Issues and Challenges Faced by Vendors o

International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com February 2015, Volume 3 Issue 2, ISSN 2349-4476
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACED BY VENDORS ON

URBAN STREETS: A CASE OF SONIPAT CITY, INDIA
Ar. Manoj Panwar1
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture, Urban & Town Planning,
DCR University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonipat, India
Vikas Garg2
MURP, Faculty of Architecture, Urban & Town Planning
DCR University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonipat, India
Abstract: We cannot neglect Urbanization as it is directly proportional to development of a country.

Effect of an increasing population growth in the era of globalization is compounded by a rapidly
accelerating migration from rural areas to the urban centers. These accelerated pace of urbanization
has led to employment problems. Urban labour force expands faster than the employment generated
in the urban sector of economy e.g. manufacturing and services sector. So urban centers are not able
to provide employment to all workforce, in formal jobs, looking forward for opportunities for
earning their livelihood, so, they are forced to find other opportunities in informal sector of urban
settlement. The informal sector represents an important part of the economy and the labour market in
many countries, especially in developing countries. It plays a major role in employment creation,
production, and income generation. Within this informal sector of workforce, street vendors play an
important role in employing migrated people. Vending in urban area is characterized by ease of
entry, small scale of operation carried out in temporary structure in a variable location without a
fixed place or store. Vendors sell their products in unregulated and competitive market environment
without observing any fixed hours for vending. Very often, vending is on an illegal basis contrary to
the government regulations; it does not depend upon formal financial institutions for its credit needs
As initial investment and risk associate for vending daily needs is low, but due to this street vendors
large number of problems associated with landuse, security, health and infrastructure social arise.
Authors have identified Sonipat as study area and studied the problems. The paper provides spatial
solutions for Sonipat and policy measures for regulating urban vendors in other settlements too.
Keywords: Urbanization, street vendors, spatial land use;
1. INTRODUCTION
Urbanization refers to the growth of towns and cities, often at the expense of rural areas, as people
move to urban centers in search of jobs and what they hope will be a better life. The majority of the
people migrated or planning to migrate from rural to urban areas for earning their livelihood, greater
variety of educational and recreational facilities, larger and more specialized healthcare facilities.
Urban centers are able to provide a variety of services that small rural centers cannot. India is a
developing country and stands second in terms of population in the world. India is poised with rapid
urbanization (Table 1). The urban settlement’s ability of economic development induces migration
for all kinds of people as the development require all kind of skilled semi skilled and unskilled
workforce for generating economy and developing urban infrastructure (Jain P., 2013). These
migrated people are absorbed in formal and informal sectors in various development works in urban
71 Ar. Manoj Panwar, Vikas Garg

settlement for earning their livelihood. Once these development works are bunged, the literate and
illiterate people have to make self-employment through various aspects including informal sectors
(Yatmo, Y. A., 2008). As all these migrants do not possess the skill set or the education required for
urban development so, secure employment in the formal sector cannot be provided (Yatmo, Y. A.,
2009). Also, due to large population and hasty urbanization, it is impossible for the government to
provide employment to everyone (Fig. 1). So, most of them have to settle for work in the informal
sector.
Table 1: Urbanization in India
Year Numbers of towns Total urban population(in millions)

1961 2365 78.9
1971 2590 109.1
1981 4029 157.7
1991 4689 215.8
2001 5161 286.1
2011 7935 377.1
Source: Census of India 2011
1.1 Present Scenario of Informal Sector in India

Poverty and lack of gainful employment in the rural areas and in the smaller towns drive large
numbers of people to the cities for work and livelihood. These people generally possess low skills
and lack the level of education required for the better paid jobs in the organized sector. Besides,
permanent protected jobs in the organized sector are shrinking hence even those having the requisite
skills are unable to find proper employment. For these people work in the informal sector are the
only means for their survival. In most Indian cities, the majority of urban poor survive by working in
the informal sector (Sekar, H. R.) This has led to a rapid growth of the informal sector in most of the
larger cities. The informal sector represents an important part of the economy and the labour market
in many countries, especially in developing countries, plays a major role in employment creation,
production, and income generation (Kolli, R. 2011). It is estimated that more than two thirds of total
employment and more than one third of the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the non-
agricultural sector in Asia (Adhikari, D. B., 2012). Looking at the employment status (Table 2),
most of the migrated unskilled workforce engages themselves in labor in industries; construction and
providing different forth class services to urban households, street vendors, domestic workers, rug
pickers (Widiyastuti, D. 2013). For the urban poor, street vending is one of the major means of
earning a livelihood, as it requires minor low initial investment requirement and efforts in searching
a job and the skills involved are low.

