KIMIA MODUL PEACE HALUS 2018

BAB 2 : THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS /STRUKTUR ATOM (SKEMA)

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS / KONSEP-KONSEP PENTING

1. Determine PROTON, ELECTRON, & NEUTRON + ISOTOPES /
Menentukan PROTON, ELEKTRON, & NEUTRON + ISOTOP
2. History of the development of atomic model /
Sejarah perkembangan model atom
3. Changes in the state of matter (Melting and boiling point of naphthalene)
Perubahan keadaan jirim (takat lebur dan takat didih naftalena

KONSEP 1:

Determine PROTON, ELECTRON, & NEUTRON + ISOTOPES

Menentukan PROTON, ELEKTRON, & NEUTRON + ISOTOP

20 elements in Periodic Table Of element

20 unsur pertama dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur

[H,He.Li,Be,B,C,Na,O,F,Ne,Na,Mg,Al,Si,P,S,Cl,Ar,K,Ca]

Example 1/ Contoh 1:
Diagram below shows the symbols of the atoms of element X and Y. The letter used are not
the actual symbols of the elements.
Rajah dibawah menunjukkan simbol atom bagi unsur X dan Y. Huruf yang digunakan bukan
merupakan unsur sebenar bagi unsur.
No of electron:
Nucleon number Bilangan elektron 6
Nombor nukleon
Electron arrangement :
2.4
Susunan elektron
Proton number
Nombor proton
Group: 14
Kumpulan

Example 2/ Contoh 2:
Table 1 shows the number of protons and neutrons for four different atoms.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan neutron bagi empat atom yang berbeza.

Number of protons Number of neutrons

Atom
Bilangan proton Bilangan neutron
Li W 3 4
C X 6 12
C Y 6 13
K
Z 19 20

Table 1/ Jadual 1

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Isotopes :
X and Y
Isotop :

Atom that have same number of proton but different

Meaning of Isotopes :
number of neutron /
Maksud Isotop :
Atom yang mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi
bilangan neutron yang berbeza

KONSEP 2 :
HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC MODELS
SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM

Elements are made The nucleus The nucleus

up of tiny particles contains positively contains another
which cannot be charged particles tiny particles
further broken knowns as known as
down (ATOM) (PROTONS) NEUTRON that
has no charge
Unsur dibina Nukleus
daripada zarah- mengandungi Nukleus
zarah seni yang zarah bercas mengandungi
tidak boleh positif dikenali zarah-zarah halus
dipecahkan sebagai yang dikenali
(ATOM) (PROTON) sebagai
NEUTRON yang
tidak bercas

Atoms are made of Electron move

tiny particles that is around the nucleus
negatively charged in fixed orbit
(ELECTRON) (SHELL)

Unsur dibina Elektron bergerak

daripada zarah- mengelilingi
zarah seni yang nukleus pada orbit
bercas negatif yang tetap
(ELEKTRON) (PETALA)

Write the scientist’s discovery

Tuliskan penemuan ahli saintis berkenaan

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KONSEP 3 :
Changes in the state of matter (melting and boiling point of naphthalene)
Perubahan keadaan jirim (takat lebur dan takat didih naftalena)

Important diagram / rajah penting

1)

Naphthalene/
Water/air
naftalena

Heat/ panaskan

(a) Label the above diagram / Labelkan rajah di atas

Temperature /oC
Suhu oC F

D E
Suhu / oC
B C

Time /min
A
Masa /min

(b) State the physical state of the substances at the following region and explain the
changes in physical state and temperature of the substance.
Nyatakan keadaan fizikal bahan pada kawasan berikut dan terangkan
perubahan keadaan fizikal dan suhu bahan.
Physical state Why temperature its constant?
Keadaan fizikal Mengapa suhu tetap?
AB Solid/pepejal
BC Solid and liquid Heat absorbed is used to overcome the attractive
Pepejal dan force between particles
cecair haba diserap digunakan untuk mengatasi daya
tarikan antara zarah
CD Liquid/ Cecair
Heat absorbed is used to overcome the attractive
Liquid and gas force between particles
DE
Cecair dan gas haba diserap digunakan untuk mengatasi daya
tarikan antara zarah
EF Gas/ Gas

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(a) Label the above diagram / Labelkan rajah di atas

Temperature, /oC
Suhu /oC
P
120
Q R
78

30 S

0 Time / s
Masa / s

(b) State the physical state of the substances at the following region and explain the
changes in physical state and temperature of the substance.
Nyatakan keadaan fizikal bahan pada kawasan berikut dan terangkan
perubahan keadaan fizikal dan suhu bahan.

