituents of self are

composed of :
We are living in a world of sale
- Material Self
and shopping spree. We are given
- Social Self
a wide array of products to
- Spiritual Self
purchase from a simple set of
- Puro Ego
spoon and fork to owning a
(Trentmann 2016; Green
restaurant. Almost everywhere,
1997)
including the digital space, we can
find promotions of product The material self, according to
purchase. James primarily is about our
bodies, clothes, immediate
Belk (1988) stated that "we regard
family, and home.
our possessions as part of
ourselves. We are what we have
and what we possess." There is a
We are deeply affected by these
things because we have put much
investment of our self to them.
Material Self Investment
Diagram
Bodies
Clothes
Family
Home
 Innermost part of our material
self is our body.
We are directly attached to this
commodity that. We cannot live
without. We strive hard to make
sure that this body functions well
and good. Any ailment or disorder
directly affect us. We do have
certain preferential attachment
or intimate closeness to certain
body parts because of its value to
us.
 Next to our body are body are
the clothes we use.
Influenced by the "Philosophy
Dress" by Herman Lotze, James
believed that clothing is an
essential part of the material self.
Lotze in his book, Microcosmos,
stipulates that "any time we bring
an object into the surface of our
body, we invest that object into
the consciousness of our personal
existence taking in its contours to
be our own and making it part of
the self."
The fabric and style of the clothes
we wear bring sensations to the
body to which directly affect our
attitudes and behavior. Thus,
clothes are placed in the second
hierarchy of material self.
Clothing is a form of self-
expression. We choose and wear
clothes that reflect our self
(Watson 2014).
 Third in the hierarchy is our
immediate family.
Our parents and siblings hold
another great important part of our
self.
What they do or become affects
us.
When an immediate family
member dies, part of our self-dies,
too. When their lives are in
success, we feel their victories as
if we are the one holding the
trophy.
In their failures, we are put to
shame or guilt. When they are in
disadvantage situation, there is an
urgent urge to help like a
voluntary instinct of saving one's
self from danger. We place huge
investment in our immediate
family when we see them as the
nearest replica of our self.

 The fourth component of
material self is our home.
Home is where our heart is. It is
the earliest nest of our selfhood.
Our experience inside the home
were recorded and marked on
particular parts and things in our
home.
There was an old cliché about
rooms: "if only walls can speak."
The home thus is an extension of
self, because in it, we can directly
connect our self.
As James (1890) described self:
"a man's self is the sum total of all
what he CAN call his."
Possessions then become a part or
an extension of the self.
We are What We Have
Russel Belk (1968) posits that
THE SPIRITUAL
SELF
Supernatural: Believe It Or
Not
Spiritual self is one of the four
constitutes of the “self” according
to William James in his book, The
Principles of Psychology in 1890.
The spiritual self is the most
intimate, inner subjective part
of the self. It is the most intimate
version of the self because of the
satisfaction experienced when
thinking of one’s ability to argue
and discriminate, of one’s moral
sensibility and conscience, and of
our unconquerable will (James
1890) is purer than all other
sentiments of satisfaction, (Green
1997).
The ability to use moral sensibility
and conscience may be seen
through the expressions of
religion, its beliefs, and practices.
In the same manner, cultural
rituals and ceremonies are some
manifestations what people
believe in. Moreover, seeking the
meaning of life is a journey that
the spiritual self is on.
RELIGION
Rebecca Stein (Stein 2011)
works on the definition of the
religion “as a set of cultural
beliefs and practices that usually
includes some or all of basic
characteristics. These
characteristics are:
1. A belief in anthropomorphic
supernatural being, such as
spirit and gods
2. A focus on the sacred
supernatural, where sacred
refers to a feeling of reverence
and awe
3. The presence of supernatural
power of energy that is found
on supernatural beings as well
as physical
beings and objects
4. The performance of ritual
activities that involves the
manipulation of sacred object
to communicate to
supernatural beings and/or to
influence or control events
5. The articulation of worldview
and moral codes through
narratives and other means
6. Provide the creation and
maintenance of social bonds
and mechanism of social
control within a community;
provide explanation for
unknown and a sense of
control for individuals.
RITUAL
Ritual is the performance of
ceremonial acts prescribed by a
tradition or sacred law (Britannica
2017).
Three Fundamental
Characteristics of Ritual
1. A feeling or emotion of
respect, awe, fascination, or
dread in relation
2. Dependence upon a belief
system that is usually
expressed in the language of
myth
3. Is symbolic relation to its
reference
Penner (Britannica 2017).
The self can be described as a
ritual being who exhibits a striking
parallel between their ritual and
verbal behavior.
Just as language is a system of
symbols that is based upon
arbitrary rules, ritual may be
viewed as a system of symbolic
acts that is based upon arbitrary
rules. Participation to rituals is
expressions of religious beliefs.
Some World Religious Beliefs
and Practices
Buddhism
Beliefs:
- Buddhism believes that life is
not a bed of roses. Instead,
there are suffering, , pain and
frustrations.
When people suffer, they want to
experience the goodness of life
and avoid disappointments.
- It becomes a habit known as
the reactive cycle of wanting
and hating, like and dislike,
and craving and aversion.
- This reactive cycle can be
broken through the practice
of meditation, acquiring more
wisdom and deeper
understanding, and
acceptance of things as they
are.