Table 2: Nature of Employment (Usual Status), 2009-10
Rural Male Rural Female Urban Male Urban Female

Age SE RE CE SE RE CE SE RE CE SE RE CE
15-19 46.6 6.1 47.2 53.8 3.2 43.0 33.3 31.6 35.1 48.7 27.6 23.7
20-24 46.4 9.9 43.8 56.9 6.4 36.6 33.8 43.5 22.7 33.5 50.9 15.5
25-29 48.4 10.4 41.2 53.2 5.9 40.9 33.6 48.9 17.5 35.7 47.4 16.8
15-59 53.4 8.6 38.0 55.8 4.2 40.0 41.4 41.9 17.0 41.3 39.1 19.6
Source: Adopted from National Sample Survey round, schedule 10-employment and unemployment,
2009-10; SE- Self Employment, RE- Regular Employment and CE- Casual Employment
Figure1: Unemployment Rate 2010-2013
Source: The Ministry of Labour and Employment of India
1.2 Street Vendor

A street vendor (Meneses-Reyes, R., & Caballero-Juárez, J. A. (2013) is broadly defined as a
person who offers goods for sale to the public at large without having a permanent built up structure
from which to sell. The Street vendors may be stationary in the sense that they occupy space on the
pavements or other public/private spaces or, they may be mobile in the sense that move from place to
place by carrying their wares on push carts or in baskets on their heads.
1.2.1 Categories of street vendor
Although street vendors classification (Bhowmik, S. K. 2003, 2005) can be possible on various
factors but according to the need of the study we have classified street vendors on the basis of their
mobility and working duration. On the basis of the aforesaid criterion, there are three categories of
street vendors:
 Those Street Vendors who carry out vending on a regular basis with a specific location

 Those Street Vendors who carry out vending not on a regular basis and without any specific
location, for example, vendors who sell goods in weekly bazaars during holidays and
 The Mobile Street Vendors.

festivals.
Table 3: Status of Street Vendors in Developing Countries

Country Number of street Percent of non- Percent women
vendors agricultural labour force
Tunisia 125,619 6 2
Benin 45,591 5 81
Kenya 416,294 8 33
India 3,881,700 3 14
Turkey 255,000 2 3
Brazil 1,445,806 3 30
Costa Rica 13,085 1 18
Guatemala 259,203 9 55
Maxico 1,286,287 4 44
venezuela 318,598 4 32
Source: Jacques charmes,2002(personal compilation of the author on the basis of official labour
force statistics and national accounts). A subset of these data was published in ILO, measuring place
of work(ganeva,2002)
Table 3 showing status of street vendors only have records available from government sources,
despite very less vendor associations, India is having the highest number of street vendors.
1.2.2 Working Conditions of Street Vendors

The street vendors spend nearly 10 hours a day in their business. Most of them take up to 5 hours
every day for preparations. It includes visit to the wholesale markets for vegetable vendors, thereby
later sorting and cleaning the vegetables. During their working time vendors are facing many
problems from the public and police personnel. They are not protected from the harmful weather
conditions like heat, rain, dust and lack of storage facilities. Those people selling non perishable
household articles too have to go to the wholesale market to procure their goods at lower prices.
Taking into account both preparation time and the time for selling we find that at an average a street
vendor spends upto 15 hours every day in his or her activities in order to earn a hundred or two
hundred rupees (CUE Report, 2014).
1.2.3 Problems Faced by Street Vendors

