Improving the Body Mass Index Classification
Among the Junior High School Overweight
Students of Zillovia National High School
Through Zumba Exercise
Joshua Virtudazo-Sy
Department of Education
Secondary School Teacher I
Zillovia National High School
Talacogon, Agusan del Sur, Philippines
Joshuasy54@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The issue of overweight people,
particularly among our young people, is growing
increasingly pronounced and gaining attention
from experts and communities around the country.
Not only is it crucial to recognize and comprehend
the complexity of this illness, but it's also crucial to
grasp the function that each group will play in
creating and implementing initiatives to prevent
and treat this weight proble m. As a result, this
study was developed to deal with this alarming
issues. This research examined the Junior High
School of Zillovia National High school, Zillovia
Talacogon, Agusan del Sur. A quantitative -
experimental design were employed. Quantitative
research design is a formal, objective, systematic
process in which numerical data are used to obtain
information about the variables. It is used to
describe and examine relationships between and
among variables. This design will be used since the
main purpose of the study is to determine if there is
an improvement of the body mass index
classification among the Junior High School of
Zillovia National High school through the given
intervention. The findings revealed that the Zumba
exercise attended by the Junior High School of
Zillovia National High School has no effect on
improving their body mass index classification.
Keywords: Body Mass Index, Zumba
Exercise, Overweight, Fitness, Physical Education
Activity
Yeelynee Lacpao-Saligumba
AC, Regional Community Affairs
Development Division
PNP, PRO 13 CARAGA
Libertad, Butuan City, Philippines
Senyleey@.yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION
Having a normal body mass index is a
key factor of being a physically fit person. Both
young and old, men and women greatly desire a
perfect body structure. This has led to the quality
and use of exercise equipment. The easy access to
gyms and fitness centers helps to keep their body
physically fit (Katherine, 2010).
An important indicator of physical
fitness is knowing the body mass index of the
individuals. Body Mass Index is a weight-to-
height ratio, calculated by dividing one's weight in
kilograms by the square of one's height in meters.
BMI can be categorized as Underweight, Normal,
Overweight, and Obese. Underweight refers in
weighing less than the normal amount for one's
age, height, and build underweight children,
underweight adults typically have a body mass
index of less than 18.5. If your BMI is 18.5 to 24.9,
it falls within the normal or Healthy Weight range.
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or
excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to
health. A body mass index (BMI) over 25 is
considered overweight, and over 30 is obese (CDC,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).
For the school year 2021-2022, students
of Zillovia National High School have weight
problem based on the result of the BMI. With this,
the researcher wanted to create an intervention
program on improving body mass index
classification through Zumba exercise as Physical The designs of the first three studies
Education activity. involved objective measurements of Energy
Thus, the researcher believed that to Expenditure.
address the weight problem among Junior High Otto and colleagues found that an hour of
School students of Zillovia National High School Zumba expended between 6.3 - 7.5 kcal/min or 378
is to essentially participate in Zumba as Physical - 448 kcal/hr (Otto et al., 2011). Using one-way
Education activity. The researcher hypothesized analysis of variance (ANOVA), the researchers
that there is a relationship between physical also found that the caloric expenditure data for the
education activity and weight problem. four types of Zumba rhythms investigated in this
study did not result in any significant difference
between the four trials: 7.0, 7.4, 6.6 and 6.7
RELATED LITERATURE kcal/minute for: merengue, salsa, cumbia and a
mixture respectively.
Table 1. The four identified Zumba studies Although the relatively small differences
involving healthy volunteers, with brief notes on in the standard deviation figures for the subjects’
actions and relevant remarks (n = sample size ages and body weights (21.5 ± 1.7 years and 58.9 ±
or number of participants; MHR = maximum 7.9 kg respectively) could have been the reason
heart rate; HRR = hear rate reserve). why matching or random assignment to the trial
groups was not followed, statistical control of
S extraneous variables using analysis of covariance
t (ANCOVA) would have resulted in more sensitive
Refere Gende Ag Actio Inten
u N analysis of the EE differences than ANOVA.
nce r e ns sity
d
y Luettgen et al. (2012) found a higher EE
for Zumba averaging at 9.5 kcal/min or 570
70.0 kcal/hr, whereas another study in the process of
Otto et 21. Anal %- being published is showing that a normal Zumba
Unkno
1 al.(20 15 5± yzed 75.7 workout (which the authors described as ‘Zumba
wn
11) 1.7 EE % fitness exhilarate’) consumed even higher energy
MHR values; 13.6 kcal/min or 817 kcal/hr (Sternlicht,
Luettg Frisch and Sumida, in press).
19 Anal
en et Femal 79% Through a small survey the fourth study
2 19 ±1. yzed
al. es MHR showed that 66% of the participants practiced
4 EE
(2012) zumba for more than (>) two hours a week
Sternli (Šponerová et al., 2011).
cht, 9 Strengths and weaknesses of the current Zumba
Frisch males, 31. Anal 79.7 studies
3 and 20 11 9± yzed %
Before analyzing the strengths and
Sumid female 7.6 EE MHR
weaknesses of these studies there are some
a (in s
similarities that need to be considered. All studies
press)
involved small samples of young and healthy
Surv participants. Practically all workouts can be
3 eyed described as high or vigorous-intensity as per
Špone un
males, popul average percentages of MHR or HRR values
rová et kn unkn
4 20 17 arity (Table 1).
al. ow own
female &
(2011) n The first three brief and preliminary EE
s adher
studies had pre-experimental designs and basically
ence
involved one-shot studies (post-test single group
designs), whereby a group of subjects received a
session of Zumba followed by laboratory tests to
evaluate the energy cost of that intervention. In the field of physical education activity
According to Thomas, Nelson and Silverman some individuals participate in regular physical
(2005), one-shot designs failed all the tests of good activity for the enjoyment of exercising, others
research because the level of performance could appears to exercise to attain intrinsic and extrinsic
never be attributed to the treatment. rewards such as losing weight, being more
However, as the results were based on attractive, or obtaining recognition from others.
one session analysis, attrition bias was never a Specifically, the SDT proposes that
threat to their internal validity. As for external behavioral regulation towards an activity varies in
validity, samples were non-representative of the the extent to which it is autonomous (self-
population and hence generalization was determined), which involves behaving with a full
impossible. sense of violation and choice, or controlling, which
Although one is lead to believe that the involves behaving with the experience of pressure
samples were too small for conclusive evidence and demand toward specific outcomes that comes
that Zumba expends an appreciable amount of from forces perceived to be external to the self.
energy, the required n for the assessment of caloric Furthermore, the theory proposes that individuals
expenditure in dance exercises usually ranged have three basic psychological needs, autonomy,
between 9 and 15 subjects (Rixon, Rehor and competence, and relatedness (Buchan & Ollis, et.
Bemben, 2006). One also has to consider the al., 2021).
partial reliability of the results, and the validity of This theory is pertinent to the study
the instruments used. because it establishes that participants who are
As HR is linearly related to oxygen more motivated intrinsically and more committed
uptake for dynamic activities involving voluntary to their objective of gaining and losing weight have
muscles, HR monitors provide reasonable indirect their basic psychological need satisfied. Thus,
measures of EE (Spurr et al., 1988; Crouter, partaking in Zumba exercise may improve and
Albright and Bassett, 2004). Since EE is related to enhance the intention to be physically and mentally
VO2, all EE calculations are based on the active and his/her body mass index become
assumption of 5 kcal per litre of oxygen consumed normal.
(Luettgen et al., 2012).
The studies and sources aforementioned
above show some of the effectiveness of Zumba as
Conceptual Framework
physical education activity to improve the body
mass index of the students. Hence, there is a need Input Process
to do more research about the study to strengthen Pre-test Data Output
the effectiveness of Zumba as a body weight •Physical Gathering Post-test
reduction tool. This study also give additional Fitness and •Physical
inputs for the Physical Education teachers the •Physical
Sport Fitness Fitness
significance of conducting intervention to answer Talent Test and Sport
the BMI problem among the students. and Sport
Profile of Talent Talent
the Test Test
respondent •Zumba -Body
Theoretical Framework s according Exercise Mass
to: Index
(Propose
This study is anchored to the Self-
•Age d Result
Determination Theory. According to Deci & Ryan
•Grade interventi
(2000) is a theory of motivation that has been
Level on)
applied in many life domains such as health, sports,
education, and work. Health is an intrinsic goal for Figure 1. Input Process Output (IPO
us all that is strongly influenced by our habits and MODEL)
lifestyle choices.
 A model called Input Process Output
(IPO) was used by the researcher. It contains all of
the information and materials needed for the study
procedure, along with guidelines for enhancing
Zillovia National High School students' body mass
index classification and information on the method
itself. Figure 1 depicts the idea model. It
demonstrates the steps taken to lower students'
body mass index through Zumba exercise.
For input, it consists of the respondent’s
profile as well as the Physical Fitness and Sports
Talent Test (Pre-test). As it is related to the
research’s dependent and independent variables.
For process, it utilized the Physical Fitness and
Sports Talent Test and Zumba Exercise as
intervention.
And for output, it shows the body mass
index results from the Post PFSTT.
municipality of Talacogon and it has a total
population of 5,099 and a land area of 11,000
hectares. The Zillovia National High School has
72,330 square meter land area and has a total
number of 398 enrollees in Junior High for the
S.Y. 2022-2023. It has three (3) section per year
grade level.
Statistical Treatment
This study will be analyzed using paired
t-test or paired sample t-test, sometimes called the
dependent sample t-test because it explain whether
there was a statistically significant mean
difference between the weight of the subjects
before attending Zumba exercise and after
completing it.
Results and Findings