Customs and Practices
There are two types of meditation
practices: samatha and vipassana.
- Samatha is practiced as
mindfulness of breathing and
development of loving
kindness (Metta Bhavana).
- Vipassana practices aim at
developing insight into reality.
Acquiring wisdom is by
studying Buddha’s teaching,
the Dharma.
Through the reflection of Dharma,
Buddhist can achieve a deeper
understanding of life. Buddhist
believe in non-violence
principle.
Some of the major Buddhist
celebrations are
- Parinirvana Day in February.
- Baddha Day (Wesak) in May.
- Dharma Day in July.
- Padmasambhava Day in
October
- Sangha Day in November.
CHRISTIANITY
Beliefs:
- Christians believe in
Trinitarian God, One God in
three personas: God the
Father (Creator), God the
Son (Savior), and God the
Holy Spirit (Sustainer).
- Eternal life after death will be
achieved through faith in Jesus
Christ.
- Jesus Christ is, God the Son,
who came into flesh, to spread
the Good News of Salvation.
- He died on the Cross for the
sin of the humanity but
resurrected from the death, so
that anyone who believes in
Him will be saved and have
eternal life.
- The Holy Bible is a selection
of books, which is divided into
two, the Old Testament and
New Testament
Customs and Practices
Sacrament of Baptism and
Sacrament of Communion are
practiced by Christian churches.
- The Sacrament of Baptism
symbolizes the birth in
Christian World
- Sacrament of Communion is
an act of remembrance of
Jesus Christ’s sacrificial love.
Christmas and Resurrection
(Easter) are the two major
celebrations in Christianity.
- Christmas, usually
December 25, commemorates
the birth of Jesus Christ
- Resurrection Sunday
(depends on the lunar
calendar, sometime in March
or April) celebrates the
resurrection of Jesus Christ
from death.
HINDUISM
Beliefs:
- Hindus believe that existence
is a cycle of birth, death, and
rebirth, governed by Karma.
Karma is a concept where the
reincarnated life will depend
on how the past life was spent.
- Hindus believe that the soul
passes through a cycle of
successive lives and its next
incarnation is always
dependent on how the
on
previous life was lived.
- Vedas are scared scriptures of
Hindus.
- Mahabharata and Ramayana
are two other important texts
of the Hindus.
Customs and Practices
Diwali and Narvati are the most
celebrated festivals of the Hindus.
- Diwali is the Festival of Lights
- Narvati is the Festival of the
Nine Nights, which celebrate
the triumph of good over evil.
- Hindus have set dates to honor
manifestation of God.
DIWALI
 ISLAM 4. Hajj- the yearly pilgrimage to
Mecca. Muslims who can
Beliefs:
afford are asked to do the
- Muslims believe in Allah, who pilgrimage at least once in
is their “One God”. They their lifetime.
believe in the unity 5. Sawn - the fasting. Muslims
universality of God. do fasting, from food, drink,
- Muslims also have a strong and sexual act, during the
sense of community or celebration of Ramadan.
“ummah” and an awareness Ramadan is the ninth month of
of their solidarity with all the Islamic lunar calendar. The
Muslims worldwide. fast is from dawn to sunset.
- Islam means “willing
Two of the major festivals in
submission to God”.
Islam are Eidul-Fitr and Eidul-
- Muslims believe that
Adha.
Mohammed is the last and
final prophet sent by God. 1. Eidul-Fitr is the
- The Holy book of Islam is celebration at the end of
called Quran, which was Ramadan.
taught to be recited in Arabic 2. Eidul-Adha is celebrated
because any translation is seen within the completion of
as inadequate. the Pilgrimage, the Hajj.
Customs and Practices
Muslims believe in the five pillars
of Islam, which are the foundation
of Muslim life:
1. Shahadah - statement of faith:
“There is no God, but the one
true God and Mohammed is
his messenger.”
2. Salat - the prayer that is
practiced five times a day.
3. Zakat - the monetary offering
for the benefit of the poor. It
comprises the 2.5% of a
Muslim’s assets.
 JUDAISM
Beliefs:
- The Jews believe in the God
of Abraham, the same God
that liberated the Hebrew
slaves from Egypt to Canaan,
the Promised Land through the
leadership of Mosses and later,
Joshua.
- The Jews believe in the
coming of Messiah, the
Savior.
- The sacred scripture of the
Jews is called the Torah or
the Law.
- The Torah is the guide of the
Jewish living. The study and
interpretation of Torah is part
of the Jewish culture.
Custom and Practices
There are five major festivals
observed by the Jews:
1. Rosh Hashanah - the New
Year
2. Yom Kippur - the Day of
Atonement
3. Pesach - Passover
4. Shavout - Pentecost
5. Sukkot - tabernacles, The
Jewish Sabbath begins on
Friday evening at sunset is
an important time when
families gather for the
Shabbat meal.
Finding and Creating Meaning
of Life
Another extensive study of self
can be found in the words of Dr.
Viktor E. Frankl. The Viktor
Frankl institute in Vienna was
created in 1992.
The Psychiatrist
Dr. Viktor E. Frankl was born
on March 26, 1905, in Vienna,
Austria, where famous
psychiatrists Sigmund Freud and
Alfred Adler lived. At a young
age, he wrote a short paper to
Freud which was published after 3
years. Dr. Frankl graduated with a
medical degree from the
University of Vienna in 1930. He
was assigned in Vienna Hospital
suicide ward and headed the
Rothschild Hospital, eight years
later.