Street vending is related with uncertainty in income (Kumar, R., & Singh, A. 2013). On one side,
because of the low socio-economic profile of street vendors customer behavior is common, and on
other side street vendors faces harassment by police officials for occupying important traffic
junctions (Karthikeyan, R., & Mangaleswaran, R., 2013). They have long hour of work without
rest and lack of urban amenities. Climate adds to their woes through rain, searing heat and chilly
winter’s blustery weather by goods damage and extra peripherals requirement (Jacques Charmes,
2002; Widiyastuti, D., 2013). Uncertainty of site allocation make street vendors difficult in pushing

vending carts from one place to another on damaged roads. Street vendors also face problems of lack
of shelters and storage space (Kurniawati, W. 2012).
Most of these problems are result of non consideration of street vendors while planning urban streets
or land-use planning. So, this work looks into socio-economic condition of the street vendors for
developing a strategy targeting various issues and challenges faced by for its inclusion into formal
planning process of urban transportation infrastructure and landuse with objectives to analyze the
existing concentration, working condition, socio-economic profile of informal shopping street
vendors and suggest the strategies for inclusion of street vendors during formal urban planning
process targeting various issues and challenges faced by street vendors.
2. POLICIES IN PLAN AND ACTION

2.1 Street Vendors act 2014
Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014 is an Indian
legislation aimed to regulate street vendors in public areas and protect their rights with following key
highlights.
• Town Vending Committee will be responsible for conducting of survey of all the vendors under
its jurisdiction, and such survey must be conducted every five years. No street vendor will be
evicted until such survey has been made and a certificate of vending has been issued.
Table 4: Chronological Development of Street Vendors Act 2014

1 'The Street Aimed at providing social security and livelihood rights to street
Vendors Policy' vendors
2004
2 'Model Street For Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending
Vendors Bill, All States and Union Territory governments for creation of state
2009' legislation, however it had no legal bindings, thus few governments
made any progress in this regard
3 Verdict of Court recognized street vending as a source of livelihood, directed the
Supreme Court of ministry to work out on a central legislation, and a draft of same was
India, 2010 unveiled to the public on November 11, 2011
4 Street Vendors protection legitimate street vendors from harassment by police and
act 2014 civic authorities
Demarcation of vending zones on basis of "traditional natural markets"
Proper representation of vendors and women in decision making
Establishment of effective grievance and dispute resolution mechanism
Source: Street Vendors Act 2014
• All street vendors will be accommodated in a designated vending zone. In case, all the vendors
cannot be accommodated in the same vending zone, allocation of space will be made by drawing
of lots. However, those who fail to get space in the same vending zone, will be accommodated in
adjoining vending zones.

• All street vendors above fourteen years of age will be granted a certificate of vending. However,
such certificates will be granted only if the person gives an undertaking that he will carry out his
business by himself or through the help of his family members, he has no other means of
livelihood and he will not transfer the certificate. However, the certificate can be transferred to
one of his family member if such vendor dies or suffers from permanent disability.
• The certificate may be cancelled if the vendor breaches the conditions of the certificate.
• No vendor will be allowed to carry out vending activities in no-vending zones.
• In case of declaration of a specified area as a no-vending zone, the vendors will be relocated to
another area. Vendors, who fail to vacate such space after a notice has been given, will have to
pay a penalty and local authority may physically remove the vendor and make seizure of goods
of such vendors who have not relocated to the vending zones.
• There shall be a dispute resolution body
2.2 Success Stories