Hypothesis
Results and Findings
Ho: The Zumba exercise attended by the
Junior High School of Zillovia National High The findings of this study were mainly
School has no effect on improving their body mass based on the quantitative data gathered from the
index classification. participants using the Physical Fitness and Sports
Talent Test (PFSTT) Form The researcher adopted
Ha: The Zumba exercise attended by the this tool in accordance with Attachment No. 3 to
Junior High School of Zillovia National High DepEd Order No. 034, s.2019, titled "Revise
School has a positive effect on improving their Physical Fitness Test Manual," which was
body mass index classification. approved by Dr. Leonor Magtolis Briones, DepEd
Secretary, on December 9, 2019.
Dependent Sample T-test and
Methodology Descriptive statistics procedures were adhered to in
reporting the findings. The results are presented as
This research employs the quantitative - follows.
experimental design. Quantitative research design
is a formal, objective, systematic process in which
numerical data are used to obtain information
about the variables. It is used to describe and Table 2. Descriptive
examine relationships between and among
BMI-
variables (Lamar, 2005). This design will be used BMI-
Sex Post
since the main purpose of the study is to determine Pretest
if there is an improvement of the body mass index Test
classification among the Junior High School of
Zillovia National High school through the given N Female 11 11
intervention.
The study will be conducted in the Male 9 9
Municipality of Talacogon, Agusan del Sur
specifically at Zillovia National High School. The Missing Female 0 0
said school is located at Barangay Zillovia which is Male 0 0
considered as the second largest barangay in the
 Table 2. Descriptive Table 2. Descriptive