A survivor of the Holocaust, Dr.
Frankl published a book about
logotherapy. In 1959, the book
was translated to English and was
revised in 1963 as The Doctor
and the Soul: An Introduction to
Logotherapy. His book, Man’s
Search for Meaning has been used
as a textbook in high school and
college courses Dr. Frankl died in
1997.
 LOGOTHERAPY
Logotherapy is a psychotherapy
introduced by Dr. Viktor Frankl,
who is considered the Father of
Logotherapy.
The main belief of logotherapy is
that “man’s primary motivational
force is search meaning.”
Logotherapy aids individuals to
find personal meaning of life,
whatever life situation they may
be.
According to the Viktor Frankl
Institute of Logotherapy (n.d.), it
uses the philosophy of optimism
in the face of tragedy, where
people are capable of “turning
suffering into human achievement
and accomplishment; deriving
from guilt the opportunity to
change oneself for the better; an
deriving from life’s transitoriness
an incentive to take responsible
action.”
Basic Concepts of Franklian
Psychology
 Life has meaning under all
circumstances.
 Main motivation for living is
our will to find meaning in
life.
 Freedom to find meaning.
Furthermore, Franklian
Psychology aims to:
1. Become aware of spiritual
resources
2. Make conscious spiritual
resources and;
3. Use “defiant power of the
human spirit” and stand up
against adversity.
Logotherapy Assumption
1. The human being is an entity
consisting of body, mind and
spirit.
2. Life has meaning under all
circumstances.
3. People have a will to meaning.
4. People have freedom under all
circumstances to activate the
will to find meaning.
5. Life has a demand quality to
which people must respond if
decisions are to be meaningful.
6. The individual is unique.
Frankl’s Sources of Meaning
1. Purposeful Work
2. Courage in the Face of
Difficulty
3. Love.
THE POLITICAL SELF
AND BEING A
FILIPINO
Filipinos are often referenced to
globally renowned personalities
like Manny Pacquiao, Lea
Salonga, and Michael Cinco who
have made a Filipinos recognized
around the world through their
expertise
Technically, according to the 1987
Philippine Constitution , Filipino
citizens are “….those whose
fathers or mothers are citizens of
the Philippines, those born before
January 17, 1973, of Filipino
mothers, who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age
of majority, and those who are
naturalized in accordance with
law.”
However, citizenship is not only
marker of being a Filipino.
Culture and history have greatly
influenced the manner Filipinos
learn, live, and behave to date.
People who were born and grew
up in the same culture develop and
share common personality traits
and values.
TRAITS
The Philippines is a lush island
paradise famous for its grandiose
mountain views, pristine beaches,
and rich and diverse culture
changing from province to
province.
While the Philippines may be well
known for its awe-inspiring
beauty, perhaps the Filipinos’
unique traits, reputable values, and
laudable talents make the country
a place to be.
Tourists who have visited the
Philippines can never forget the
big and bright smiles that greeted
them, the colorful and loud
jeepneys, the common Filipino
phrases such as “Mabuhay!” and
“Salamat!” and habits such as
saying “po” and “opo” to the
elders, leaving shoes or slippers at
the front door before entering a
house, and the importunate asking
of “Kumain ka na ba?” meaning
“Have you eaten yet?”
THE FILIPINO
HOSPITALITY
A Filipino traits that is known
everywhere is the Filipino’s brand
of hospitality. Filipinos welcome
their guests and tourists as if they
are their own brothers and sisters;
they always make their guests feel
at home, offering them something
to eat, or even a place to stay.
RESPECT FOR ELDERS
Filipinos greet their elders by
kissing their hand while saying
“Mano po!” and constantly using
“po” and “opo” in conversations.
Forgetting to address older people
properly will regard them as rude
and impolite.
There is also a wide array of
references to elder people such as
ate for older sister; kuya for older
brother; Tito and Tita for uncle
and aunt, respectively; Lolo and
Lola for grandfather and
grandmother; and Manong and
Aling for older people outside the
family.
CLOSE FAMILY TIES
Filipinos maintain a tight
relationship with their families
regardless of if the children are old
enough and already have families
of their own. They are also fond of
family reunions during birthdays,
holidays, or fiestas year-around.
Some Filipino families even opt to
live in a big house where everyone
can stay together.
CHEERFUL PERSONALITY
Filipinos have a habit of smiling
and laughing a lot. They smile
when they are happy, or
sometimes even when they are sad
or angry. Smiling has been a
coping strategy for many Filipinos
especially during trying times and
calamities.
SELF-SACRIFICE
The self-sacrificing attitude of
Filipinos can be seen as an
extension of the Filipino
hospitality. Filipinos go out of
their way to extend help to their
friends, families, and loved ones.
They wish comfort and better lives
for their loved ones and would
even go to the extent of working
abroad hundreds of miles away to
earn more money and save up for
them.
BAYANIHAN
Bayanihan is the spirit of
communal unity and cooperation
of Filipinos. It is also about giving
without expecting something in
return. Filipinos are always ready
to share and help their friends and
loved ones who are in need. It may
not always be in monetary form,
but the time and effort they give
also count as a form of help for
them.