The analysis of literature study (Table 4) of application of national policy on street vendors of
different urban centers located in different parts of India has revealed that solutions for problems
faced by street venders (Sharit K. Bhowmik, 2008). The case of Bhubaneswar (Kumar, R., &
Singh, A. 2013) resulted in evasion of conflicts between municipal committee and street vendors
through vendor’s survey and allocation of designed vending spaces and unique identity cards, with
responsibility to keep the vending zones clean on street vendors. Municipal authorities harnessed
stakeholders from the private sector and the community under the banner “city for all, and all for the
city,” forging several public-private partnerships to facilitate cost sharing among the stakeholders.
The Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964 states that municipal councils / corporations in the state are
obliged to make adequate provisions for constructing, altering and maintaining public streets and
markets and provide suitable places for vegetable vending by permitting them temporarily and a
monthly or daily fee may be charged. Though there are provisions in the law for granting licenses,
most street vendors in Bangalore are denied this. Restrictions on vending areas, vending hours and
license fee with restricted number of licenses failed in Bangalore (Bhowmik, S. K., & Saha, D.
2012; Sharit K. Bhowmik 2008; Saha D 2011).
Vendors tend to concentrate at 142 Natural markets in Ahmadabad at places with high traffic and
high residential densities. The spatial dimensions at the macro level are guided by forces of factors,
which create demand at particular locations, extent of demand, and the reasons for choices of
location. In Ahmadabad the municipal law in Gujarat prohibits the hawking of goods without a
license. The Municipal Corporation is also empowered to remove any encroachments and
obstruction made on the streets. The Bombay Police Act 1950 empowers the police to arrest hawkers
for obstructing free flow of traffic under sections 102 and 107 (Bhowmik, S. K., & Saha, D. 2012).
Street vendor-licensing scheme was taken up in Vadodra in 1992. The city was divided into 10 wards
and each ward comes under the purview of one ward officer. The Supreme Court of India passed an
order directing the Municipal Corporation to formulate a scheme for ‘Hawking and Non-Hawking
Zones’ in each ward of the city of Baroda in 1987.
As per the Urban Street Vendors and Hawkers (Registration and Regulation) Bye Laws, 2010 of
Chhattisgarh, natural markets (Street Vendors Act, 2014) are exempted from the ambit of these bye-
laws. Provided, however that the Corporation shall endeavour at all times to improve the
infrastructure in the Natural Markets and to strengthen the health, hygiene, sanitary conditions
therein.
The Patna Municipal Corporation Act of 1951 lays down certain rules relating to street vending.
According to section 527 of the Act no stalls can be set up, no goods can be displayed or sold on
public streets without prior permission of the CEO(the only competent authority who can permit sale
through street vending is Chief Executive Officer (viz. Municipal Commissioner)). In case the rules
are flouted (i.e., in the case of unlicensed street vendors or those who construct permanent structures)
the CEO may remove the impediments without prior notice and charge rent for the use of the space.
Even when licenses are provided, the vendor has to fill in elaborate details in a form. Section 138
states that the licensed vendor has to state the names of the articles sold, provide a description of the
place of sale, time of sale, state the validity of the period of his/her license, describe the booth or stall
through which the sale will be conducted, among other details. Section 34 states that the police can
punish anyone causing obstruction, annoyance or inconvenience to the public. Two actions come
under the purview of this section, namely, slaughtering of animals in public and exposing goods for
sale. One wonders how these two acts (one involving slaughter and the other involving sale) can be
equated as the same intensity of public disapproval. It should be noted that Bihar is perhaps the only
state in the country that gives the police the right to arrest street vendors. In all other states municipal
authorities are permitted to deal with street vendors, with the assistance of the police, if needed.
(Sharit K. Bhowmik, Saha, D. 2012).
The laws for Bombay are regulated by the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act 1950 which was in
force when the two states, till 30 April 1960, were one state, namely Bombay. The municipal laws do
not provide for the erection of any structure or stall on the streets which will obstruct the passage of
the public, or impede the working of a drain or open channel. Such a structure is liable to be removed
by the municipal commissioner and the person responsible for the creation of the structure is to incur
the expenses of its removal. There is also a provision whereby the commissioner has the authority to
inspect any of the goods being hawked. If they are found to be unsound in nature they can be seized
and destroyed. (Sharit K. Bhowmik, Saha, D. 2011)
3. STUDY OF VENDORS OF SONIPAT CITY, INDIA
Sonipat city, Haryana, has been identified as the study area for identifying the core issues associated
with the street vendors and validation of street vendor act 2014 integrated with the pragmatic spatial
solutions. Sonipat City with existing population around 3.5 lacs, is the main city of Sonipat District,
Haryana, India with development along the main arteries. It is a residential city catering to Delhi and
industries located in Sonipat District. Planning wise it can be divided in old city having colonies and
new town having sectoral planning.
200 vendors from different location under the jurisdiction of the Sonipat Municipal Council (SMC)
are studied. Vendors can be seen all over the city but concentration is very high in major commercial
areas and transport interchanges.

