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RK Kanodia
RK Kanodia
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GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 1
UNIT 1 (C) x
2012
(D) 1
T WO M ARK S
EN GI N EERI N G M AT H EM AT I CS
d 2 y (t) dy (t)
1 .8 Consider the differential equation 2 +2 + y (t) = d (t)
dt dt
dy
with y (t) t = 0 =- 2 and =0
-
dt t = 0 -
dy
The numerical value of is
2013 ON E M ARK dt t = 0 +
(A) - 2 (B) - 1
1 .1 The maximum value of q until which the approximation sin q . q (C) 0 (D) 1
holds to within 10% error is
(A) 10c (B) 18c 1 .9 The direction of vector A is radially outward from the origin, with
A = krn . where r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 and k is a constant. The value of
(C) 50c (D) 90c
n for which d:A = 0 is
1 .2 The minimum eigen value of the following matrix is (A) - 2 (B) 2
R3 5 2V
S W (C) 1 (D) 0
S5 12 7W
SS2 7 5WW 1 .1 0 A fair coin is tossed till a head appears for the first time. The
T X
(A) 0 (B) 1
SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
(C) 2 (D) 3
At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
1 .3 A polynomial f (x) = a 4 x 4 + a 3 x3 + a2 x2 + a1 x - a 0 with all coefficients form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
positive has binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
(A) no real roots Available Only at NODIA Online Store
(B) no negative real root Click to Buy
(C) odd number of real roots w w w.nodia .c o.in
(D) at least one positive and one negative real root
probability that the number of required tosses is odd, is
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/2
2013 T WO M ARK S
(C) 2/3 (D) 3/4
1 .4 Let A be an m # n matrix and B an n # m matrix. It is given that
determinant ^Im + AB h = determinant ^In + BAh, where Ik is the 1 .1 1 The maximum value of f (x) = x3 - 9x2 + 24x + 5 in the interval [1, 6]
k # k identity matrix. Using the above property, the determinant of is
the matrix given below is (A) 21 (B) 25
R V
S2 1 1 1W (C) 41 (D) 46
S1 2 1 1W
S1 1 2 1W 1 .1 2 Given that
S W -5 -3
A=> H and I = >
0 1H
1 0
S1 1 1 2W , the value of A3 is
T X 2 0
(A) 2 (B) 5 (A) 15A + 12I (B) 19A + 30I
(C) 8 (D) 16 (C) 17A + 15I (D) 17A + 21I
is C
has NO solution for values of l and μ given by
(A) l = 6, m = 20 (B) l = 6, m =
Y 20
(C) l =
Y 6, m = 20 (D) l =
Y 6, m = 20
1 .1 8 A fair dice is tossed two times. The probability that the second toss
results in a value that is higher than the first toss is
(A) 2/36 (B) 2/6
2 2
(C) n (x) = K exp (- x/L)
2
(D) n (x) = K exp (- x/L)
(C) c 1 m (D) 10C 2 b 1 l
10 10
2 2
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 3
(x - p ) 2
(x - p) 2 dx (t)
(A) 1 + + ... (B) - 1 - + ... + 3x (t) = 0 ?
3! 3! dt
(A) x (t) = 3e - t (B) x (t) = 2e - 3t
(x - p) 2 (x - p) 2
(C) 1 - + ... (D) - 1 + + ... (C) x (t) =- 23 t2 (D) x (t) = 3t2
3! 3!
(C) xn + 1 = (1 + xn) e -x
n
(D) xn + 1 = n
1 .3 3 The Eigen values of following matrix are 1+e n
xn - e-x n
R V
S- 1 3 5 W 1
S- 3 - 1 6 W 1 .4 1 The residue of the function f (z) = at z = 2 is
SS 0 0 3 WW (z + 2) 2 (z - 2) 2
T X (A) - 1 (B) - 1
(A) 3, 3 + 5j, 6 - j (B) - 6 + 5j, 3 + j, 3 - j 32 16
(C) 3 + j, 3 - j, 5 + j (D) 3, - 1 + 3j, - 1 - 3j (C) 1 (D) 1
16 32
(C) is 1 1 .5 3 Three functions f1 (t), f2 (t) and f3 (t) which are zero outside the interval
(D) depends on the direction (clockwise or anit-clockwise) of the [0, T] are shown in the figure. Which of the following statements is
semicircle correct?
2007 ON E M ARK
(C) 1 (D) 12
x x
sin b q l
2
1 .4 8 lim is
q"0 q
(A) 0.5 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) not defined (A) jp (B) - jp
(C) - p (D) p
1 .4 9 Which one of following functions is strictly bounded?
(A) 1/x2 (B) ex 1 .5 5 It is given that X1, X2 ...XM at M non-zero, orthogonal vectors.
2
The dimension of the vector space spanned by the 2M vectors
(C) x2 (D) e - x
X1, X2,... XM , - X1, - X2,... - XM is
1 .5 0 For the function e - x , the linear approximation around x = 2 is (A) 2M (B) M + 1
(A) (3 - x) e - 2 (B) 1 - x (C) M
(C) 63 + 3 2 - (1 - 2 ) x @e - 2 (D) e - 2 (D) dependent on the choice of X1, X2,... XM
2006 ON E M ARK
R V
S1 1 1 W 1 .6 7 Three companies X, Y and Z supply computers to a university. The
1 .5 8 The rank of the matrix S1 - 1 0 W is percentage of computers supplied by them and the probability of
SS1 1 1 WW those being defective are tabulated below
(A) 0 T X (B) 1
Company % of Computer Sup- Probability of being
(C) 2 (D) 3
plied supplied defective
1 .5 9 4#4# P , where P is a vector, is equal to X 60% 0.01
(A) P # 4# P - 4 2 P Y 30% 0.02
(B) 4 2 P + 4 (4 # P) Z 10% 0.03
(C) 4 2 P + 4# P
Given that a computer is defective, the probability that was sup-
(D) 4 (4$ P) - 4 2 P
plied by Y is
1 .6 0 ## (4 # P) $ ds , where P is a vector, is equal to (A) 0.1 (B) 0.2
(A) # P $ dl (C) 0.3 (D) 0.4
d2 y
1 .6 9 For the differential equation 2 + k2 y = 0 the boundary conditions
2006 T WO M ARK S dx
are
1 .6 3 The eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenvector of 2 # 2 matrix
are given by (i) y = 0 for x = 0 and (ii) y = 0 for x = a
Eigenvalue Eigenvector The form of non-zero solutions of y (where m varies over all inte-
1
v1 = = G
gers) are
l1 = 8
1 (A) y = Am sin mpx
/ (B) y = Am cos mpx
/
m
a m
a
1
l2 = 4 v2 = = G (C) y = / Am x a
mp
(D) y = / Am e - a
mpx
-1 m m
The matrix is
(A) = G (B) =
6 4G
6 2 4 6 ex
1 .7 0 As x increased from - 3 to 3, the function f (x) =
2 6 1 + ex
(A) monotonically increases
(C) = G (D) =
8 4G
2 4 4 8
4 2 (B) monotonically decreases
(C) increases to a maximum value and then decreases
1 .6 4 For the function of a complex variable W = ln Z (where, W = u + jv
and Z = x + jy , the u = constant lines get mapped in Z -plane as (D) decreases to a minimum value and then increases
(A) set of radial straight lines (B) set of concentric circles
(C) set of confocal hyperbolas (D) set of confocal ellipses 2005 ON E M ARK
1 .7 4 In what range should Re (s) remain so that the Laplace transform of 1 .8 0 Given an orthogonal matrix
R1 1 1 1 V
the function e(a + 2) t + 5 exits. S W
(A) Re (s) > a + 2 S1 1 - 1 - 1 W
A =S
(B) Re (s) > a + 7 1 - 1 0 0W
S W
S0 0 1 1 W
(C) Re (s) < 2 T X
6AA @- 1 is
T
(D) Re (s) > a + 5
R1 V R1 V
1 .7 5 The derivative of the symmetric function drawn in given figure will S 4 0 0 0W S2 0 0 0W
S 0 14 0 0 W S0 1
2 0 0
W
look like (A) S 1 W (B) S 1 W
S0 0 2 0W S0 0 2 0W
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion S 0 0 0 12 W S0 0 0 12 W
T X TR XV
by RK K a nodia R1 0 0 0 V 1
0 0 0W
S W S4
N ow in 3 Volum e S0 1 0 0 W S0 1
4 0 0
W
(C) S (D) S W
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store 0 0 1 0W S0 0 14 0 W
S W
S0 0 0 1 W S0 0 0 14 W
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free T X T X
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in
(A) = G (B) = G
3 4
2 3
-1
(C) = G (D) = G
2
-1 2
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 7
Here, as we know S2 1 1 1W S1 0 0 0W
Lim sin q . 0
S1 2 1 1W S0 1 0 0W
AB = S -
q"0
S1 1 2 1WW SS0 0 1 0WW
but for 10% error, we can check option (B) first, S1 1 1 2W S0 0 0 1W
T X T X
q = 18c = 18c # p = 0.314 R V R V
180c
S1 1 1 1W S1W 61 1 1 1@
sin q = sin 18c = 0.309 S1 1 1 1W S1W
=S =
1WW SS1WW
% error = 0.314 - 0.309 # 100% = 0.49% S1 1 1
0.309 S1 1 1 1W S1W
Now, we check it for q = 50c Hence, we get T X T X
% error = 0.77 - 0.873 =- 12.25% At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
0.873
form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
so, the error is more than 10% . Hence, for error less than 10%,
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
q = 18c can have the approximation Available Only at NODIA Online Store
sin q . q
Click to Buy
1 .2 Option (A) is correct.
w w w.nodia .c o.in
For, a given matrix 6A@ the eigen value is calculated as
A - lI = 0 R V
S1W
where l gives the eigen values of matrix. Here, the minimum eigen S1W
A = S W, B = 81 1 1 1B
value among the given options is S1W
l =0 S1W
T X
We check the characteristic equation of matrix for this eigen value R V
Therefore, BA = 81 1 1 1B S1W = 4
A - lI = A (for l = 0 )
S1W
S1W
3 5 2 S W
= 5 12 7 S1W
From the given property T X
Det ^Im + AB h = Det ^Im + BAh
2 7 5
2
dy (t)
xt = t + C = e-t u (t) + te-t u (t)
2 dt
Taking the initial condition, dy
At t = 0+ , = e0 + 0 = 1
dt t = 0
x (1) = 0.5
+
0.5 = 1 + C & C = 0
2 1 .9 Option (A) is correct.
2 Divergence of A in spherical coordinates is given as
So, xt = t & x = t
2 2
d:A = 12 2 (r 2 Ar ) = 12 2 (krn + 2)
1 .6 Option (C) is correct. r 2r r 2r
f (z) = 1 - 2 = k2 (n + 2) rn + 1
z+1 z+3 r
= k (n + 2) rn - 1 = 0 (given)
1
2 pj # f (z) dz
C
= sum of the residues of the poles which lie
n+2 = 0 & n =- 2
inside the given closed region.
1 .1 0 Option (C) is correct.
C & z+1 = 1
Probability of appearing a head is 1/2. If the number of required
Only pole z =- 1 inside the circle, so residue at z =- 1 is.
tosses is odd, we have following sequence of events.
f (z) = -z + 1
(z + 1) (z + 3) H, TTH, TTTTH, ...........