“BAHALA NA” ATTITUDE
“Bahala na” is the Filipino
version of the famous line
“Hakuna Matata,” meaning no
worries. The phrase is said to have
originated from “Bathala na,”
where Bathala means God, and the
phrase meaning leaving
everything into God’s hands.
COLONIAL MENTALITY
Colonial mentality is regarded as
the lack of patriotism and the
attitude where Filipinos favor
foreign products more than their
own.
This does not only concern goods,
but also the desire to look more
foreign than local and keep up
with foreign beauty trends, it is
attributed to the centuries of
colonization Filipinos had
experienced under the Spanish,
American, and Japanese rule.
“MAÑANA” HABIT
This is the Filipino term for
procrastination. It was derived
from a longer Filipino phrase
called “Mamaya na” meaning
dawdling things, which could have
been done at an earlier time. It is a
poor habit of laziness that result
in heavier workloads.
“NINGAS KUGON”
“Ningas” is a Filipino term for
flame and “kugon” is a Filipino
term for Cogon grass that easily
burns out after it is put into
flames. Ningas Kugon refers to the
attitude of eagerly starting things
but quickly losing eagerness
soon after experiencing
difficulty, just like how fast the
fire of the Cogon grass burns out
moments after being ignited.
PRIDE
Most Filipinos hold on to their
pride as if they are more precious
than keeping a good relationship
with family and loved ones. When
two parties are not in good terms,
they find it so hard to apologize
and wait until the other party asks
for an apology first.
CRAB MENTALITY
This is a toxic trait among
Filipinos where one resents the
achievement of another, instead of
feeling happy for that person.
Just like crabs in a container, they
‘pull each other down and ruin
each other’s reputation rather than
bringing them up, resulting to no
process.
FILIPINO TIME
Filipinos have this common
attitude of arriving late at
commitments, dinner, or parties
especially if they are meeting
someone close to them. They tend
to not observe punctuality
altogether.
The 7:00 pm call time becomes
adjusted to 7:30 pm, and almost
 everyone arrives at the same time
because everyone is using Filipino
time.
FILIPINO MARKERS
1. Proverbs or Salawikain
Filipinos proverbs, just like any
other proverbs, are sayings that
convey lessons and reflections on
Filipino practices, beliefs, and
traditions. Damiana Eugenio,
regarded as the Mother of
Philippine Folklore, classified
proverbs into six categories
(Eugenio, 2000):
a. Proverbs expressing a general
attitude toward life and the
laws that govern life;
b. Ethical proverbs
recommending certain virtues
and condemning certain vices;
c. Proverbs expressing a system
of values;
d. Proverbs expressing general
truths and observations about
life and human nature;
e. Humorous proverbs; and
f. Miscellaneous proverbs.
2. Superstition
Filipinos also subscribe to their
own set of superstitions passed
down from generation to
generation. Filipinos have retold
these superstitions according to
their own experiences and they
sometimes end up even more
interesting. Filipinos also avoid
taking picture in threes as the one
in the center is said to die,
according to another superstition.
Myths and Legends
Due to the Philippine’s rich
culture and history, numerous
myths and legends have sprung
about things that are beyond one’s
imagination. These stories are
aimed to explain the origin of
things, at the same time, teach a
valuable lesson.
Heroes and Icons
Heroes serve as a reminder of true
patriotism and nationalism as they
have sacrificed their lives for the
sake of their country’s freedom
and progress.
Famous Filipino icons such as Lea
Salonga, Manny Pacquiao, and
our very own national hero, Jose
Rizal, also serve as important
Filipino markers as they have
made the Filipino name more
pronounced worldwide through
their own expertise.
HOW TO BECOME A GOOD
FILIPINO
1. Be an active Filipino citizen
A good Filipino citizen is aware of speaking a national language as a
the current events and participates way of displaying the love for
in government programs that aim one’s country. Speaking Filipino
for the country’s progression also serves as a unique identifier
and development. By simply of being Filipino.
exercising your right to vote, you
also become an active citizen.
5, Do not spread fake news and
be democratic in engaging with
2. Study the Philippine history dissent
The road of the Philippine history the Internet has also made the
is long and bloody, and by spread of fake news very common.
learning and fully It is a part of being a good Filipino
understanding the events of the to understand and verify what you
Philippine history, you will learn read online, especially in social
so much as to why it is so media, before actually believing in
important for you to love your it and spreading it like wildfire. It
country with your life, extend help is also the responsibility of every
to your fellow Filipino’s in need, Filipino to recognize disagreement
and recognize abuse of political in political views, be tolerant, and
power. argue intelligently without having
to resort into name-calling people.
3. Support local products
When you buy local products, you
do not only support local
manufacturers and businessmen,
but you also help strengthen the
local economy. There will be more
demand of local products, thus,
local businesses will be in need for
more employees, which will open
new job opportunities.
4. Speak the Filipino language
The history of the Filipino
language was as long and hard as
the Philippine history. Jose Rizal
highlighted the importance of
 DIGITAL SELF

DIGITAL SELF
How social media serves as a
setting that shapes youth
emotional experience.
- Thoughts
- Feelings
- Personalities

SOCIAL MEDIA
Is a term for numerous
technologies that allow
instantaneous communication,
status updates and social
networking among individuals.
FACEBOOK
Is a social networking platform for
those over age of 13 and host over
a billion accounts worldwide.
