Revision Section 6- coordination and response

Humans

Neurones types:

Sensory Relay Motor

Reflex arc:

Receptors send impulse through the sensory neurone to the relay which is in the central nervous
system.

Neurotransmitters diffuse at the synapse from relay to motor and the impulse is sent through the
motor.

The motor send the impulse to the effector.

The eye:

Structure Function
Conjunctiva Protects the eye
Cornea Bends/refracts light
Sclera Protects the eye
Iris Controls diameter/size of the pupil
Pupil Controls amount of light entering the eye
Lens Becomes more curved and focuses light into the
retina.
Optic nerve Carries impulse from the receptor to the brain
Ciliary muscle Helps change the shape of the lens in
accommodation
 Suspensory ligaments Relax
Retina Contains light receptors and connects to the optic
nerve

The Iris reflex:

Bright light Dark/dim light

Radial muscles Relax Contract
Circular muscles Contract Relax
Pupil Small Big
Amount of light entering the Low High
eye

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment. Eg: body temperature at 37C.

The skin

Structure Too hot Too cold

Sweat gland Produce sweat, heat loss by evaporation Less sweat, so less heat loss
Blood vessels Vasodilation and closer to the Vasoconstriction and away from the
skin/surface heat loss by radiation skin/surface so less heat loss
Hair follicle Flat so not insulating layer Erect/stand up so an insulating layer of
air
Extra Shivering so heat energy produced in
respiration in muscles
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:

Hormones:

Name Produced Role/function Effect

Adrenaline Adrenal glands above the Prepare for fight or flight Increases heart rate and pupil
kidneys dilation

Insulin Pancreas Control blood glucose Stimulates liver to turn glucose

level into glycogen for storage

ADH Pituitary gland in the brain Controls water content Increases permeability of the
kidney tubules to water

FSH Pituitary gland in the brain Female sex hormone Causes egg in ovary to mature.
Stimulates ovaries to produce
oestrogen.

LH Pituitary gland in the brain Female sex hormone Stimulates egg release from ovary.

Differences between endocrine/hormonal and nervous system:

Endocrine/hormonal system Nervous system

Speed Slow Fast
Effect Long lasting Short lasting
Target Widespread Specific

PLANTS

Shoots Roots
Phototrophic Positively Negatively
Geotrophic Negatively Positively
Auxin:

For phototrophic auxin moves to shaded side and cause cell elongation. Shoots grow towards light. For
geotrophic auxin goes to lower side of roots. Roots grow towards water and minerals.

Response to light:

Animal Plant
Duration Short Long
Involves Eyes Auxin
System Nervous Hormonal/endocrine
Response Fast Slow