(z + 1) (- z + 1) 2
= lim = =1 P = 1 + b 1 l + b 1 l + .....
3 5
z "- 1 (z + 1) (z + 3) 2 Probability
2 2 2
1
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion P = 2
=2
1 - 14 3
by RK K a nodia
N ow in 3 Volum e 1 .1 1 Option (B) is correct.
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store f (x) = x3 - 9x2 + 24x + 5
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free df (x)
= 3x2 - 18x + 24 = 0
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in dx
df (x)
& = x2 - 6x + 8 = 0 x = 4, x = 2
So 1
2 pj # f (z) dz
C
=1 dx
d 2 f (x)
Option (A) is correct. = 6x - 18
1 .7
dx 2
x= - 1 = i = cos p + i sin p d 2 f (x)
2 2 For x = 2, = 12 - 18 =- 6 < 0
p
dx2
So, x = ei 2 So at x = 2, f (x) will be maximum
xx = ^ei 2 h & ^ei 2 h = e- 2
p x p i p
f (x) max
= (2) 3 - 9 (2) 2 + 24 (2) + 5
1 .8 Option (D) is correct. = 8 - 36 + 48 + 5 = 25
d 2 y (t) 2dy (t)
+ + y (t) = d (t) 1 .1 2 Option (B) is correct.
dt 2 dt
Characteristic equation.
By taking Laplace transform with initial conditions
A - lI = 0
;s Y (s) - sy (0) - dt E + 2 [sy (s) - y (0)] + Y (s) = 1
2 dy
-5 - l -3
t=0 =0
6s Y (s) + 2s - 0@ + 2 6sY (s) + 2@ + Y (s) = 1
2 2 -l
&
Y (s) [s2 + 2s + 1] = 1 - 2s - 4 5l + l2 + 6 = 0
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
Y (s) = 2- 2s - 3
s + 2s + 1 St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
L
We know that, If, y (t) Y (s) ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
dy (t) L
then, sY (s) - y (0) l2 + 5l + 6 = 0
dt
(- 2s - 3) s Since characteristic equation satisfies its own matrix, so
So, sY (s) - y (0) = +2
(s2 + 2s + 1) A2 + 5A + 6 = 0 & A2 =- 5A - 6I
Multiplying with A
A3 + 5A2 + 6A = 0
= - 2s - 32 s + 2s + 4s + 2
2 2
(s + 2s + 1) A3 + 5 (- 5A - 6I) + 6A = 0
sY (s) - y (0) = s + 2 2 = s + 1 2 + 1 A3 = 19A + 30I
(s + 1) (s + 1) (s + 1) 2
Option (D) is correct.
= 1 + 1 1 .1 3
We have = ky
dx
An = 2 # x (t) cos nwt dt
dy T0 T
Integrating # y
= # k dx + A 0
S1 4 6 : 20W
S W n (0) = Ae0 = K & A = K
S1 4 l : m W
T X So, n (x) = Ke- (x/L)
Apply R 3 " R 3 - R2
R V
1 .2 2 Option (A) is correct.
S1 1 1 : 6 W
Given that
1
ey = x x
S1 4 6 : 20 W
S W ln ey = ln x x
1
S0 0 l - 6 : m - 20W or
T X
For equation to have solution, rank of A and A: B must be same. or y = 1 ln x
x
Thus for no solution; l = 6, m ! 20
= 1 1 + ln x ^- x- x h = 12 - ln2
dy 1
Now 2
or
dy
y
#
=- dx
x
# f'( xn) = 1 + e - x n
(1 + xn) e - x
xn + 1 = xn - xn - e- x =
- xn n
=2 1G=y G = = 6 G
4 2 x 7 Click to Buy
w w w.nodia .c o.in
A ==
2 1G
4 2
We have
1 .4 2 Option (D) is correct.
4 2
and A =
2 1
=0 Rank of matrix r (A) < 2 eP = L- 1 6(sI - A) - 1@
0 1 -1
= L e=
0 s G =- 2 - 3Go
s 0
C == G
4 2 7 -1
-
Now Rank of matrix r (C) = 2
2 1 6
s - 1 -1
= L e= o
2 s + 3G
Since r (A) ! r (C) there is no solution. -1
Hp
1
sin z can have value between - 1 to + 1. Thus no solution. -1 (s + 1)( s + 2) (s + 1)( s + 2)
-2 s
(s + 1)( s + 2) (s + 1)( s + 2)
1 .3 7 Option (A) is correct.
2e - 1 - e - 2 e-1 - e-2
== G
We have f (x) = ex + e-x
For x > 0 , ex > 1 and 0 < e-x < 1 - 2e - 1 + 2e - 2 - e - 1 + 2e - 2
For x < 0 , 0 < ex < 1 and e-x > 1 1 .4 3 Option (B) is correct.
Thus f (x) have minimum values at x = 0 and that is e0 + e-0 = 2 . Taylor series is given as
(x - a) 2
1 .3 8 Option (A) is correct. f (x) = f (a) + x - a f'( a) + f"( a) + ...
3 5
1! 2!
sin x = x + x + x + ... For x = p we have
3! 5!
(x - p) 2
f (x) = f (p) + x - p f'( p) +
2 4
cos x = 1 + x + x + ... Thus
1! 2!
f"( x)...
2! 4!
Thus only sin (x3) will have odd power of x . Now f (x) = ex + sin x
1 .3 9 Option (B) is correct. = ex + cos x
f'( x)
dx (t) = ex - sin x
f"( x)
We have + 3x (t) = 0
dt = e p - sin p = e p
f"( p)
or (D + 3) x (t) = 0 f"( p)
Thus the coefficient of (x - p) 2 is
Since m =- 3 , x (t) = Ce - 3t Thus only (B) may be 2!
solution. 1 .4 4 Option (A) is correct.
The equation of straight line from (0, 0) to (1, 2) is y = 2x .
1 .4 0 Option (C) is correct.
Now g (x, y) = 4x3 + 10y 4
We have x = e-x
or, g (x, 2x) = 4x3 + 160x 4
or f (x) = x - e - x
#0 g (x, 2x) = #0 (4x3 + 160x4) dx
1 1
f'( x) = 1 + e -x Now
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 12
- y22
c 2 m = y2
= [x 4 + 32x5] 10 = 33 P.I. = 1
1 .4 5 Option (B) is correct. D2 - 12 k
Thus solution is k
Q Q Q
I =2 #P (xdx + ydy) = 2 #P xdx + 2 #P ydy x x
y = C1 e - + C2 e + y2
k k
-1 1 y = (y1 - y2) e - + y2
k
= lim =
q " 0 2^ q h 2 q " 0 ^ q2 h # `2j
lim 1 ds = 2pj 1 = pj
q"0 q 2
2
D
s -1
2
1 .5 8 Option (C) is correct. P (0, 2) lies inside the circle z - j = 2 and P (0, - 2) does not lie.
We have Thus By cauchy’s integral formula
R V R V 2pi = p
S1 1 1 W S1 1 1 W I = 2pi lim (z - 2i) 1
(z + 2i)( z - 2i)
=
2i + 2i 2 #
A = S1 - 1 0 W + S1 - 1 0 W R3 - R1 z " 2i
C
SS1 1 1 WW SS0 0 0 WW 1 .6 6 Option (C) is correct.
T X T X p
Since one full row is zero, r (A) < 3 I = #0 sin3 qdq
1 1
` j
3 sin q - sin 3q dq
p
Now
1 -1
=- 2 ! 0 , thus r (A) = 2 = #0 4
sin 3q = 3 sin q - 4 sin3 q
= :- 3 cos qD = : ws3q D = 8 3 + 3 B - 8 1 + 1 B = 4
p p
1 .5 9 Option (D) is correct.
4 12 0 4 4 12 12 3
The vector Triple Product is 0
2p 2 - 3
F (s) = e5 ;
s - (a + 2) E
1 Thus Re (s) > (a + 2)
1 2
#
3 - x2
or e 8
dx = 1
1 .7 5 Option (C) is correct. 2p 2 0
For x > 0 the slope of given curve is negative. Only (C) satisfy this
1
#
3 - x2
condition. or e 8
dx = 1
2p 0
1 .7 6 Option (C) is correct. 1 .8 0 Option (C) is correct.
Newton - Raphson " Method-Solving nonlinear eq. From orthogonal matrix
Runge - kutta Method " Solving ordinary differential eq. [AAT ] = I
Simpson’s Rule " Numerical Integration
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
Gauss elimination " Solving linear simultaneous eq.
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
1 .7 7 Option (C) is correct.
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
-4 2
A ==
4 3G
We have
Since the inverse of I is I , thus
Characteristic equation is [AAT ] -1 = I-1 = I
A - lI = 0
4-l 2
or =0
4 3-l
or (- 4 - l)(3 - l) - 8 = 0
or - 12 + l + l2 - 8 = 0
or l2 + l - 20 = 0
or l =- 5, 4 Eigen values
Eigen vector for l =- 5
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 15
UNIT 2
N ET WORK S
(A) k2 (B) k
(C) 1/k (D) k SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
V2 ^s h
V1 ^s h
2 .2 The transfer function of the circuit shown below is form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
Click to Buy
w w w.nodia .c o.in
2013 T WO M ARK S
(A) 100+90c (B) 800+0c 2 .7 The current IS in Amps in the voltage source, and voltage VS in
Volts across the current source respectively, are
(C) 800+90c (D) 100+60c
(A) 13, - 20 (B) 8, - 10
2 .5 The following arrangement consists of an ideal transformer and (C) - 8, 20 (D) - 13, 20
an attenuator which attenuates by a factor of 0.8. An ac voltage
VWX1 = 100 V is applied across WX to get an open circuit voltage 2 .8 The current in the 1W resistor in Amps is
VYZ1 across YZ. Next, an ac voltage VYZ2 = 100 V is applied across (A) 2 (B) 3.33
YZ to get an open circuit voltage VWX2 across WX. Then, VYZ1 /VWX1 (C) 10 (D) 12
, VWX2 /VYZ2 are respectively,
2 .9 Two magnetically uncoupled inductive coils have Q factors q1 and q2
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 16
2011 ON E M ARK
2012 T WO M ARK S
2 .1 3 Assuming both the voltage sources are in phase, the value of R for
which maximum power is transferred from circuit A to circuit B is
2 .1 8 In the circuit shown below, the value of RL such that the power
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 17
2010 ON E M ARK
-2 - 0. 5
(A) >
4H
(B) >
1H
4 1
S S
-2 - 0. 5
(A) (Vp /3) cos (t/RC ) (B) (Vp /3) sin (t/RC ) SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
(C) (Vp /2) cos (t/RC ) (D) (Vp /2) sin (t/RC ) At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
2011 T WO M ARK S
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
2 .2 0 In the circuit shown below, the current I is equal to Click to Buy
w w w.nodia .c o.in
(C) >
1H
(D) >
4H
1 0.5 4 2
S S
0.5 2
2 .2 4 For parallel RLC circuit, which one of the following statements is
NOT correct ?
(A) The bandwidth of the circuit decreases if R is increased
(A) 1.4+0c A (B) 2.0+0c A (B) The bandwidth of the circuit remains same if L is increased
(C) 2.8+0c A (D) 3.2+0c A (C) At resonance, input impedance is a real quantity
2 .2 1 In the circuit shown below, the network N is described by the (D) At resonance, the magnitude of input impedance attains its
following Y matrix: minimum value.