It provides a forum where youth
can see information about social
networks of others such as who
their friends are connected.
WHEN THE INTERNET
CONSTANTLY ASK US “WHO
SOCIAL ARE YOU?” AND WHAT DO
ANXIETY
MEDIA YOU HAVE TO SHARE?

SOCIAL PRESENTATION
Is the “PROCESS OF
CONTROLLING HOW ONE IS
PERCIEVED BY THE OTHER GENDER AND
PEOPLE”
“ ANYTHING and THAT
is the POSTED
key to SEXUALITY ONLINE
relationship
ONLINE inception
SHOULD and
BE
development
CONSIDERED “PUBLIC” NO
MATTER WHAT OUR
GENDER
“PRIVACY” SETTINGS ARE”
Can be understood as the way
FEAR OF MISSING OUT
individual expresses and
Users continuously adding tweets, understands themselves in relation
posting to appear active and to their sex, is often
interesting. interchangeably with the term sex.
(Male & Female)
DISINHABITION EFFECT
Lack of face to face gaze -
TYPES OF GENDER
meeting, together with feelings of  TRANS
anonymity and invisibility gives
people the freedom for self - Broad term often used to refer
disclosure “flame” others and either transsexual and/or
may cause conflict sometimes. transgender.

FILTERING SYSTEM  TRANSSEXUAL

Make sure it is valid and true Transsexual individuals’ identity

before believing and promoting. as the opposite gender to their
biological sex.
THINK BEFORE POSTING
 TRANS-GENDER
To prevent conflict arguments,
cyber bullying and to preserve
relationship.
Most often used to describe non-  LESBIAN
traditional gender behaviors or
identities. Women who are mostly attracted
to other women.
 INTERSEX
 BISEXUAL
Refers to a range of conditions
where a person’s sex is not strictly Refers to individuals who are
male or female. attracted to both sexes and
genders.
 ASEXUAL
Refers to individuals who do not
or have not yet experienced sexual
SEX attraction to anyone.
Biological state that corresponds PERFORMING GENDER
to what we might call a “man” or ONLINE
“woman”.
Physically activity in which people
touch each other’s bodies and kiss Judith Butler
each other. Related to and often
includes sexual intercourse. - Conceptualize gender as
performance
SEXUALITY
An individual expression and - Explained that popular
understanding of desire.
understanding of gender
TERMINOLOGY OF and sexuality came to be
SEXUALITY through discourse and
social processes
 HETEROSEXUAL OR
STRAIGHT
- SEX refers to the
Attracted to the opposite sex or
biological differences
gender.
between males and
 GAY females
Same sex attraction and is most
often used to in reference to men. - Gender is more difficult
to define, but it can refer
 to the role of a male or
female in society, known
as gender role, or an
individual’s concept of
themselves, or gender
identity.
- Argued that gender was
performative
- Dress Code
- Body Language
- Chosen title of address
WHAT IS GENDER
PERFORMANCE
- Gender performance is the
idea that gender is something
inscribed in daily practices,
learned, and performed based
on cultural norms of
femininity and masculinity.
 According to the
disembodiment hypothesis,
internet users are free to
actively choose which gender
or sexuality they are going to
portray with the possibility of
creating alternative identities. (
Wynn and Katz 1997)
 Social media sites like Twitter
and YouTube have led to the
“free culture “where
individuals are empowered to
engage in cultural production
using raw materials, ranging
from homemade videos to
mainstream television
characters to create new
culture and memes.
 Digg and Reddit are used
mostly by men and most
social network site users are
women.
 But mere equality of use does
not indicate equality of
participation.
 Both men and women use
Wikipedia but 87% of
Wikipedia contributors were
identified as male (Lavallee
2009).
 Pew internet and American
Project found no discernible
differences in user – generated
content by gender except
remixing which more likely
used among teen girls (Lenhart
et al. 2010).
 Researchers have consistently
shown that similar number of
men and women maintain a
blog about 14% of internet
users (Lenhart et al.2010).
While the number of male and
female bloggers are roughly
equivalent, they tend to blog
about different things.
 Although the technologies are
the same, the norms and mores
 of the people using them
differ.  Remember that anything you
put online or post on a site is
there forever, even if you try
SETTINGS BOUNDARIES to delete it.
TO YOUR ONLINE SELF
 Do not be mean or embarrass
 Is this post/story necessary?
other people online.
 Is there a real benefit to this
post? Is it funny, warm –
 Always tell if you see strange
hearted, teachable or am I just
or bad behavior online.
making noise online without
purpose?
 Be choosy about your online
 Have we (as a family or
friends.
parent/child) resolved this
issue? An issue that is still
 Be patient.
being worked out at home, or
one that is either vulnerable or
highly emotional, should not
be made public. CARING FOR SELF
 Is it appropriate? Does it stay
within the boundaries of our
family values? Less Stress, More Care
 Will this seem as funny in
American Psychological
5,10, or 15 years? or is this
Association (2017) about stress:
post better suited for sharing
with a small group of family  Stress is often described as a
members? Or maybe not at feeling of being overwhelmed,
all? worried, or run-down. Stress
can affect people of all ages,
genders and circumstances and
ADDITIONAL GUIDELINES can lead to both physical and
FOR PROPER SHARING & psychological health issues.