Physical
state Why temperature its constant?
Keadaan Mengapa suhu tetap?
fizikal
Liquid
P-Q
Cecair
Because heat released during the formation of the
force of attraction between molecules is same as the
Solid and
heat lost to the surrounding
liquid
Q-R Kerana haba yang dibebaskan semasa pembentukan
Pepejal
daya tarikan antara molekul adalah sama dengan
dan cecair
haba yang terbebas dipersekitaran

Solid
R-S
Pepejal

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BAB 2: STRUKTUR ATOM (SKEMA)

Bahagian A: Objektif
1 B 16 A
2 A 17 B
3 B 18 D
4 C 19 A
5 D 20 A
6 A 21 B
7 C 22 B
8 B 23 A
9 C 24 D
10 A 25 C
11 C 26 D
12 B 27 D
13 B 28 D
14 B 29 D
15 A 30 D

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Question no Mark scheme mark

Sub total
1 (a) (i) 1. Same element //Unsur sama 1
2. that have same proton number but different nucleon
Number // 1 2
Mempunyai nombor proton sama tatapi nombor nukleon
berbeza
(ii) Cl-35:18 1
2
Cl-37:20 1
(iii) Used in water treatment to kill microorganisms /germs// 1
Digunakan dalam perawatan air untuk membunuh 1
mikroorganisma / kuman
(b) (i)
Temperature/ suhu (0C)

1 1
43

D Time/ masa (s)

(ii) At 30 0C :
the particles are arranged closely packed in orderly manner//
1
Susunan zarah adalah tersusun rapat dalam keadaan
teratur 2
At 80 0C:
the particles are arranged closely packed but not in orderly
manner// 1
Susunan zarah adalah tersusun rapat tetapi tidak teratur
TOTAL 9

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Mark
Question no Mark scheme
Sub Total
2 (a) (i) T1 oC 1 1
1. Because heat released during the formation of the force
(ii) of attraction between molecules //
Kerana haba yang dibebaskan semasa pembentukan 1
2
daya tarikan antara molekul adalah
2. is same as the heat lost to the surrounding //
sama dengan haba yang terbebas dipersekitaran 1
(iii) the kinetic energy of naphthalene particles decreases// 1 1
tenaga kinetik zarah naftalena berkurang
TOTAL 4

Mark
Question no Mark scheme
Sub Total
3 (a) (i) The constant temperature at which a solid completely
changes into liquid 1 1
Suhu tetap iaitu pepejal bertukar sepenuhnya kepada
cecair.
(ii) 136 0C 1 1
(iii) Heat absorbed is //haba diserap 1
2
used to overcome the attractive force between particles// 1
digunakan untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah

r: ion/atom

(b) (i) Diffusion // Resapan 1

1
(ii) 1. Potassium manganite (VII) is made up of tiny 1
particles
Kalium manganat (VII) terdiri daripada zarah yang
kecil. 3
2. The spaces between particles in gel are smaller than 1
in water//vice versa
Ruang di antara zarah dalam gel adalah lebih kecil
daripada air.
3. Potassium manganate (VII) particles diffuse slower 1
in gel // vice versa
Zarah kalium manganat (VII) meresap dengan
perlahan dalam gel

TOTAL 8

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Mark
Question no Mark scheme
Sub Total
4 (a) (i) Proton, electron, neutron 1 1

(ii) Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an 1 1

atom.//
Jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu
atom
(iii) V= 35 1
W=24 1 2
(iv) 2.8.8 1 1

(v)

19p +20n

1. The nucleus is labelled correct 1

2. no of shells and electron correct 1 2

(b) (i) 78° C 1 1

(ii) Because heat released during the formation of the force of 1
attraction between molecules is same as the heat lost to the 1
surrounding// 2
Kerana haba yang dibebaskan semasa pembentukan daya
tarikan antara molekul adalah sama dengan haba yang
terbebas dipersekitaran
TOTAL 10

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Mark
Question no Mark scheme
Sub total
5 (a) (i) Number of proton in the nucleus of an atom// 1 1
Bilangan proton di dalam nukleus bagi sesuatu atom
(ii) 15 1 1
(iii) Nucleon number // 1 1
Nombor Nukleon
(b) (i) Q and R have different number of neutron/nucleon 1 1
number //
Q dan R mempunyai bilangan neutron / no nukleon yang
berbeza
(ii) Carbon 14 - to estimate the age of fossils and artifacts 1 1
-mengkaji usia fosil/artifak
Cobalt 60 - kill cancer cells/sterilised medical
instruments
Membunuh sel kanser/
mensterilkan alatan pembedahan
Sodium 24 -detect leakage of underground pipes
mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah
(any one)
(c ) (i) 2.8.7 1 1
(ii) 7 1 1
(iii)- Figure of electron arrangement of R 1 2

1
19p +20n

3 shells

TOTAL 9

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Question
Mark Scheme Mark
No
6(a) Able to record all the readings with one decimal place correctly.