0.1 S - 0.01 S
Y =>
0.1 SH
. the voltage gain V2 is
0.01 S V1 2010 T WO M ARK S
2 .2 5 In the circuit shown, the switch S is open for a long time and is
closed at t = 0 . The current i (t) for t $ 0+ is
(A) - j1 A (B) j1 A
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 18
GAT E 2 0 0 9 T WO M ARK
(A) 0 W (B) 5 W 2 .3 1 An AC source of RMS voltage 20 V with internal impedance
(C) 10 W (D) 100 W Zs = (1 + 2j) W feeds a load of impedance ZL = (7 + 4j) W in the
figure below. The reactive power consumed by the load is
GAT E 2 0 0 9 ON E M ARK
GAT E 2 0 0 8 ON E M ARK
2 .3 5 In the following graph, the number of trees (P) and the number of
cut-set (Q) are
(A) 0 (B) Rs Is
L
(R + Rs) Is
(C) (D) 3
L
GAT E 2 0 0 8 T WO M ARK S
2 .3 7 The Thevenin equivalent impedance Zth between the nodes P and Assume that the capacitor has zero initial charge. Given that u (t)
Q in the following circuit is is a unit step function , the voltage vc (t) across the capacitor is
given by
3
(A) / (- 1) n tu (t - nT)
n=1
3
(B) u (t) + 2 / (- 1) n u (t - nT)
n=1
3
(C) tu (t) + 2 / (- 1) n u (t - nT) (t - nT)
n=1
(B) 1 + s + 1
(D) / 60.5 - e- (t - 2nT) + 0.5e- (t - 2nT) - T @
3
(A) 1
s
n=1
(D) s2 + s + 1
2
(C) 2 + s + 1
s s + 2s + 1
2 .3 8 The driving point impedance of the following network is given by
Common Data For Q. 2.23 & 2.24 :
The following series RLC circuit with zero conditions is excited by
Z (s) = 2 0.2s a unit impulse functions d (t).
s + 0.1s + 2
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 20
(A) 2 ^e t - e t h
-1
(B) 2 te 2 t
-1 3
2 2
3 3
(C) 2 e 2 t cos c 3 t m (D) 2 e 2 t sin c 3 t m
-1 -1
3 2 3 2
2 .4 1 For t > 0 , the voltage across the resistor is
(A) a low-pass filter (B) a high-pass filter
(A) 1 _e i
3t -1t
2 -e 2 (C) a band-pass filter (D) a band-reject filter
3
=cos c 2 t m - c 2 mG
-1 t 3 1 sin 3 t
(B) e 2
3 GAT E 2 0 0 7 T WO M ARK S
c 2 m
(C) 2 e -21 t sin 3 t 2 .4 6 Two series resonant filters are as shown in the figure. Let the 3-dB
3 bandwidth of Filter 1 be B1 and that of Filter 2 be B2 . the value
(D) 2 e 2 t cos c 3 t m
-1
B1 is
3 2 B2
(A) 4
3 V, 2 W (B) 4 V, 23 W
(C) 4
3 V, 23 W (D) 4 V, 2 W
Under following conditions, the readings obtained are: 2 .4 8 In the circuit shown, vC is 0 volts at t = 0 sec. For t > 0 , the capacitor
(1) S1 -open, S2 - closed A1 = 0,V1 = 4.5 V,V2 = 1.5 V, A2 = 1 A current iC (t), where t is in seconds is given by
(2) S1 -open, S2 - closed A1 = 4 A,V1 = 6 V,V2 = 6 V, A2 = 0
(A) =
1.5G
(B) =
4.5G
1.5 1.5 1.5 4.5
4.5 1.5
(C) =
1. 5 G
(D) =
4.5G
1. 5 4. 5 4.5 1.5
1. 5 1.5 (A) 0.50 exp (- 25t) mA (B) 0.25 exp (- 25t) mA
2 .4 3 The h -parameter matrix for this network is For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
-3 3 -3 -1
(A) =
- 1 0.67 G
(B) =
3 0.67 G
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
(C) =
1 0.67 G
(D) =
- 3 - 0.67 G
3 3 3 1
(C) 0.50 exp (- 12.5t) mA (D) 0.25 exp (- 6.25t) mA
GAT E 2 0 0 7 ON E M ARK 2 .4 9 In the ac network shown in the figure, the phasor voltage VAB (in
Volts) is
2 .4 4 An independent voltage source in series with an impedance
Zs = Rs + jXs delivers a maximum average power to a load impedance
ZL when
(A) ZL = Rs + jXs (B) ZL = Rs
(C) ZL = jXs (D) ZL = Rs - jXs
GAT E 2 0 0 6 T WO M ARK S
= I G = =C D G=- I G
V1 A B V2
1 2
2 .5 1 In the two port network shown in the figure below, Z12 and Z21 and GAT E 2 0 0 5 ON E M ARK
respectively 2 .5 6 The condition on R, L and C such that the step response y (t) in the
figure has no oscillations, is
(A) re and br0 (B) 0 and - br0 SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
(C) 0 and bro (D) re and - br0 At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
2 .5 2 The first and the last critical frequencies (singularities) of a driving
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
point impedance function of a passive network having two kinds of Available Only at NODIA Online Store
elements, are a pole and a zero respectively. The above property
will be satisfied by Click to Buy
(A) RL network only (B) RC network only w w w.nodia .c o.in
(C) LC network only (D) RC as well as RL networks
(A) R $ 1 L L
(B) R $
2 C C
(C) R $ 2 L (D) R = 1
C LC
(A) 0.5 A (B) 2.0 A 2 .5 7 The ABCD parameters of an ideal n: 1 transformer shown in the
(C) 1.0 A (D) 0.0 A figure are
>0 x H
n 0
2 .5 4 In the figure shown below, assume that all the capacitors are initially
uncharged. If vi (t) = 10u (t) Volts, vo (t) is given by
the figure, then the reading in the ideal voltmeter connected between
a and b is
(A) 1 W (B) 10 W
(C) 0.25 W (D) 0.5 W
GAT E 2 0 0 5 T WO M ARK S
2 .6 1 For the circuit shown in the figure, the instantaneous current i1 (t) is
10 - 1
(A) =
- 0.1 0.3G
(B) =
1 0.05G
0.1 0.1
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
by RK K a nodia
(C) =
20 20G
(D) =
- 1 0.05G
30 20 10 1
N ow in 3 Volum e
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store 2 .6 6 A square pulse of 3 volts amplitude is applied to C - R circuit
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free shown in the figure. The capacitor is initially uncharged. The output
voltage V2 at time t = 2 sec is
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(A) 3 V (B) - 3 V
(C) 4 V (D) - 4 V
(A) 10 3 90c A (B) 10 3 - 90c A
2 2
(C) 5 60c A (D) 5 - 60c A GAT E 2 0 0 4 ON E M ARK
2 .6 7 Consider the network graph shown in the figure. Which one of the
2 .6 2 Impedance Z as shown in the given figure is
following is NOT a ‘tree’ of this graph ?
(A) a (B) b
(C) c (D) d
(A) L1 + L2 + M (B) L1 + L2 - M
SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
(C) L1 + L2 + 2M (D)L1 + L2 - 2M
At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
2 .6 9 The circuit shown in the figure, with R = 1 W, L = 1 H and C = 3 F form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
3 4
has input voltage v (t) = sin 2t . The resulting current i (t) is binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
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2 .7 0 For the circuit shown in the figure, the time constant RC = 1 ms.
The input voltage is vi (t) = 2 sin 103 t . The output voltage vo (t) is 1-j 1+j 1-j 1+j
(A) =
1 + jG
(B) =
equal to 1+j -1 + j 1 - j G
1+j 1+j 1 + j -1 + j
(C) =
1 - jG
(D) =
1-j -1 + j 1 + j G
(A) s (B)s+2
s2 + s + 1 s2 + s + 1
(C) 2 s - 2 (D) 2 1
s +s+1 s +s+1
V (s)
2 .7 4 The transfer function H (s) = o of an RLC circuit is given by
Vi (s)
H (s) = 106
s + 20s + 106
2
2 .7 5 For the circuit shown in the figure, the initial conditions are zero. Its 2 .8 0 The differential equation for the current i (t) in the circuit of the
V (s) figure is
transfer function H (s) = c is
Vi (s)
2 2
(A) 2 1 (B) 2 106 (A) 2 d 2i + 2 di + i (t) = sin t (B) d 2i + 2 di + 2i (t) = cos t
dt dt dt dt
s + 106 s + 106 s + 103 s + 106
2 2
(C) 2 103 (D) 2 106 (C) 2 d 2i + 2 di + i (t) = cos t (D) d 2i + 2 di + 2i (t) = sin t
dt dt dt dt
s + 103 s + 106 s + 106 s + 106
2 .7 6 Consider the following statements S1 and S2 GAT E 2 0 0 3 T WO M ARK S
S1 : At the resonant frequency the impedance of a series RLC
circuit is zero.
2 .8 1 Twelve 1 W resistance are used as edges to form a cube. The resistance
S2 : In a parallel GLC circuit, increasing the conductance G re- between two diagonally opposite corners of the cube is
sults in increase in its Q factor. (A) 5 W (B) 1 W
6
(A) > 1 H=
R + Ls + Cs1 - Ls I1 (s)
G == G
V
2 .7 9 A series RLC circuit has a resonance frequency of 1 kHz and a s
quality factor Q = 100 . If each of R, L and C is doubled from its - Ls R + Cs I2 (s) 0
original value, the new Q of the circuit is
(B) >
R + Cs1 H=I2 (s)G = 0 G
R + Ls + Cs1 - Ls I1 (s) - Vs
(A) 25 (B) 50 =
- Ls
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 25
(A) 25 V (B) 50 V
(C) > H
R + Ls + Cs1 - Ls - Vs
= G = G
I1 (s)
= (C) - 50 V (D) 0 V
- Ls R + Ls + Cs1 I2 (s) 0
(D) > 1 H=
R + Ls + Cs1 - Cs
G == G
I1 (s) V
s
- Ls R + Ls + Cs I2 (s) 0 GAT E 2 0 0 2 T WO M ARK S
2 .8 5 The driving point impedance Z (s) of a network has the pole-zero 2 .9 0 In the network of the fig, the maximum power is delivered to RL if
locations as shown in the figure. If Z (0) = 3 , then Z (s) is its value is
3 (s + 3) 2 (s + 3)
(A) (B) 2 (A) 16 W (B) 40 W
s + 2s + 3
2
s + 2s + 2 3
3 (s + 3) 2 (s - 3) (C) 60 W (D) 20 W
(C) 2 (D) 2
s + 2s + 2 s - 2s - 3
2 .8 6 An input voltage v (t) = 10 2 cos (t + 10c) + 10 5 cos (2t + 10c) 2 .9 1 If the 3-phase balanced source in the figure delivers 1500 W at
V is applied to a series combination of resistance R = 1 W and
an inductance L = 1 H. The resulting steady-state current i (t) in SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
ampere is At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
(A) 10 cos (t + 55c) + 10 cos (2t + 10c + tan-1 2) form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
(B) 10 cos (t + 55c) + 10 23 cos (2t + 55c) binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
(C) 10 cos (t - 35c) + 10 cos (2t + 10c - tan-1 2) Available Only at NODIA Online Store
2 .9 8 The z parameters z11 and z21 for the 2-port network in the figure are
(A) 48 V (B) 24 V
(C) 36 V (D) 28 V
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion (A) Low pass filter (B) High pass filter
by RK K a nodia (C) band pass filter (D) band reject filter
N ow in 3 Volum e
2 .1 0 0 In the circuit of the figure, the voltage v (t) is
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and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free
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2 .9 6 When the angular frequency w in the figure is varied 0 to 3, the
locus of the current phasor I2 is given by
(A) eat - ebt (B) eat + ebt
(C) aeat - bebt (D) aeat + bebt
(A) - 16 V (B) 4 V
2 .9 7 In the figure, the value of the load resistor RL which maximizes the GAT E 2 0 0 0 T WO M ARK S
power delivered to it is 2 .1 0 2 Use the data of the figure (a). The current i in the circuit of the
figure (b)
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2 .1 0 4 A 2-port network is shown in the given figure. The parameter h21 for
this network can be given by w w w.nodia .c o.in
(A) KVL and Ohm’s law (B) KCL and Ohm’s law
(C) KCL and KVL (D) KCL, KVL and Ohm’s law
GAT E 1 9 9 9 T WO M ARK
GAT E 1 9 9 7 ON E M ARK
(A) 12 A (B) - 12 A
(C) 4 A (D) None or these
GAT E 1 9 9 6 ON E M ARK
(A) 3 V (B) - 3 V
(C) 5 V (D) None of these
GAT E 1 9 9 6 T WO M ARK S
2 .1 2 3 The voltages VC1, VC2, and VC3 across the capacitors in the circuit in
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 29
(A) 80 V, 32 V, 48 V (B) 80 V, 48 V, 32 V
(C) 20 V, 8 V, 12 V (D) 20 V, 12 V, 8 V
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GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 30
VWX
hence, it is also scaled by a factor k at VWZ = 100 V ; 2
= 100
2
VYZ2
100
2 .2 Option (D) is correct.