ETHICAL USE OF INTERNET  Stress is any uncomfortable
emotional experience
 Stick to a safer sites.
accompanied by predictable
biochemical physiological, and
 Guard your passwords.
behavioral changes.
 Limit what you share.
 Stress can be beneficial at
times, producing a boost that
provides the drive and energy
to help people get through
situations like exams or work
deadlines.
 Extreme amount of stress
can have death consequences
and adversely affect the
immune, cardiovascular
neuroendocrine and central
nervous systems.
 Since stress is inevitable to
life, we have to learn how to
handle and cope up with it.
Stress and Human Response
The American Institute of Stress
(AIS) has distinguished different
types of stress and the human
response to it.
Hans Selye defined stress as the
body’s nonspecific response to
any demand, whether it is caused
by or results in pleasant or
unpleasant stimuli. It is essential
to differentiate between the
unpleasant or harmful variety of
stress termed distress, which often
connotes disease, and eustress,
which often connotes euphoria.
Distress
- stress in daily life that has
negative feelings, financial
problems and work difficulties
- Cause more damage in the
body
Eustress
- is stress in daily life that has
positive connotations, such as
marriage promotion, baby,
winning money, new friends,
and graduation.
- Less damage
This general stress syndrome
affects the whole body. Stress
always manifest itself by a
syndrome a sum of changes and
not buy simply one change (AIS
2017)
Three components of general
stress syndrome:
1. The Alarm Stage
represents a mobilization of the
body’s defensive forces. The body
is preparing for the ‘’fight or
flight’’ syndrome.
2. The Stage of Resistance
The body becomes adaptive to the
challenge and even begins to resist
it. The length of this stage of
resistance is dependent upon the
body’s innate and stored
adaptation energy reserves and
upon the intensity of the stressor.
Just as any machine wears out
even if it has been properly
maintained, the same thing
happens with living organisms—
sooner or later they become the
victim of this constant wear and
tear process.
3. The Exhaustion Stage
The body dies because it has used
up its resources of adaptation
energy. Thankfully, few people
ever experience this last stage.
Stress diseases are maladies
caused principally by errors in the
body’s general adaptation process.
They will not occur when all the
body’s regulatory processes are
properly checked and balanced.
The biggest problems with
derailing the general stress
syndrome and causing stress
disease is an absolute excess,
deficiency, or disequilibrium in
the amount of adaptive hormones.
For example, corticoids,
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH), and growth hormones
are produced during stress.
In the article ‘Understanding
Stress Response’’ of the Health
Harvard Journal (2017), it further
discussed chronic stress and
human body response.
‘’Chronic stress is unpleasant,
even when it transient. A stressful
situation—whether something
environmental, such as
persistent ;worry about losing job
—can trigger a cascade of stress
hormones that produce well-
orchestrated physiological
changes. A stressful incident can
make the heart pound and
breathing quicken. Muscles tense
and beads of sweat appear.’’
This combination of reactions to
stress is also known as the “fight-
or-flight” response because it
involves a survival mechanism,
enabling people and other
mammals to react quickly to life-
threatening situations. The
carefully orchestrated yet near-
instantaneous
sequence of hormonal changes and
psychological responses helps
someone to fight the threat off or
flee to safety.
The stress response begin in the
brain . When someone confronts
an oncoming car or other danger
the eyes or ears (or both) send the
information to the amygdala
interprets the images and sounds.
When it perceives danger it
instantly sends a distress signal to
the hypothalamus (Health
Harvard 2017)

The amygdala an area of the brain
that contributes the emotional
processing sends a distress signal
to the hypothalamus. This area of
the brain functions like a
command center communicating
with the rest of the body through
nervous system so that the person
has the energy to fight or flee
(Health Harvard 2017).
The hypothalamus is a bit like a
command center. This area of the
brain communicates with the rest
of the body through the autonomic
nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system
has two components, the
sympathetic nervous system and
the parasympathetic nervous
system.
Sympathetic Nervous System
functions like a gas pedal in a car.
It triggers the fight-or-flight
response, providing the body with
a burst of energy so that it can
respond to perceived dangers.
Parasympathetic Nervous
System acts like a brake. It
promotes the “rest and digest”
response that calms the body
down after the danger has passed
(Health Harvard 2017).
After the amygdala sends a
distress signal , the hypothalamus
activates the sympathetic nervous
by sending signals through the
autonomic nerves to the adrenal
glands. These glands respond by
pumping the-hormone
epinephrine (also known as
adrenaline) into the bloodstream.
As epinephrine circulates
through the body, it brings on a
number of physiological changes.
The heart beats faster, than
normal, pushing blood to the
muscle, heart and other vital
organs. Pulse rate and blood
pressure go up.
All of these changes happen so
quickly that people are not aware
of them. In fact, the wiring is so
efficient that the amygdala and
hypothalamus start this cascade
even before the brain’s visual
centers have had a chance to fully
process what is happening.
This network consists of the
hypothalamus, the pituitary gland,
and the adrenal glands. The HPA
axis relies on a series of hormonal
signals to keep the sympathetic
nervous system—the “gas
pedal”—pressed down.
