Calculations:

Initial standard:

𝑀(#$%) = 551.48 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 23
𝑚(#$%) = 0.513 ± 0.0005𝑔 %∆𝑚 = 0.0975

;
𝑛(#$%) = %∆𝑛 = %∆𝑚
<

=.>3?
𝑛(#$%) =
>>3.@A
𝑛(#$%) = 0.000930 ± 9×102C 𝑚𝑜𝑙 %∆𝑛 = 0.0975

E
𝑐 =
F
%∆𝑐 = %∆𝑛 + %∆𝑣

𝑣 = 0.5 ± 0.0002𝑙 %∆𝑣 = 0.04
=.===J?=
𝑐= %∆𝑐 = 0.0975 + 0.04
=.>
𝑐 = 0.00186 ± 3×102L 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑙 23 %∆𝑐 = 0.138

diluted standards:

F
𝑐M = 𝑐N O %∆𝑐M = %∆𝑐N + %∆𝑣N + %∆𝑣M
FP

=.==Q
𝑐M(3) = 0.00186 %∆𝑐M = 0.138 + 2.5 + 0.04
=.3
𝑐M(3) = 0.0000372 ± 1×102L 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑙 23 %∆𝑐M = 2.68

=.==@
𝑐M Q = 0.00186 %∆𝑐M = 0.138 + 1.25 + 0.04
=.3
𝑐M(Q) = 0.0000744 ± 1×102L 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑙 23 %∆𝑐M = 1.428

=.==L
𝑐M ? = 0.00186 %∆𝑐M = 0.138 + 0.833 + 0.04
=.3
𝑐M(?) = 0.000112 ± 1×102L 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑙 23 %∆𝑐M = 1.01

=.==A
𝑐M @ = 0.00186 %∆𝑐M = 0.138 + 0.625 + 0.04
=.3
𝑐M(@) = 0.000149 ± 1×102L 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑙 23 %∆𝑐M = 0.803

=.=3
𝑐M(>) = 0.00186 %∆𝑐M = 0.138 + 0.5 + 0.04
=.3
𝑐M(>) = 0.000186 ± 1×102L 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑙 23 %∆𝑐M = 0.678




























calculation of absorbance, concentration relationship.

𝐼T
𝑙𝑜𝑔3= = e 𝑙 𝑐
𝐼
𝐼T
𝑙𝑜𝑔3= = 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐴𝑏𝑠
𝐼

using gradient of absorbance, concentration graph as (e l).
Additionally, adding the y intercept.

𝐴𝑏𝑠 = 1257𝑐 − 0.01071

























secondary standard:

𝑚 = 0.983± 0.0005𝑔 %∆𝑚 = 0.0699

;
𝑛 = %∆𝑛 = %∆𝑚
<

=.JA?
𝑛=
>>3.@A
𝑛 = 0.00178 ± 1×102L 𝑚𝑜𝑙 %∆𝑛 = 0.0699

E
𝑐= %∆𝑐 = %∆𝑛 + %∆𝑣
F

𝑣 = 0.5 ± 0.0002𝑙 %∆𝑣 = 0.04
=.==3CA
𝑐= %∆𝑐 = 0.0699 + 0.04
=.>
𝑐 = 0.00357 ± 2.99×102L 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑙 23 %∆𝑐 = 0.1099

diluted secondary standard:

F
𝑐M = 𝑐N O %∆𝑐M = %∆𝑐N + %∆𝑣N + %∆𝑣M
FP

=.=?
𝑐 = 0.00357 %∆𝑐M = 0.1099 + 0.1 + 0.04
=.>
𝑐 = 0.000214 ± 4×102C 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑙 23 %∆𝑐M = 0.2199












Temperature vs concentration relationship:

Linear fit:

Each absorbance value is converted to a concentration using the
established relationship:

𝐴𝑏𝑠 = 1257𝑐 − 0.01071

this give us the equation:

𝑐 = −8.96×102C 𝑇 + 0.000247

considering the line of worst fit, we get the relationship:

∆𝑚 = −8.96×102C + 6.81×102C = 2.15×102C

∆𝐼𝐶𝑃𝑇 = 0.000247 − 0.000230 = 1.70×102>

𝑐 = −8.96×102C ± 2.15×102C 𝑇 + 0.000247 ± 1.70×102>















Temperature vs concentration relationship revisited:

Arrhenius equation.

2`a
𝑘 = 𝐴𝑒 bc

where A is the Arrhenius constant, e is the mathematical value 2.72,
Ea is the activation energy of the reaction, R is the gas constant 8.314
JKmol-1 and T is the temperature in °C.

By combining the Arrhenius equation for the rate constant, k with the
1st order kinetics equation we get a very accurate relationship

gha
2 f$ ij %
𝑐 = [𝑐]T 𝑒
substituting values, we get…

gkkl.m
2?.C@$ j
𝑐 = 0.0002168𝑒

from this we can calculate further values

[𝑐]T = 0.0002168

−𝐴𝑡 = −3.74
𝑡 = 3×60 = 180𝑠
𝐴 = 0.0208

−𝐸p
𝑅 = −2263
𝑅 = 8.314𝐽𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙 23
𝐸p = 18814𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 23