For the given capacitance, C = 100mF in the circuit, we have the
2 .6 Option (C) is correct.
reactance. The quality factor of the inductances are given by
XC = 1 = 1 = 10 4 q1 = wL1
sc s # 100 # 10-6 s R1
So, and q2 = wL2
R2
V2 ^s h
10 4 + 10 4
= 4 s
V1 ^s h
So, in series circuit, the effective quality factor is given by
10 + 10 4 + 10 4 XLeq
s s Q = = wL 1 + wL 2
Req R1 + R 2
= s+1
s+2 wL 1 + wL 2 q1 q
+ 2 q R + q2 R2
R
= 1 2 R R R
1 2
= 2 R R 2
= 1 1
2 .3 Option (C) is correct. 1 + 1 1 + 1 R1 + R 2
For the purely resistive load, maximum average power is transferred R 2 R1 R 2 R1
when For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
RL = RTh 2
+ XTh
2
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
where RTh + jXTh is the equivalent thevinin (input) impedance of
the circuit. Hence, we obtain
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
RL = 42 + 32 2 .7 Option (C) is correct.
5W
2 .4 Option (C) is correct.
For evaluating the equivalent thevenin voltage seen by the load RL
, we open the circuit across it (also if it consist dependent source).
The equivalent circuit is shown below
Thevenin Impedance :
ZTh = R
Thevenin Voltage : For a one port network current entering one terminal, equals the
VTh = 3 0c V current leaving the second terminal. Thus the outgoing current from
Now, circuit becomes as A to B will be equal to the incoming current from D to C as shown
i.e. IDC = IAB = 3 A
2+R 2+R
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
P = 49R 2 + 21
(2 + R) (2 + R) St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
49R + 21 (2 + R)
P = ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
(2 + R) 2
P = 42 + 70R2
(2 + R)
dP = (2 + R) 70 - (42 + 70R) 2 (2 + R) = 0
2
dR (2 + R) 4
(2 + R) [(2 + R) 70 - (42 + 70R) 2] = 0
140 + 70R - 84 - 140R = 0
VTh,10 V
56 = 70R IL =
RTh + RL
R = 0.8 W For RL = 1 W , IL = 3 A
V
Option (A) is correct. 3 = Th,10 V ...(i)
2 .1 4
RTh + 1
In the given circuit For RL = 2.5 W , IL = 2 A
V
VA - VB = 6 V = Th,10 V ...(ii)
RTh + 2.5
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 33
For V1 = 8 V Vin (1 + j) 2 + j 3
= b p l cos (t/RC)
VTh,8 V = 0.5 # 8 + 4 = 8 = Voc (open circuit voltage) V
Thus v out
3
2 .1 7 Option (A) is correct.
Replacing P - Q by short circuit as shown below we have 2 .2 0 Option (B) is correct.
From star delta conversion we have
At resonance 1 = wC
From given admittance matrix we get wL
I1 = 0.1V1 - 0.01V2 and ...(1) So, Z in = 1 = R (maximum at resonance)
1/R
I2 = 0.01V1 + 0.1V2 ...(2)
Thus (D) is not true.
Now, applying KVL in outer loop;
Furthermore bandwidth is wB i.e wB \ 1 and is independent of L
V2 =- 100I2 R
,
or I2 =- 0.01V2 ...(3)
Hence statements A, B, C, are true.
From eq (2) and eq (3) we have
- 0.01V2 = 0.01V1 + 0.1V2 2 .2 5 Option (A) is correct.
- 0.11V2 = 0.01V1 Let the current i (t) = A + Be-t/t t " Time constant
V2 = - 1 When the switch S is open for a long time before t < 0 , the circuit is
V1 11
2 .2 2 Option (A) is correct.
Here we take the current flow direction as positive.
At t = 0- voltage across capacitor is
Q -3 For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
VC (0-) =- =- 2.5 # 10-6 =- 50 V
C 50 # 10 St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
+
Thus VC (0 ) =- 50 V ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
In steady state capacitor behave as open circuit thus
V (3) = 100 V
Now, VC (t) = VC (3) + (VC (0+) - VC (3)) e-t/RC
-t
= 100 + (- 50 - 100) e 10 # 50 # 10-6
= 100 - 150e- (2 # 10 t)
3
Now ic (t) = C dV
dt
At t = 0 , inductor current does not change simultaneously, So the
= 50 # 10-6 # 150 # 2 # 103 e-2 # 10 t A
3
circuit is
= 15e-2 # 10 t
3
i (3) = 15 = 0.5 A
3
-3
t = L = 15 # 10 = 10-3 sec
Req 10 + (10 || 10)
t
i (t) = A + Be- 1 # 10 = A + Be-100t
-3
SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
Now i (0) = A + B = 0.375 At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
and i (3) = A = 0.5 form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
So, B = 0.375 - 0.5 =- 0.125 binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
Hence i (t) = 0.5 - 0.125e-1000 t A
2 .2 6 Option (A) is correct. Click to Buy
Circuit is redrawn as shown below w w w.nodia .c o.in
There can be four possible tree of this graph which are as follows:
V (0-) = 100 V
Thus V (0+) = 100 V
At t = 0+ , the circuit is as shown below
There can be 6 different possible cut-set.
1 = 2 or L = 0.1 H 3 2
LC
2 .4 1 Option (B) is correct.
2 .3 9 Option (C) is correct. Let voltage across resistor be vR
Voltage across capacitor is VR (s)
= 1 1 = s
#
t
Vc = 1 idt VS (s) ( s + s + 1) (s2 + s + 1)
C 0
Since vs = d (t) " Vs (s) = 1 we get
Here C = 1 F and i = 1 A. Therefore
VR (s) = 2 s = s
#0 dt
t
Vc = (s + s + 1) (s + 2 ) + 43
1 2
#0
t 4
Vc = dt = t
or vR (t) = e- cos
1
3 t-1 2 e- sin 3 t 1
2# 3
2 2
At t = T, Vc = T Volts 2 2
For T < t < 2T , capacitor will be discharged from T volts as
= e- 2 =cos
2 G
t 3 t - 1 sin 3 t
#T dt = 2T - t
t
Vc = T - 2 3
At t = 2T, Vc = 0 volts
2 .4 2 Option (C) is correct.
From the problem statement we have
For 2T < t < 3T , capacitor will be charged from 0 V
z11 = v1 = 6 = 1.5W
#2Tdt = t - 2T
t
Vc = i1 i = 0 42
v
z12 = 1 = 4.5 = 4.5W
At t = 3T, Vc = T Volts i2 i = 0 1
1
For 3T < t < 4T , capacitor will be discharged from T Volts z21 = v2 = 6 = 1.5W
i1 i = 0 4
#3Tdt = 4T - t
t
Vc = T -
2
=z z G = =1.5 1.5 G
z11 z12 1. 5 4. 5 2 .4 6 Option (D) is correct.
21 22 We know that bandwidth of series RLC circuit is R . Therefore
L
2 .4 3 Option (A) is correct. Bandwidth of filter 1 is B1 = R
L1
From the problem statement we have
Bandwidth of filter 2 is B2 = R = R = 4R
h12 = v1 = 4.5 = 3 L2 L1 /4 L1
v2 i = 0 1.5 B 1
Dividing above equation 1 =
1
h22 = i2 = 1 = 0.67 B2 4
v2 i = 0 1
1.5
2 .4 7 Option (D) is correct.
From z matrix, we have
Here Vth is voltage across node also. Applying nodal analysis we get
v1 = z11 i1 + z12 i2
v2 = z21 i1 + z22 i2
If v2 = 0
Then i2 = - z21 = - 1.5 =- 1 = h
21
i1 z22 1. 5
or i2 =- i1
Putting in equation for v1, we get Vth + Vth + Vth - 2i = 2
2 1 1
v1 = (z11 - z12) i1
v1 = h11 = z11 - z12 = 1.5 - 4.5 =- 3 But from circuit i = Vth = Vth
i1 v2 = 0
1
Therefore
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
Vth + Vth + Vth - 2Vth = 2
by RK K a nodia 2 1 1
N ow in 3 Volum e or Vth = 4 volt
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store From the figure shown below it may be easily seen that the short
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free circuit current at terminal XY is isc = 2 A because i = 0 due to
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in short circuit of 1 W resistor and all current will pass through short
circuit.
Hence h -parameter will be
-3 3
=h h G = =- 1 0.67 G
h11 h12
21 22
dVC (t)
Now IC (t) = C
dt Taking Laplace transform we get
= 4 # 10-6 # (- 5 # 25e-25t) = 0.5e-25t mA V (s) = sLI (s) - Li (0+)
2 .4 9 Option (D) is correct. As per given in question
(5 - 3j) # (5 + 3j) - Li (0+) =- 1 mV
Impedance = (5 - 3j) (5 + 3j) =
5 - 3j + 5 + 3 j Thus i (0+) = 1 mV = 0.5 A
(5) 2 - (3j) 2 2 mH
= = 25 + 9 = 3.4
10 10 2 .5 4 Option (B) is correct.
VAB = Current # Impedance At initial all voltage are zero. So output is also zero.