If the brain continues to perceive of approaches that elicit the
something as dangerous, the relaxation response. These include
hypothalamus releases deep abdominal breathing, focus
corticotropin- releasing on a soothing word (such as
hormone (CRH), which travels to peace or calm), visualization of
the pituitary gland, triggering the tranquil scenes, repetitive
release of ACTH. This hormone prayer, yoga and tai chi.
travels to the adrenal glands,
THE CULTURAL
prompting them to release cortisol.
DIMENSIONS OF STRESS
The body thus stays revved up and
AND COPING
on high alert.
Ben Kuo (2010) reviews studies
When the threat passes, cortisol
on cultural dimensions of stress
levels fail. The parasympathetic
and coping. History, “Culture’s
nervous system –the “brake”—
Consequences on Coping:
then dampens the stress response
Theories, Evidences, and
(Health Harvard 2017).
Dimensionalities,” published in
Persistent epinephrine surges can the Journal of Cross-Cultural
damage blood vessels and arteries, Psychology
increasing blood pressure and
raising risk of heart attacks or
strokes.
Elevated cortisol levels create SELF-CARE THERAPY
physiological changes that help to
A positive way to counter stress is
replenish the body’s energy stores
self-care therapy. Nancy
that are depleted during the stress
Apperson (2008) Northern
response.
Illinois University has provided
TECHNIQUES TO COUNTER steps for self-care:
CHRONIC STRESS
1. Stop, breathe, and tell
Relaxation response Dr. Herbert yourself.
Benson, director emeritus of the
Identify the step you need to take
Benson-Henry institute for Mind
first, write them down and focus
Body Medicine at Massachusetts
on each step one at a time. If you
general Hospital, has devoted
look at everything you have to do,
much of his career to learning how
you will become overwhelmed.
people can counter the stress
Remember you can only do one
response by using a combination
thing at a time and focus
exclusively on that one.
2. Acknowledge to yourself
what you are feeling.
All feelings are normal so accept
your feelings; you feel less out of
control. You can then find a
comfortable place to express your
feelings.
3. Find someone who listens
and is accepting.
You do not need advice you need
to be heard. Sharing our stories is
how we begin to accept whatever
happened and integrate it into our
new reality. It may be that you just
need to let go of our expectations
of how things should be and
talking about your feelings and
beliefs is the beginning of that
process.
4. Maintain your normal
routine as much as possible.
Be realistic with what you can do
and remember everything right
now will take you longer to do.
Avoid making major decisions
based on the stress you feel right
now.
5. Allow plenty time for a task.
You will not be as productive as
you normally are. Accept how
much you are able to do right now
and recognize it will not be this
way forever. During periods of
extreme stress, prolonged stress or
after a crisis, your ability to
concentrate and focus on tasks and
diminished and it will take time
for your concentration to return so
give yourself extra time and be
gentle and accepting of yourself
and what you can do.
6. Take good care of yourself,
Remember to:
a. Get enough rest and sleep
b. Eat regularly and eat healthy
choices
c. Know your limits and when
you need to let go.
d. Identify and create a nurturing
place in your home.
e. Practice relaxation or
meditation
f. Escape for a while through
meditation reading a book,
watching a movie or taking a
short trip.
SELF-COMPASSION
THERAPY
Self-compassion is another way to
counter stress.
Kristin Naff (2012) has occurred
self-compassion in her article,
“The Science of Self-
compassion”.
Self-compassion entails being
warm and understanding toward
ourselves when we suffer, fail, or isolated when things go wrong
feel inadequate, rather than in our lives.
flagellating ourselves with self-
criticism. 3. The third phrase begins the
process of responding with
It recognizes that being imperfect
self-kindness rather than self-
and experiencing life difficulties is
criticism. The final phrase
inevitable, so we soothe and
reinforces the idea that you
nurture ourselves when
both need and deserve
confronting our pain rather than
compassion in difficult
getting angry when life falls short
moments.
of our ideals.
Self-compassion Phrases
Self-Compassion and Emotional
It’s helpful to have a set of phrases
Well-Being one of the most
memorized to help you remember
consistent findings in the research
to be more compassionate to
literature is that greater self-
yourself in the moment. You can
compassion is linked to less
take a deep breath, put your hand
anxiety and depression (see Neff,
over your heart, or gently hug
2009 for a review).
yourself (if you feel comfortable
doing so), and repeat the Of course, a key feature of self-
following phrases: compassion is the lack of self-
criticism, and self-criticism is
 This is the moment of suffering known to be an important
 Suffering is a part of life predictor of anxiety and
 May I be kind to myself depression (Blatt, 1995).
The
 essence
May of the
I give myself the three However,
components
compassion of self-compassion.
I need.
However, self-compassion still
1. The first phrase helps to offers protection against anxiety
mindfully open to the sting of and depression when controlling
emotional pain. (You can also for self-criticism and negative
just say “this is really hard affect (Neff, 2003a; Neff,
right now” or “this hurts.”) Kirkpatrick & Rude, 2007).

2. The second phrase reminds us Thus, self-compassion is not

that suffering unites all living merely a matter of looking on the
beings and reduces the bright side of things or avoiding
tendency to feel ashamed and negative feelings. Self-
compassionate people recognize performance standards adapted for
when they are suffering, but are the self.
kind toward themselves in these
Self-compassionate people aim
moments, acknowledging their
just as high but also recognize and
connectedness with the rest of
accept that they cannot always
humanity.
reach their goals. Self-compassion
Self-Compassion and Emotional is also linked to greater personal
Well-Being initiative -- the desire to reach
one's full potential.