Answers:

77.0 , 71.0 , 66.0 , 65.0

65.0 , 65.0 , 65.0 , 59.0
3

Able to record at least 6 readings correctly or all readings

correctly without one decimal point 2

Able to record at least 4 readings correctly or 5 readings correctly 1

No response or wrong response 0

Question Rubric Score

6(b) Able to construct a table
1. with all headings and units
2. all readings ecf from 6(a) correctly.
Answers:
Time (min) Temperature (˚C)
0 77.0
1 71.0 3
2 66.0
3 65.0
4 65.0
5 65.0
6 65.0
7 59.0
Able to construct a table
1. with all headings or units 2
2. all readings ecf from 6(a)
Able to construct a table
1. with one heading 1
2. all readings ecf from 6(a)
No response or wrong response
0

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Question Mark Scheme Mark

6(c)(i)
Able to fulfill the following criteria
1) label both axes with units
Y axis : temperature/0C 3
X axis: time/min

2) uniform scale
3) transfer all the readings [ecf from 6(a)]
4) smooth and correct curve .
5) size ≥ 50% of graph paper
[ Score 2 if axes reversed]

Able to fulfill any three criteria

2

Able to have an idea to plot a graph 1

1.Show axes
2.A curve

Sample answer:

No response or wrong response 0

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Question Mark Scheme Mark

No
6(c)(ii) Able to 1. mark on the graph to show freezing point
2. state the melting point and unit correctly.

Answer: [Refer to 6(c)(i)]

3
Able to mark or state the freezing point with unit
2
Able to state the freezing point
1
No response or wrong response
0

Question Mark Scheme Mark

No
6(d)(i) Able to describe the changes in the readings for the first 7 minutes
correctly.
Sample answers:
Point
1. The first 2 minutes,the temperature decreases from 770C to
660C.
2 minit pertama, suhu turun dari 770C to 660C.

2. From third minutes to sixth minutes the temperature 3

readings are 650C.//constant at 650C

Dari minit ke 3 sehingga minit ke 6 seterusnya bacaan

suhu adalah 650C.//malar pada 650C

3. From sixth to seventh minutes temperature decreases from

650C to 590C
Dari minit ke 6 sehingga minit ke 7, suhu menurun dari
650C ke 590C
Able to state any two points correctly 2
Able to state any one points correctly 1
No response or wrong response 0

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Question Mark Scheme Mark

No
6(d)(ii) Able to explain the answer in 6(d)(i) correctly.
[Must correspond to the observations in 6 (d)(i)]

Sample answers:
Point 1.
Particles of substance X( lose energy)/kinetic energy decreases.
Zarah dalam bahan X (kehilangan tenaga)/tenaga kinetik 3
berkurang.

Point 2.
Because heat released during the formation of the force of attraction
between molecules is same as the heat lost to the surrounding
Kerana haba yang dibebaskan semasa pembentukan daya tarikan
antara molekul adalah sama dengan haba yang terbebas
dipersekitaran

Point 3.
Particles lose energy//kinetic energy of particles decreases
Zarah kehilangan tenaga// tenaga kinetik zarah berkurang

Able to state point 2 correctly

2
Able to any one point correspond to the stated observation
correctly 1

No response or wrong response 0

Question Mark Scheme Mark

No
6(e) Able to classify the compounds into their types of particles
molecules and ions correctly.

Sample answers:
Molecule : Ammonia, methylbenzene, glucose
Ion : copper(II) sulphate, potassium chloride 3
Able to classify 4 compounds correctly 2

Able to classify 2 compounds correctly 1

No response or wrong response

0

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Question Mark scheme Mark

no Sub Total
7 (a) (i) 1. P is a solid// P adalah pepejal. 1
2. Melting point and boiling point of P is higher than room 1
temperature (25 oC).
Takat lebur dan takat didih P adalah lebih tinggi dari suhu
bilik. (25 oC).
3. Q is a liquid // Q adalah cecair 1
4. Melting point of Q is lower than the room but its boiling
point is higher than room temperature 1
Takat lebur Q adalah lebih rendah dari suhu bilik tetapi
takat didih nya lebih tinggi daripada suhu bilik. 4

(ii) 1. t0 – t1 // A to B : liquid// cecair 1

2. the particles closely together but not in orderly manner// 1
zarah tersusun rapat tetapi tidak teratur.
3. t1 – t2 // B to C : liquid and gaseous //cecair dan gas 1
4. some of the particles are closely together but not in 1
orderly manner and some are very far apart from each
others//
sebilangan zarah tersusun rapat tetapi tidak teratur dan
sebilangan yang lain terletak berjauhan diantara satu
sama lain.
5. t2 – t3 // C to D: gaseous // gas 1
6. all the particles are very far apart from each other and 1
more in a random motion
Semua zarah berjauhan dan tersusun secara rawak 6

TOTAL 10

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