= 5+30c # 34 = 17+30c Thus v0 (0+) = 0
2 .5 0 Option (D) is correct. At steady state capacitor act as open circuit.
The network is shown in figure below.
=C D G = = 0 1 G
A B n 0
n
Thus x = 1
n
2 .5 8 Option (B) is correct.
We have L = 1H and C = 1 # 10-6
400
Short circuit current from terminal ab is
Resonant frequency
Isc = 1 + 10 = 3 A
f0 = 1 == 1 5
2p LC 2p 1 # 1 # 10 - 6 For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
400
3
= 10 # 20 = 10 Hz
4 St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
2p p ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
2 .5 9 Option (C) is correct.
Maximum power will be transferred when RL = Rs = 100W Thus Rth = Vth = 7.5 = 2.5 W
Isc 3
In this case voltage across RL is 5 V, therefore
2 Here current source being in series with dependent voltage source
Pmax = V = 5 # 5 = 0.25 W
R 100 make it ineffective.
2 .6 0 Option (C) is correct. 2 .6 4 Option (C) is correct.
For stability poles and zero interlace on real axis. In RC series Here Va = 5 V because R1 = R2 and total voltage drop is 10 V.
network the driving point impedance is Now Vb = R3 # 10 = 1.1 # 10 = 5.238 V
R3 + R4 2.1
Zins = R + 1 = 1 + sRC
Cs sC V = Va - Vb = 5 - 5.238 =- 0.238 V
Here pole is at origin and zero is at s =- 1/RC , therefore first 2 .6 5 Option (D) is correct.
critical frequency is a pole and last critical frequency is a zero. For h parameters we have to write V1 and I2 in terms of I1 and V2 .
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 41
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free Differentiating with respect to t , we get
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in 2di (t) 2d2 i (t)
cos t = + + i (t)
dt dt2
wn = 106 = 103 2 .8 1 Option (A) is correct.
2xw = 20 For current i there is 3 similar path. So current will be divide in
three path
Thus 2x = 203 = 0.02
10
Now Q = 1 = 1 = 50
2x 0.02
2 .7 5 Option (D) is correct.
V0 (s)
H (s) =
Vi (s)
1
= sC = 2 1
R + sL + 1 s LC + sCR + 1
sC
= 2 -2 1
s (10 # 10 ) + s (10-4 # 10 4) + 1
-4 so, we get
= -6 2 1 = 2 106 Vab - b i # 1l - b i # 1l - b 1 # 1l = 0
10 s + s + 1 s + 106 s + 106 3 6 3
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
2 .7 6 Option (D) is correct.
Impedance of series RLC circuit at resonant frequency is minimum,
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
not zero. Actually imaginary part is zero. ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
Z = R + j ` wL - 1 j
wC Vab = R = 1 + 1 + 1 = 5 W
eq
At resonance wL - 1 = 0 and Z = R that is purely resistive. i 3 6 3 6
wC
Thus S1 is false 2 .8 2 Option ( ) is correct.
Data are missing in question as L1 &L2 are not given.
Now quality factor Q =R C
L 2 .8 3 Option (A) is correct.
Since G = 1 , Q = 1 C At t = 0 - circuit is in steady state. So inductor act as short circuit
R G L and capacitor act as open circuit.
If G - then Q . provided C and L are constant. Thus S2 is also
false.
2 .7 7 Option (B) is correct.
Number of loops = b - n + 1
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 43
Now Z1 = R + jw1 L = 1 + j1
Z2 = R + jw2 L = 1 + j2
v (t) v (t)
i (t) = 1 + 2
Z1 Z2
10 2 cos (t + 10c) 10 5 cos (2t + 10c)
= +
1+j 1 + j2
10 2 cos (t + 10c) 10 5 cos (2t + 10c)
= +
At t = 0 - , i1 (0 -) = i2 (0 -) = 0 12 + 22 + tan-1 1 12 + 22 tan-1 2
vc (0 -) = V 10 2 cos (t + 10c) 10 5 cos (2t + 10c)
= +
At t = 0+ the circuit is as shown in fig. The voltage across capaci- 2 + tan-1 45c 5 tan-1 2
tor and current in inductor can’t be changed instantaneously. Thus i (t) = 10 cos (t - 35c) + 10 cos (2t + 10c - tan-1 2)
2 .8 7 Option (A) is correct.
Using 3- Y conversion
1500 = 3 c VL mc VL m cos q
3 3 ZL
(400) 2 (.844)
ZL = = 90 W
1500
As power factor is leading
So, cos q = 0.844 " q = 32.44
At t = 0+ , iL (0+) = iL (0 -) = 2.5 A and all this current of will pass As phase current leads phase voltage
through 2 W resistor. Thus ZL = 90+ - q = 90+ - 32.44c
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
2 .9 2 Option (C) is correct.
by RK K a nodia
Applying KCL, we get
N ow in 3 Volum e e0 - 12 + e0 + e0 = 0
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store 4 4 2+2
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free or e0 = 4 V
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in 2 .9 3 Option (A) is correct.
The star delta circuit is shown as below
Vx =- 2.5 # 20 =- 50 V
2 .9 0 Option (A) is correct.
For maximum power delivered, RL must be equal to Rth across same
terminal.
y12 =- y3
Isc = 0.5I1 - I1 =- 0.5I1
y12 =- 1 =- 0.05 mho
but I1 =- 50 =- 1.25 A 20
40
Isc =- 0.5 # - 12.5 = 0.625 A 2 .9 5 Option (D) is correct.
We apply source conversion the circuit as shown in fig below.
Rth = Vth = 10 = 16 W
Isc 0.625
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 45
+I2 = +90c
+ tan-1 wCR2
I2 = E m wC + (90c - tan-1 wCR2)
1 + w C R2
2 2 2 Thus it is a band reject filter.
At w = 0 I2 = 0 SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
and at w = 3, I2 = Em
At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
R2 form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
Only fig. given in option (A) satisfies both conditions. binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
2 .9 7 Option (A) is correct. Available Only at NODIA Online Store
Xs = wL = 10 W Click to Buy
For maximum power transfer w w w.nodia .c o.in
RL = Rs2 + Xs2 = 102 + 102 = 14.14 W 2 .1 0 0 Option (D) is correct.
2 .9 8 Option (C) is correct. Applying KCL we get
Applying KVL in LHS loop iL = eat + ebt
E1 = 2I1 + 4 (I1 + I2) - 10E1
Now V (t) = vL = L diL = L d [eat + ebt] = aeat + bebt
dt dt
or E1 = 6I1 + 4I2
11 11 2 .1 0 1 Option (A) is correct.
Thus z11 = 6 Going from 10 V to 0 V
11
Applying KVL in RHS loop
E2 = 4 (I1 + I2) - 10E1
= 4 (I1 + I2) - 10 c 6I1 + 4I2 m
11 11
=- 16I1 + 4I2
11 11
Thus z21 =- 16
11
2 .9 9 Option (D) is correct. 10 + 5 + E + 1 = 0
At w = 0 , circuit act as shown in figure below. or E =- 16 V
2 .1 0 2 Option (C) is correct.
This is a reciprocal and linear network. So we can apply reciprocity
theorem which states “Two loops A & B of a network N and if an
ideal voltage source E in loop A produces a current I in loop B ,
then interchanging positions an identical source in loop B produces
the same current in loop A. Since network is linear, principle of
homogeneity may be applied and when volt source is doubled,
V0 = RL (finite value) current also doubles.
Vs RL + Rs
Now applying reciprocity theorem
At w = 3 , circuit act as shown in figure below: i = 2 A for 10 V
V = 10 V, i = 2 A
V =- 20 V, i =- 4 A
2 .1 0 3 Option (C) is correct.
Tree is the set of those branch which does not make any loop and
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 46
Applying KCL at node f In the steady state condition all capacitors behaves as open circuit
I =- i 4 & Inductors behaves as short circuits as shown below :
so i 4 =- 12 amp
2 .1 1 6 Option (A) is correct.
#0 3V RR(t) = #0 3 164e 4
-t
E = #0 3 4e 4 = 16 J
b R2 = R 4 l
R1 R 3
so equivalent circuit is
Voltage across capacitor C2 and C 3 are
VC = 80 C 3 = 80 # 3 = 48 volt
2
C2 + C3 5
VC = 80 C2 = 80 # 2 = 32 volt
3
C2 + C3 5
UNIT 3 In the CMOS circuit shown, electron and hole mobilities are equal,
3 .6
2013 ON E M ARK
2013 T WO M ARK S
2011 ON E M ARK
2012 T WO M ARK S
3 .9 Drift current in the semiconductors depends upon
3 .5 The source of a silicon (ni = 1010 per cm3) n -channel MOS transistor (A) only the electric field
has an area of 1 sq mm and a depth of 1 mm . If the dopant density in
(B) only the carrier concentration gradient
the source is 1019 /cm3 , the number of holes in the source region with
the above volume is approximately (C) both the electric field and the carrier concentration
(A) 107 (B) 100 (D) both the electric field and the carrier concentration gradient
(C) 10 (D) 0 3 .1 0 A Zener diode, when used in voltage stabilization circuits, is biased
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 48
(C) V.cm - 1 (D) V.s 3 .2 8 The drain current of MOSFET in saturation is given by
ID = K (VGS - VT ) 2 where K is a constant.
The magnitude of the transconductance gm is
2009 T WO M ARK S
K (VGS - VT ) 2
3 .2 2 Consider the following two statements about the internal conditions (A) (B) 2K (VGS - VT )
VDS
in a n -channel MOSFET operating in the active region.
Id K (VGS - VT ) 2
S1 : The inversion charge decreases from source to drain (C) (D)
VGS - VDS VGS
S2 : The channel potential increases from source to drain.
Which of the following is correct?
(A) Only S2 is true 2008 T WO M ARK S
(B) Both S1 and S2 are false 3 .2 9 The measured trans conductance gm of an NMOS transistor
(C) Both S1 and S2 are true, but S2 is not a reason for S1 operating in the linear region is plotted against the gate voltage
VG at a constant drain voltage VD . Which of the following figures
(D) Both S1 and S2 are true, and S2 is a reason for S1
represents the expected dependence of gm on VG ?
2008 ON E M ARK
3 .2 7 A silicon wafer has 100 nm of oxide on it and is furnace at a 3 .3 1 The cross section of a JFET is shown in the following figure. Let
temperature above 1000c C for further oxidation in dry oxygen. The Vc be - 2 V and let VP be the initial pinch -off voltage. If the width
oxidation rate W is doubled (with other geometrical parameters and doping levels
(A) is independent of current oxide thickness and temperature remaining the same), then the ratio between the mutual trans
(B) is independent of current oxide thickness but depends on tem- conductances of the initial and the modified JFET is
perature
(C) slows down as the oxide grows
(D) is zero as the existing oxide prevents further oxidation
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 50
(C) P - 2, Q - 2, R - 1, S- -2
(D) P - 2, Q - 1, R - 2, S - 2
3 .4 4 Under low level injection assumption, the injected minority carrier SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
current for an extrinsic semiconductor is essentially the At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
(A) Diffusion current (B) Drift current form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
(C) Recombination current (D) Induced current binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
3 .4 5 The phenomenon known as “Early Effect” in a bipolar transistor
refers to a reduction of the effective base-width caused by Click to Buy
(A) Electron - hole recombination at the base w w w.nodia .c o.in
(B) The reverse biasing of the base - collector junction
(C) The forward biasing of emitter-base junction (C) 1.1 eV (D) 1.4 eV
(D) The early removal of stored base charge during saturation-to- 3 .5 1 A Silicon PN junction at a temperature of 20c C has a reverse
cut off switching saturation current of 10 pico - Ameres (pA). The reserve saturation
current at 40cC for the same bias is approximately
2006 T WO M ARK S (A) 30 pA (B) 40 pA
(C) 50 pA (D) 60 pA
3 .4 6 In the circuit shown below, the switch was connected to position 1
at t < 0 and at t = 0 , it is changed to position 2. Assume that the 3 .5 2 The primary reason for the widespread use of Silicon in semiconductor
diode has zero voltage drop and a storage time ts . For 0 < t # ts, vR device technology is
is given by (all in Volts) (A) abundance of Silicon on the surface of the Earth.