Image 1: Vendors Location in Sonipat
Source: image compiled from https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Sonepat

Predominance of commercial activities and transport hubs and interchanges on these locations attract
a very large number of people and have become prime location for informal activities like vending.
Transport nodes are the other important location where one can see a large number of vendors are
engaged in hawking are also located in these zones.
Table 5: Number and types of vending at different locations in Sonipat City

Sr. Location No. of Juice / Vegetables/ Others
No Vendors Fruit Eateries
1 Devilal Chowk, Near Bus Stand 78 46 20 12
(garments)
2 Murthal Chowk 20 6 11 3(garments)
3 Railway Road 72 43 24 5(newspaper)
4 I.T.I. Chowk 29 12 17 -
5 Gurudwara, Kacche Quarter 31 10 21 -
6 Vivekanand Chowk 27 5 22 -
7 Civil Hospital 21 12 9
8 Kripal Ashram, Kabirpur 29 12 17
9 Gurudwara, Old DC Road 32 8 24
10 Housing Board Colony, Sector 15 18 - 18
11 Near HUDA Ground, Sector 15 9 1 8
12 Maharaja Agarsain Chowk 8 - 8
13 Market, Sector 14 31 4 27
14 Gohana Chowk 43 18 25
15 Chhotu Ram Chowk 14 4 10
16 Gohana Road By-Pass 16 8 8
17 Purkhas Adda 23 17 6

Authors have identified more than 50 locations, other than the studied, where fruits and vegetable
vendors in range of 1-5 occupy transportation streets.
3.1 Results and Analysis

The surveys in the many street vending regions of Sonipat revealed some important parameters such
that street vendors in the city represent diversity with respect to the regions. It is interesting that the
vendors are highly skilled at learning the local language quickly despite of belonging to different
states. The street vendors’ lead a very difficult life whether it takes into account their mode of travel
or their working hours, thereby providing hardly any time for rest and relaxation, which in turn
leaves adverse effects on their health. From the study it got revealed that increase in traffic and
pollution in the city is affecting them in many ways. Other than that, the pollution has an adverse
impact on their health, traffic affects their mobility. Moreover they have to repeatedly clean their
workplace that cause of excess dust and arises chances of diseases like Asthma. The study confirmed
that various Projects like the road widening have become a threat to the street vendors since they do
not encompass proper relocation and compensation measures. The most shocking result was the
amount of money the street vendors has to pay regularly to the police in form of a bribe and then
also they are constantly harassed by the different authorities. Results are presented from Figure 2 to
Figure 16.
Figure 2: Gender Classification in Vendors Figure 3: Family Size of Street Vendors
Figure 4: Age of Vendors Figure 5: Education Level of Street Vendors
Figure 6: Mode of Travel to reach workplace Figure 7: Working Hours (Except preparation and
Transportation)
Figure 8: Daily Income of Vendors Figure 9: Health Impacted by pollution

Figure 10: Time in Vending Profession Figure 11: Residential Status before moving to
Vending Profession
Figure 12: Entry in Vending Profession Figure 13: Vendor’s who smoke and consume
alcohol
Figure 14: Current residential status Figure 15: Residential Status
Figure 16: Requirement of Infrastructure Facilities near Vending Zones

4. ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY CONDUCTED

The study analysis in figure 2 shows that male vendor constitutes 85% of the street vendors. The
family size of more than half of the vendors is very small (Figure 3) supported by the residential
status of the street vendors (Figure 11) which shows that these vendors come from other states to
earn livelihood for their families. Although, most of the vendors are of less than 40 Years age
(Figure 4) with no education or education up to middle schooling (Figure 5), more than 80% of the
vendors are in this profession from more than one year (Figure 10) with entry as entrepreneur
(Figure 12). 75% (Figure 8) of the vendors earn less than Rs 300/- a day after spending more than
10 Hours daily (Figure 7), they prefer to walk, cycle or use public mode of transportation which ask
them to spend minimum cost in transportation (Figure 6). More than 75% (Figure 13) of the
vendors smoke and consume liquor, are living in slums of Sonipat city or nearby villages (Figure
14) living in rented accommodation (Figure 15) and affected by pollution of the city (Figure 9) feel
that there is dire need for development of infrastructure facility in the vicinity of the natural vending
zones (Figure 16).
5. SOLUTIONS TO THE STREET VENDOR’S PROBLEM IN THE CITY