Self-compassion is associated with
greater wisdom and emotional Self-compassionate people have
intelligence, suggesting that self- been found to have less
compassion represents a wise way motivational anxiety and engage
of dealing with difficult emotions. in fewer self-handicapping
behaviors such as procrastination
For instance, self-compassionate
than those who lack self-
people engage in rumination and
compassion.
think suppression less often than
those low in self-compassion.
They also report greater emotional
coping skills, including more
clarity about their feelings and
greater ability to repair negative
emotional states. Self-compassion
appears to bolster positive states
of being as well.

Self-Compassion, Motivation
and Mental Health Self-Compassion VS Self-
Esteem
Research supports the idea that
self-compassion enhances Self-compassionate people have
motivation rather than self- been found to have less
indulgence. For instance, while motivational anxiety and engage
self-compassion is negatively in fewer self-handicapping
related to perfectionism, it has no behaviors such as procrastination
association with the level of
than those who lack self- detrimental to our health. Self-care
compassion. and self-compassion are two ways
to positively confront stress. We
The two constructs differ in terms
should have and care for our self-
of their impact on well-being.
more and more each day.
 self-esteem had a robust
association with narcissism
 self-compassion had no
association with narcissism.
Self-compassionate people are
less focused on evaluating
MANAGING &
themselves feeling superior to
others, worrying about whether or CARING FOR THE
not others are evaluating them, SELF
defending their viewpoints or
angrily reacting against those who We are Homo sapiens or the "wise
disagree with them. man". We think in a more
complex level than our ancestors
Self-esteem is thought to be an and most, if not all, of the other
evaluation of beings. But being called wise, not
superiority/inferiority that helps to only do we think, but we are also
establish social rank stability and capable to think about thinking,
is related to alerting, energizing like how we think of things and
impulses and dopamine activation. why we think in a certain way
While self-esteem positions the about things.
self in competition with others and
amplifies feelings of distinctness
and separation, self-compassion
enhances feelings of safety and
interconnectedness. (Neff 2012)

LESS STRESS, CARE MORE CONCEPT OF

METACOGNITION
We should be in control of the
stress that confronts us every day.  Metacognition is commonly
Otherwise, when we are defined as "thinking about
overwhelmed by stress, it can be
 thinking" (Livingston 1997; - Self-appraisal is your personal
Papaleontiou-Louca 2003). reflection on your knowledge
and capabilities.
 It is the awareness of the scope
Self-Management
and limitations of your current
knowledge and skills - is the mental process you
(Meichenbaum 1985 in employ using what you have
American Institute for in planning and adapting to
Research 2010). successfully learn or
accomplish a certain task
 Due to this awareness, (Paris and Winnogard 1990 in
metacognition enables the Papaleontiou-Louca 2003).
person to adapt their existing
Accurate self-assessment—you
knowledge and skills to
must be honest about what you
approach a learning task,
know and capable of in order to
seeking for the optimum result
find ways to utilize your strengths
of the learning experience
and improve on your weaknesses
(American Institutes for
(Schoenfield 1987 in
Research 2010).
Papaleontiou-Louca 2003).
 Metacognition is also not
limited to the thinking process
SKILLS THAT HELPS
of the individual. It also
EXERCISING
includes keeping ones's
METACOGNITION
emotions and motivations
while learning in check 1. Knowing your limits. One
(Papaleontiou-Louca 2003). can’t use metacognitive skills
without having an honest and
accurate evaluation of what you
know and what you do not know.
Knowing your limits also looks at
the scope and limitations of your
resources so that you can work
with what you have at the moment
and look for ways to cope with
TWO ASPECT OF other necessities.
METACOGNITION
2. Modifying your approach. It
Self-Appraisal begins with the recognition that
your strategy is not appropriate
with the task and/or that you do
not comprehend the learning
experience successfully.
Recognizing, for example, that
you are not understanding what
you are reading, you should learn
to modify your strategy in
comprehending your material.
3. Skimming. This is basically
browsing over a material and
keeping an eye on keywords,
phrases, or sentences. It is also
about knowing where to search for
such key terms.
4. Rehearsing. This is not just
about repeatedly talking, writing
and/or doing what you have
learned, but also trying to make a
personal interpretation or
summary of the learning
experience.
5. Self-Test. As the name implies,
this is trying to test your
comprehension of your learning
experience or the skills you have
acquired during learning.
FOUR TYPES OF
METACOGNITIVE
LEARNERS
1. TACIT LEARNERS. Are
unaware of their metacognitive
processes although they know
the extent of their knowledge.
2. AWARE LEARNERS.
know some of their
metacognitive strategies but
they do not plan on how to use
these techniques.
3. STRATEGIC LEARNERS
as the name implies, strategize
and plan their course of action
toward a learning experience.
4. REFLECTIVE LEARNERS
reflect on their thinking while
they are using the strategies
and adapt metacognitive skills
depending on their situation.
The goal of metacognition is for
the student to be a self-regulated
learner.
You should have the capability to
study things on your own as well
as accurately evaluate your
progress.
This is one of the benefits of using
metacognitive techniques and
strategies. Another benefit is the
compensation and development of
cognitive limitations of the learner
because the student is the now
aware of his/her capabilities.