(B) larger bandgap of Silicon in comparison to Germanium.
(C) favorable properties of Silicon - dioxide (SiO2)
(D) lower melting point
2005 T WO M ARK S
(A) vR =- 5 (B) vR =+ 5
3 .5 3 A Silicon sample A is doped with 1018 atoms/cm 3 of boron. Another
(C) 0 # vR < 5 (D) - 5 # vR < 0 sample B of identical dimension is doped with 1018 atoms/cm 3
3 .4 7 The majority carriers in an n-type semiconductor have an average phosphorus. The ratio of electron to hole mobility is 3. The ratio of
drift velocity v in a direction perpendicular to a uniform magnetic conductivity of the sample A to B is
field B . The electric field E induced due to Hall effect acts in the (A) 3 (B) 1
3
direction
(A) v # B (B) B # v (C) 2 (D) 3
3 2
(C) along v (D) opposite to v 3 .5 4 A Silicon PN junction diode under reverse bias has depletion region
3 .4 8 Find the correct match between Group 1 and Group 2 of width 10 mm. The relative permittivity of Silicon, er = 11.7 and
Group 1 Group 2 the permittivity of free space e0 = 8.85 # 10 - 12 F/m. The depletion
E - Varactor diode 1. Voltage reference capacitance of the diode per square meter is
F - PIN diode 2. High frequency switch (A) 100 mF (B) 10 mF
G - Zener diode 3. Tuned circuits (C) 1 mF (D) 20 mF
H - Schottky diode 4. Current controlled attenuator
3 .5 5 A MOS capacitor made using p type substrate is in the accumulation
(A) E - 4, F - 2, G - 1, H - 3 mode. The dominant charge in the channel is due to the presence of
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 52
3 .5 6 For an n -channel MOSFET and its transfer curve shown in the 3 .6 1 Assuming VCEsat = 0.2 V and b = 50 , the minimum base current (IB)
figure, the threshold voltage is required to drive the transistor in the figure to saturation is
2004 ON E M ARK
3 .6 2 In an abrupt p - n junction, the doping concentrations on the p -
side and n -side are NA = 9 # 1016 /cm 3 respectively. The p - n
junction is reverse biased and the total depletion width is 3 mm.
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion The depletion width on the p -side is
by RK K a nodia (A) 2.7 mm (B) 0.3 mm
N ow in 3 Volum e (C) 2.25 mm (D) 0.75 mm
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store 3 .6 3 The resistivity of a uniformly doped n -type silicon sample is 0.5W -
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free mc. If the electron mobility (mn) is 1250 cm 2 /V-sec and the charge of
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in an electron is 1.6 # 10 - 19 Coulomb, the donor impurity concentration
(ND) in the sample is
3 .5 7 The impurity commonly used for realizing the base region of a silicon (A) 2 # 1016 /cm 3 (B) 1 # 1016 /cm 3
n - p - n transistor is (C) 2.5 # 1015 /cm 3 (D) 5 # 1015 /cm 3
(A) Gallium (B) Indium
(C) Boron (D) Phosphorus 3 .6 4 Consider an abrupt p - n junction. Let Vbi be the built-in potential
of this junction and VR be the applied reverse bias. If the junction
3 .5 8 If for a silicon npn transistor, the base-to-emitter voltage (VBE ) is capacitance (Cj ) is 1 pF for Vbi + VR = 1 V, then for Vbi + VR = 4 V,
0.7 V and the collector-to-base voltage (VCB) is 0.2 V, then the Cj will be
transistor is operating in the (A) 4 pF (B) 2 pF
(A) normal active mode (B) saturation mode (C) 0.25 pF (D) 0.5 pF
(C) inverse active mode (D) cutoff mode
3 .6 5 Consider the following statements Sq and S2.
3 .5 9 Consider the following statements S1 and S2. S1 : The threshold voltage (VT ) of MOS capacitor decreases with
S1 : The b of a bipolar transistor reduces if the base width is in- increase in gate oxide thickness.
creased. S2 : The threshold voltage (VT ) of a MOS capacitor decreases with
S2 : The b of a bipolar transistor increases if the dopoing concen- increase in substrate doping concentration.
tration in the base is increased. Which Marks of the following is correct ?
Which remarks of the following is correct ?
(A) S1 is FALSE and S2 is TRUE
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
(B) Both S1 and S2 are TRUE
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
(C) Both S1 and S2 are FALSE ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
(D) S1 is TRUE and S2 is FALSE
(A) S1 is FALSE and S2 is TRUE
3 .6 0 Given figure is the voltage transfer characteristic of (B) Both S1 and S2 are TRUE
(C) Both S1 and S2 are FALSE
(D) S1 is TRUE and S2 is FALSE
the bandgap of 1.12 eV, is 1.1 mm. If the longest wavelength that Group 1 Group 2
can be absorbed by another material is 0.87 mm, then bandgap of P. LED 1. Heavy doping
this material is Q. Avalanche photo diode 2. Coherent radiation
(A) 1.416 A/cm 2 (B) 0.886 eV R. Tunnel diode 3. Spontaneous emission
(C) 0.854 eV (D) 0.706 eV S. LASER 4. Current gain
3 .6 8 The neutral base width of a bipolar transistor, biased in the active (A) P - 1, Q - 2, R - 4, S - 3
region, is 0.5 mm. The maximum electron concentration and the (B) P - 2, Q - 3, R - 1, S - 4
diffusion constant in the base are 1014 / cm 3 and Dn = 25 cm 2 / (C) P - 3 Q - 4, R - 1, S - 2
sec respectively. Assuming negligible recombination in the base, (D) P - 2, Q - 1, R - 4, S - 3
the collector current density is (the electron charge is 1.6 # 10 - 19 3 .7 7 At 300 K, for a diode current of 1 mA, a certain germanium diode
Coulomb) requires a forward bias of 0.1435 V, whereas a certain silicon diode
(A) 800 A/cm 2 (B) 8 A/cm 2 requires a forward bias of 0.718 V. Under the conditions state above,
(C) 200 A/cm 2 (D) 2 A/cm 2 the closest approximation of the ratio of reverse saturation current
in germanium diode to that in silicon diode is
(A) 1 (B) 5
2003 ON E M ARK
(C) 4 # 103 (D) 8 # 103
3 .6 9 n -type silicon is obtained by doping silicon with
(A) Germanium (B) Aluminium
3 .7 8 A particular green LED emits light of wavelength 5490 Ac. The
(C) Boron (D) Phosphorus SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
3 .7 0 The Bandgap of silicon at 300 K is
(A) 1.36 eV (B) 1.10 eV form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
(C) 0.80 eV (D) 0.67 eV binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
3 .7 1 The intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon sample at 300 K is Click to Buy
1.5 # 1016 /m 3 . If after doping, the number of majority carriers is
5 # 1020 /m 3 , the minority carrier density is
w w w.nodia .c o.in
(A) 4.50 # 1011/m 3 (B) 3.333 # 10 4 /m 3 energy bandgap of the semiconductor material used there is
20
(C) 5.00 # 10 /m 3 -5
(D) 3.00 # 10 /m 3 (Plank’s constant = 6.626 # 10 - 34 J - s )
(A) 2.26 eV (B) 1.98 eV
3 .7 2 Choose proper substitutes for X and Y to make the following (C) 1.17 eV (D) 0.74 eV
statement correct Tunnel diode and Avalanche photo diode are
operated in X bias ad Y bias respectively 3 .7 9 When the gate-to-source voltage (VGs) of a MOSFET with threshold
(A) X: reverse, Y: reverse (B) X: reverse, Y: forward voltage of 400 mV, working in saturation is 900 mV, the drain current
(C) X: forward, Y: reverse (D) X: forward, Y: forward is observed to be 1 mA. Neglecting the channel width modulation
effect and assuming that the MOSFET is operating at saturation,
3 .7 3 For an n - channel enhancement type MOSFET, if the source is the drain current for an applied VGS of 1400 mV is
connected at a higher potential than that of the bulk (i.e. VSB > 0 ), (A) 0.5 mA (B) 2.0 mA
the threshold voltage VT of the MOSFET will (C) 3.5 mA (D) 4.0 mA
(A) remain unchanged (B) decrease
(C) change polarity (D) increase 3 .8 0 If P is Passivation, Q is n -well implant, R is metallization and S is
source/drain diffusion, then the order in which they are carried out
in a standard n -well CMOS fabrication process, is
2003 T WO M ARK S (A) P - Q - R - S (B) Q - S - R - P
3 .7 4 An n -type silicon bar 0.1 cm long and 100 mm2 i cross-sectional (C) R - P - S - Q (D) S - R - Q - P
area has a majority carrier concentration of 5 # 1020 /m 2 and the 3 .8 1 The action of JFET in its equivalent circuit can best be represented
carrier mobility is 0.13 m2 /V-s at 300 K. If the charge of an electron
as a
is 1.5 # 10 - 19 coulomb, then the resistance of the bar is
(A) Current controlled current source
(A) 106 Ohm (B) 10 4 Ohm
(B) Current controlled voltage source
(C) 10 - 1 Ohm (D) 10 - 4 Ohm
(C) Voltage controlled voltage source
3 .7 5 The electron concentration in a sample of uniformly doped n -type (D) Voltage controlled current source
silicon at 300 K varies linearly from 1017 /cm 3 at x = 0 to 6 # 1016 /
cm 3 at x = 2mm . Assume a situation that electrons are supplied to
keep this concentration gradient constant with time. If electronic 2002 ON E M ARK
charge is 1.6 # 10 - 19 coulomb and the diffusion constant Dn = 35 cm 3 .8 2 In the figure, silicon diode is carrying a constant current of 1 mA.
2 /s, the current density in the silicon, if no electric field is present, is
When the temperature of the diode is 20cC, VD is found to be 700
(A) zero (B) -112 A/cm 2 mV. If the temperature rises to 40cC, VD becomes approximately
(C) +1120 A/cm 2 (D) -1120 A/cm 2 equal to
3 .7 6 Match items in Group 1 with items in Group 2, most suitably.
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 54
1998 ON E M ARK
1996 ON E M ARK
1996 T WO M ARK S
2 # 40 # 10-6 # ^2 - 1h
=
& 2 (VSG - VTp) VSD - V SD
2
= (VGS - VTn) 2
= 12.5 # 103 W
= 12.5 kW & 2 (5 - Vin - 1) (5 - VD) - (5 - VD) 2 = (Vin - 0 - 1) 2
& 2 (4 - Vin) (5 - VD) - (5 - VD) 2 = (Vin - 1) 2
3 .5 Option (D) is correct.