For the development of Sonipat city with in terms of better road infrastructure facility and enhancing
the image of the city, the street vendors act 2014, Policy guidelines for Street Vendors/ Hawkers -
2014, Urban Local Bodies Department, Haryana, Chandigarh, needs to be implemented in the city on
urgency. Along with the implementation of Street Vendors Act, Right to earn livelihood should be
protected. Government should frame laws to protect street from anti social elements. Vending zones
to be identified in old city areas and new site on the periphery of the existing municipal boundary
need to be identified by the urban planners to formally include street vendors in planning process.
Vendors should form association recommendation and forwarding of applications for registration of
all existing vendors to district administration in fair and transparent manner. District administration
should issue vending license and proof of identity to carry out vending in specific areas thereby
making the vending legal. Skill training and credit facilities to be made available to street make
initial investment. Schemes like pension, health care etc. should also be extended to street vendors.
Each ward should have town vending committee, which in turn would be responsible to form a
location centric policy, keeping the National Street Vendor Policy as a guiding tool.
District administration should identify parking site near the vending zones to make vending more
natural. Vending zones and parking sites can be run by Public private partnership parking (PPPP)
modes in the entire city. Unemployed youth, NGO’s and trusts were encouraged to manage parking
at the busy places. District administration should provide permanent sheds for vendors with proper
shades with minimum facilities such as first aid, drinking water, and toilet. Garbage collection and
solid waste disposal, public toilets and sanitation for vendors, electricity, gas and water supply
network, on- site storage facilities should also be provided as and where possible (CUE Report,
2014).
5.1 Proposed Vending zones

Image 2: Proposed vending Zones for Sonipat City
Source: image compiled from https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Sonepat
Table 6: Proposed Vending Zones for Sonipat City , India

Site No Vending zone Ownership of Land Approximately Area Vendors to be
of the site Available accommodated
A Murthal chowk WAKAF BOARD 1672 SQM 100
B Devilal chowk PWD 418 SQM 40
C Sector 15,housing HUDA 6100 SQM 200

board colony
D Vivekanand chowk HUDA 12000 SQM 200
E Near civil hospital HUDA 4000 SQM 100
F Near railway station INDIAN 1200 SQM 80

RAILWAYS
G Old D. C road(opp. PWD 4800 SQM 150
Anand cinema hall)
H Near Kripal ashram PWD 1000 SQM 70
CONCLUSION
The survey looked at the various aspects of street vending, the problems of street vendors, and the
shift of consumers to purchasing at malls as against roadside vendors. Many vendors are stressed due
to less number of people visiting them in recent times due to large number of shops and malls. Even
the government undertaking for many urban infrastructure developments without the consultation or
the compensation to these vendors , so they have to live a miserable life as they are in the fear of
being evicted from their places that would result in looking out for new places. Moreover, there is a
great need in beginning again from scratch, because that would mean they have to start right from

setting up the new shops to deal with a completely new set of police, and authorities thereby also
building a regular customer base for themselves. As far as possible, most consumers agreed that road
widening should not be undertaken without consultations with local people and harming the
environment. In case there is no other option then the vendors should be given the proper
compensation and allot some other places to sell their goods. The concerns of street vendors need to
definitely be considered when such a large project is being planned in a city. These vendors have
been part of the history and culture of the city that should be given as much as any other resident of
the city.
The study might act as the initial guideline for solving the problems, the street vendors face in
their everyday life.
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Kenya, and South Africa’at the Urban Research Symposium on Urban Development for
Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction, World Bank, Washington DC:
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International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com February 2015, Volume 3 Issue 2, ISSN 2349-4476