BMI- BMI-
BMI- BMI-
Sex Post Sex Post
Pretest Pretest
Test Test

Mean Female 25.6 25.3 Std. error

Female 0.661 0.661
skewness
Male 26.5 26.0
Male 0.717 0.717
Median Female 25.5 25.2
Shapiro-
Male 25.8 25.5 Female 0.851 0.784
Wilk W
Standard Male 0.773 0.844
Female 0.454 0.360
deviation
Male 1.68 1.37 Shapiro-
Female 0.044 0.006
Wilk p
Minimum Female 25.1 24.9 Male 0.010 0.065
Male 25.2 24.8
Table 2 shows that there are 20 respondents, 11
Maximum Female 26.7 26.3 were Female and 9 were Male, missing equal to 0.
Male 29.4 28.9 A mean of 25.6 for Female and 26.5 for Male in
Pre-test and 25.3 for Female and 26.0 for Male in
Skewness Female 1.59 2.10 the Post-test (after the given intervention). The
standard deviation of 0.454 in Female and 1.68 in
Male 1.17 1.31 Male in Pre-test.
 Table 3. Paired Samples T-Test

Mean SE
statistic df p
difference difference

BMI-
BMI- Student's
Post 3.30 19.0 0.004 0.380 0.115
Pretest t
Test

Table 4. Normality Test (Shapiro-Wilk) Conclusion

W p Since the p-value is less than our
significance level α = 0.05, we reject the null
BMI- hypothesis. We have sufficient evidence to say
BMI-
- Post 0.742 < .001 that the Zumba exercise attended by the Junior
Pretest
Test High School of Zillovia National High School
has no effect on improving their body mass index
classification.
Note. A low p-value suggests a violation of
the assumption of normality Trochim and Donnelly (2008) pointed
out that when research was conducted in real-
world settings, people could have reacted to what
was happening around them and consequently the
researchers would find it difficult to conclude
Table 5. Descriptive that the intervention made a difference.
Therefore, more studies are required to replicate
Me Medi
N SD SE the results before any concrete conclusions can
an an be made. Nevertheless, as long as future studies
keep using the same conditions, certain
BMI weaknesses particularly history and to a lesser
- 2 26. 1.2 0.2 extent maturation threats will remain subject of
25.5
Pret 0 0 43 78 concern to the internal validity.
est
BMI
- 2 25. 0.9 0.2
25.3 7. Recommendation
Post 0 6 97 23
Test
The researcher encourages students or
individuals who have weight problem to
Table 5 shows that there are 20 respondents, A participate on different activities and should have
mean of 26.0 fin Pre-test and 25.6 in the Post-test a proper diet to maintain or improve their Body
(after the given intervention). It has 25.5 Median Mass Index Value classification
in the Pre-test and 25.3 in the Post-test. The
standard deviation of 1.243 in Pre-test and 0.997
in Post-test. The Standard Error is 0.278 in Pre-
test and 0.223 in the Post-test.

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