Substituting VD = VDS = VGS - VTn and for N -MOS & VD = Vin - 1
For the semiconductor, n 0 p 0 = n i2
2 20 & 2 (4 - Vin) (6 - Vin) - (6 - Vin) 2 = (Vin - 1) 2
p 0 = n i = 1019 = 10 per cm3 48 - 36 - 8Vin =- 2Vin + 1
n 0 10 &
Volume of given device, V = Area # depth & 6Vin = 11
= 1 mm 2 # 1 mm & Vin = 11 = 1.833 V
6
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 57
To achieve g = 1, NE >> NB
3 .1 7 Option (C) is correct.
Reverse bias breakdown or Zener effect occurs in highly doped
PN junction through tunneling mechanism. In a highly doped PN
junction, the conduction and valence bands on opposite sides of
the junction are sufficiently close during reverse bias that electron
3 .1 1 Option (D) is correct.
may tunnel directly from the valence band on the p-side into the
For every 1c C increase in temperature, forward bias voltage across
conduction band on n -side.
diode decreases by 2.5 mV. Thus for 10c C increase, there us 25 mV
decreases. Breakdown voltage VB \ 1
NA ND
3 .1 2 Option (B) is correct. So, breakdown voltage decreases as concentration increases
Full channel resistance is Depletion capacitance
C =' ees NA ND
1
r L 1/2
r # = 600 W ...(1) 2 (Vbi + VR) (NA + ND)
W#a
If VGS is applied, Channel resistance is Thus C \ NA ND
r L
where b = a c1 -
Vp m
VGS Depletion capacitance increases as concentration increases
rl = #
W#b 3 .1 8 Option (C) is correct.
Pinch off voltage, Sample is in thermal equilibrium so, electric field
qN
Vp = D a2 ...(2)
2e 1 = 10 kV/cm
E =
If depletion on each side is d = 1 μm at VGS = 0 . 1 mm
3 .1 9 Option (A) is correct.
qN
Vj = D d2 Electron drift current density
2e
qN qND Jd = ND mn eE = 1016 # 1350 # 1.6 # 10-19 # 10 # 1013
or 1 = D (1 # 10-6) 2 & = 1012
2e 2e = 2.16 # 10 4 A/cm2
Now from equation (2), we have 3 .2 0 Option (C) is correct.
-6 2
Vp = 10 # (5 # 10 )
12
Only dopant atoms can have concentration of 4 # 1019 cm - 3 in n -
type silicon at room temperature.
or Vp =- 25 V
3 .2 1 Option (A) is correct.
At VGS =- 3 V ; 2
Unit of mobility mn is = cm
b = 5 b1 -
- 25 l
- 3 mm = 3.26 mm
V. sec
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 58
2 17
Unit of diffusion current Dn is = cm E2 - E1 = 25 # 10-3 e ln 4 # 10 10 = 0.427 eV
sec 1.5 # 10
m 2 2
Thus unit of n is = cm / cm = 1 = V-1 Hence fermi level goes down by 0.427 eV as silicon is doped with
Dn V $ sec sec V
boron.
3 .2 2 Option (D) is correct. 3 .3 1 Option (C) is correct.
Both S1 and S2 are true and S2 is a reason for S1. 2
Pinch off voltage VP = eW ND
3 .2 3 Option (B) is correct. es
We know that Let VP = VP1
NA WP = ND WN VP1 = W12 = W2
17 -6 Now
or NA = ND WN = 1 # 10 # 0.1-6# 10 = 1 # 1016
VP2 W22 (2W) 2
WP 1 # 10 or 4VP1 = VP2
The built-in potential is Initial transconductance
Vbi = VT 1n c NA N
n i2 m gm = Kn ;1 - Vbi - VGS E
D
Vp
= 26 # 10-3 ln e 1 # 10 # 1 10 o
17 16
# 10 = 0.760 For first condition gm1
(1.4 # 10 ) 2
0 - (- 2)
= Kn =1 -
VP1 G
= Kn ;1 -
VP1 E
2
3 .2 4 Option (B) is correct.
The peak electric field in device is directed from p to n and is
For second condition
0 - (- 2)
gm2 = Kn =1 -
VP2 G
= K2 ;1 -
4VP1 E
2
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
by RK K a nodia 1 - 2/VP1
=f p
gm1
Dividing
N ow in 3 Volum e gm2 1 - 1/ (2VP1)
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store Hence VP = VP1
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free 3 .3 2 Option (A) is correct.
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in 3 .3 3 Option (D) is correct.
As per mass action law
np = ni2
E =- eND xn from p to n
es If acceptor impurities are introduces
= eND xn from n to p p = NA
es
-19 17 -5
Thus nNA = ni2
= 1.6 # 10 # 1 #-10 # 1 # 10 = 0.15 2
14
8.85 # 10 # 12 or n = ni
MV/cm NA
3 .3 4 Option (C) is correct.
3 .2 5 Option (D) is correct. The electric field has the maximum value at the junction of p+ n .
Channel length modulation is not associated with a p - n junction.
3 .3 5 Option (B) is correct.
It is being associated with MOSFET in which effective channel
Zener diode and Avalanche diode works in the reverse bias and laser
length decreases, producing the phenomenon called channel length
diode works in forward bias.
modulation.
In solar cell diode works in forward bias but photo current is in
3 .2 6 Option (A) is correct. reverse direction. Thus
Trivalent impurities are used for making p - type semiconductors.
Zener diode : Reverse Bias
So, Silicon wafer heavily doped with boron is a p+ substrate.
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
3 .2 7 Option (D) is correct.
Oxidation rate is zero because the existing oxide prevent the further
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
oxidation. ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
3 .2 8 Option (B) is correct.
Solar Cell : Forward Bias
gm = 2ID = 2 K (VGS - VT ) 2 = 2K (VGS - VT )
2VGS 2VGS Laser Diode : Forward Bias
3 .2 9 Option (C) is correct. Avalanche Photo diode : Reverse Bias
As VD = constant 3 .3 6 Option (C) is correct.
Thus gm \ (VGS - VT ) Which is straight line. In BJT as the B-C reverse bias voltage increases, the B-C space
charge region width increases which xB (i.e. neutral base width) > A
3 .3 0 Option (C) is correct.
change in neutral base width will change the collector current. A
E2 - E1 = kT ln NA reduction in base width will causes the gradient in minority carrier
ni
concentration to increase, which in turn causes an increased in the
NA = 4 # 1017
diffusion current. This effect si known as base modulation as early
ni = 1.5 # 1010 effect.
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 59
or resistivity r = 1 = 1 At T = 300 K,
s nqmn
Eg300 = 1.21 - 3.6 # 10 - 4 # 300 = 1.1 eV
Thus n = 1 This is standard value, that must be remembered.
qrmn
= 1 = 10 /cm 3
16
- 19 3 .7 1 Option (A) is correct.
1.6 # 10 # 0.5 # 1250
By Mass action law
For n type semiconductor n = ND
np = ni2
3 .6 4 Option (D) is correct. 2 16
We know that p = ni = 1.5 # 10 # 120.5 # 1016 = 4.5 # 1011
n 5 # 10
Cj = ; eeS NA ND
2 (Vbi + VR)( NA + ND) E
1
2
Io e 26 # 10 - 1
e hV - 1
DGe
si -3
pentavalent. T
or IE = I 0 eV /kT
BE
eV
BE /kT
>> 1
or VBE = kT ln b IE l
I0
Now (VBE ) 1 = kT ln b IE 1 l
I0
(VBE ) 2 = kT ln b IE 2 l
I0
or (VBE ) 2 - (VBE ) 1 = kT ;ln b IE 2 lE = kT ln b 2IE 1 l
IE 1 IE 1
Now if emitter current is double i.e. IE 2 = 2IE1
(VBE ) 2 = (VBE ) 1 + (25 # 0.60) m volt
= (VBE ) 1 + 15 m volt
Thus if emitter current is doubled the base emitter junction volt-
age is increased by 15 mV.
3 .1 0 2 Option (A) is correct.
Unity gain frequency is given by
fT = fB # b = 106 # 200 = 200 MHz
a-cutoff frequency is given by
f fb
fa = b = = fb (b + 1)
1-a b
1-
b+1
= 106 # (200 + 1) = 201 MHz
3 .1 0 3 Option (A) is correct.
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 64
UNIT 4
AN ALOG CI RCU I T S
2013 ON E M ARK
4 .1 In the circuit shown below what is the output voltage ^Vouth if a (A) 125 and 125 (B) 125 and 250
silicon transistor Q and an ideal op-amp are used? (C) 250 and 125 (D) 250 and 250
(A) XY (B) XY 4 .1 1 The diodes and capacitors in the circuit shown are ideal. The voltage
(C) XY (D) XY v (t) across the diode D1 is
2012 T WO M ARK S
2012 ON E M ARK
4 .1 3 The circuit shown is a
4 .9 The current ib through the base of a silicon npn transistor is
1 + 0.1 cos (10000pt) mA At 300 K, the rp in the small signal model
of the transistor is
(A) 250 W (B) 27.5 W (B) high pass filter with f3dB = 1 rad/s
R1 C
(C) 25 W (D) 22.5 W
(C) low pass filter with f3dB = 1 rad/s
R1 C
4 .1 0 The i -v characteristics of the diode in the circuit given below are 1
v - 0.7 A, v $ 0.7 V (D) high pass filter with f3dB = rad/s
(R1 + R2) C
i = * 500
4 .1 4 The voltage gain Av of the circuit shown below is
0A v < 0. 7 V
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 66
4 .1 9 For a BJT, the common base current gain a = 0.98 and the collector
base junction reverse bias saturation current ICO = 0.6 mA . This
BJT is connected in the common emitter mode and operated in the
active region with a base drive current IB = 20 mA . The collector
current IC for this mode of operation is
(A) 0.98 mA (B) 0.99 mA
(C) 1.0 mA (D) 1.01 mA
2011 T WO M ARK S
4 .1 7 In the circuit shown below, for the MOS transistors, mn Cox = 100 mA/V 2
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 67
2010 ON E M ARK
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(A) The input resistance Ri increases and magnitude of voltage
gainAV decreases w w w.nodia .c o.in
(B) The input resistance Ri decreases and magnitude of voltage 4 .2 5 The resistance seen by the source vS is
gain AV increases (A) 258 W (B) 1258 W
(C) Both input resistance Ri and magnitude of voltage gain AV (C) 93 kW (D) 3
decreases
4 .2 6 The lower cut-off frequency due to C2 is
(D) Both input resistance Ri and the magnitude of voltage gain (A) 33.9 Hz (B) 27.1 Hz
AV increases
(C) 13.6 Hz (D) 16.9 Hz
4 .2 3 In the silicon BJT circuit shown below, assume that the emitter
4 .2 7 The transfer characteristic for the precision rectifier circuit shown
area of transistor Q1 is half that of transistor Q2
below is (assume ideal OP-AMP and practical diodes)
(A) - R2 (B) - R 3
R1 R1
(D) -b R2 + R 3 l
R || R 3
(C) - 2
R1 R1
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 68
2009 T WO M ARK S 4 .3 0 For small increase in VG beyond 1V, which of the following gives the
4 .2 8 In the circuit below, the diode is ideal. The voltage V is given by correct description of the region of operation of each MOSFET
(A) Both the MOSFETs are in saturation region
(B) Both the MOSFETs are in triode region
(C) n-MOSFETs is in triode and p -MOSFET is in saturation
region
(D) n- MOSFET is in saturation and p -MOSFET is in triode
region
(A) min (Vi, 1) (B) max (Vi, 1) 4 .3 1 Estimate the output voltage V0 for VG = 1.5 V. [Hints : Use the
(C) min (- Vi, 1) (D) max (- Vi, 1) appropriate current-voltage equation for each MOSFET, based on
the answer to Q.4.16]
4 .2 9 In the following a stable multivibrator circuit, which properties of (A) 4 - 1 (B) 4 + 1
v0 (t) depend on R2 ? 2 2
(C) 4 - 3 (D) 4 + 3
2 2
4 .3 2 In the circuit shown below, the op-amp is ideal, the transistor has
VBE = 0.6 V and b = 150 . Decide whether the feedback in the circuit
is positive or negative and determine the voltage V at the output of
the op-amp.
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
by RK K a nodia
N ow in 3 Volum e
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2008 ON E M ARK
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w w w.nodia .c o.in
(A) 6.1 V, - 0.7 V (B) 0.7 V, - 7.5 V 4 .3 8 Two identical NMOS transistors M1 and M2 are connected as shown
(C) 7.5 V, - 0.7 V (D) 7.5 V, - 7.5 V below. Vbias is chosen so that both transistors are in saturation. The
equivalent gm of the pair is defied to be 2Iout at constant Vout
2Vi
The equivalent gm of the pair is
2008 T WO M ARSK
4 .4 5 For the BJT circuit shown, assume that the b of the transistor is
very large and VBE = 0.7 V. The mode of operation of the BJT is
4 .4 2 The correct full wave rectifier circuit is 4 .4 7 In the CMOS inverter circuit shown, if the trans conductance
parameters of the NMOS and PMOS transistors are
W
kn = kp = mn Cox Wn = mCox p = 40mA/V2
Ln Lp
and their threshold voltages ae VTHn = VTHp = 1 V the current I is
2007 T WO M ARK S
4 .4 8 For the Zener diode shown in the figure, the Zener voltage at knee is
7 V, the knee current is negligible and the Zener dynamic resistance
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 71
is 10 W. If the input voltage (Vi) range is from 10 to 16 V, the output (A) 0 Volt (B) 6.3 Volt
voltage (V0) ranges from (C) 9.45 Volts (D) 10 Volts
4 .5 4 For the circuit shown below, assume that the zener diode is ideal
with a breakdown voltage of 6 volts. The waveform observed across
R is
4 .4 9 The transfer function V0 (s)/ Vi (s) is At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
(A) 1 - sRC (B) 1 + sRC
form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
1 + sRC 1 - sRC binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
(C) 1 (D) 1 Available Only at NODIA Online Store
1 - sRC 1 + sRC
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4 .5 0 If Vi = V1 sin (wt) and V0 = V2 sin (wt + f), then the minimum and w w w.nodia .c o.in
maximum values of f (in radians) are respectively
(A) - p and p (B) 0 and p
2 2 2
(C) - p and 0 (D) - p and 0
2
2006 ON E M ARK
4 .5 1 The input impedance (Zi) and the output impedance (Z0) of an ideal
trans-conductance (voltage controlled current source) amplifier are
(A) Zi = 0, Z0 = 0 (B) Zi = 0, Z0 = 3
(C) Zi = 3, Z0 = 0 (D) Zi = 3, Z0 = 3
2006 T WO M ARK S
4 .5 3 For the circuit shown in the following figure, the capacitor C is Common Data For Q. 4.41, 4.42 and 4.43 :
initially uncharged. At t = 0 the switch S is closed. The Vc across In the transistor amplifier circuit shown in the figure below, the
the capacitor at t = 1 millisecond is transistor has the following parameters:
In the figure shown above, the OP-AMP is supplied with ! 15V .
bDC = 60 , VBE = 0.7V, hie " 3
The capacitance CC can be assumed to be infinite.
In the figure above, the ground has been shown by the symbol 4
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 72
(A) 30 kW (B) 10 kW
4
4 .5 5 Under the DC conditions, the collector-or-emitter voltage drop is
(C) 40 kW (D) infinite
(A) 4.8 Volts (B) 5.3 Volts
(C) 6.0 Volts (D) 6.6 Volts 4 .6 1 The effect of current shunt feedback in an amplifier is to
(A) increase the input resistance and decrease the output resist-
4 .5 6 If bDC is increased by 10%, the collector-to-emitter voltage drop ance
(A) increases by less than or equal to 10%
(B) increases both input and output resistance
(B) decreases by less than or equal to 10%
(C) decrease both input and output resistance
(C) increase by more than 10%
(D) decrease the input resistance and increase the output resist-
(D) decreases by more than 10% ance
4 .5 7 The small-signal gain of the amplifier vc is 4 .6 2 The cascade amplifier is a multistage configuration of
vs
(A) CC - CB (B) CE - CB
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion (C) CB - CC (D) CE - CC
by RK K a nodia
N ow in 3 Volum e 2005 T WO M ARK S
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4 .6 3 In an ideal differential amplifier shown in the figure, a large value
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free of (RE ).
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in (A) increase both the differential and common - mode gains.
(B) increases the common mode gain only.
(A) -10 (B) -5.3
(C) decreases the differential mode gain only.
(C) 5.3 (D) 10
(D) decreases the common mode gain only.
(A) 30 mA (B) 39 mA
(C) 49 mA (D) 20 mA
2005 ON E M ARK
4 .6 6 The Op-amp circuit shown in the figure is filter. The type of filter
and its cut. Off frequency are respectively
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(A) 43 mA and 11.4 Volts (B) 40 mA and 16 Volts
4 .7 2 Transconductance in milli-Siemens (mS) and voltage gain of the
(C) 45 mA and 11 Volts (D) 50 mA and 10 Volts
amplifier are respectively
4 .6 8 The Zener diode in the regulator circuit shown in the figure has a (A) 1.875 mS and 3.41 (B) 1.875 ms and -3.41
Zener voltage of 5.8 volts and a zener knee current of 0.5 mA. The (C) 3.3 mS and -6 (D) 3.3 mS and 6
maximum load current drawn from this current ensuring proper
functioning over the input voltage range between 20 and 30 volts, is 4 .7 3 Given the ideal operational amplifier circuit shown in the figure
indicate the correct transfer characteristics assuming ideal diodes
with zero cut-in voltage.
(A) 1 V (B) 2 V
(C) 3 V (D) 4 V
2004 ON E M ARK
4 .8 0 In the voltage regulator shown in the figure, the load current can
vary from 100 mA to 500 mA. Assuming that the Zener diode is ideal
(i.e., the Zener knee current is negligibly small and Zener resistance
is zero in the breakdown region), the value of R is
(A) 7 W (B) 70 W
(C) 70 W (D) 14 W
3
(A) low-pass filter (B) high-pass filter
4 .8 1 In a full-wave rectifier using two ideal diodes, Vdc and Vm are the dc
(C) band-pass filter (D) band-reject filter and peak values of the voltage respectively across a resistive load. If
PIV is the peak inverse voltage of the diode, then the appropriate
2004 T WO M ARK S
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
4 .7 7 A bipolar transistor is operating in the active region with a collector St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
current of 1 mA. Assuming that the b of the transistor is 100 and
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
the thermal voltage (VT ) is 25 mV, the transconductance (gm) and
the input resistance (rp) of the transistor in the common emitter relationships for this rectifier are
configuration, are
(A) Vdc = Vm , PIV = 2Vm (B) Idc = 2 Vm , PIV = 2Vm
(A) gm = 25 mA/V and rp = 15.625 kW p p
(B) gm = 40 mA/V and rp = 4.0 kW (C) Vdc = 2 Vm , PIV = Vm (D) Vdc Vm , PIV = Vm
p p
(C) gm = 25 mA/V and rp = 2.5 k W
4 .8 2 Assume that the b of transistor is extremely large and VBE = 0.7V, IC
(D) gm = 40 mA/V and rp = 2.5 kW
and VCE in the circuit shown in the figure
4 .7 8 The value of C required for sinusoidal oscillations of frequency 1
kHz in the circuit of the figure is
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 75
2003 ON E M ARK
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4 .8 4 The circuit shown in the figure is best described as a
w w w.nodia .c o.in
(A) 1 (B) 1
(2p 6 RC) (2pRC)
(C) 1 (D) 6
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/3 ( 6 RC) (2pRC)
(C) 1/6 (D) 1/2 4 .9 1 The output voltage of the regulated power supply shown in the
4 .8 6 If the differential voltage gain and the common mode voltage gain figure is
of a differential amplifier are 48 dB and 2 dB respectively, then
common mode rejection ratio is
(A) 23 dB (B) 25 dB
(C) 46 dB (D) 50 dB
4 .9 2 If the op-amp in the figure is ideal, the output voltage Vout will be
2003 T WO M ARK S equal to
(A) 1 V (B) 6 V
(C) 14 V (D) 17 V
4 .9 3 Three identical amplifiers with each one having a voltage gain of 50,
input resistance of 1 kW and output resistance of 250 W are cascaded.
The opened circuit voltages gain of the combined amplifier is
(A) 49 dB (B) 51 dB
(C) 98 dB (D) 102 dB
4 .9 5 In a negative feedback amplifier using voltage-series (i.e. voltage- 4 .9 9 An amplifier using an opamp with a slew-rate SR = 1 V/m sec has
sampling, series mixing) feedback. a gain of 40 dB. If this amplifier has to faithfully amplify sinusoidal
(A) Ri decreases and R0 decreases signals from dc to 20 kHz without introducing any slew-rate induced
(B) Ri decreases and R0 increases distortion, then the input signal level must not exceed.
(A) 795 mV (B) 395 mV
(C) Ri increases and R0 decreases
(C) 79.5 mV (D) 39.5 mV
(D) Ri increases and R0 increases
(Ri and R0 denote the input and output resistance respectively) 4 .1 0 0 A zener diode regulator in the figure is to be designed to meet the
specifications: IL = 10 mA V0 = 10 V and Vin varies from 30 V to 50
4 .9 6 A 741-type opamp has a gain-bandwidth product of 1 MHz. A non- V. The zener diode has Vz = 10 V and Izk (knee current) =1 mA. For
inverting amplifier suing this opamp and having a voltage gain of 20
dB will exhibit a -3 dB bandwidth of For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
(A) 50 kHz (B) 100 kHz St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
(C) 1000 kHz (D) 1000 kHz ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
17 7.07
4 .9 7 Three identical RC-coupled transistor amplifiers are cascaded. If satisfactory operation
each of the amplifiers has a frequency response as shown in the
figure, the overall frequency response is as given in
2001 T WO M ARK S
The closed-loop gain V0 is
An npn BJT has gm = 38 mA/V, C m = 10 -14
F, C p = 4 # 10 -13
F, Vs
4 .1 0 5
(A) - 8 (B) - 9
and DC current gain b0 = 90 . For this transistor fT and fb are
(C) - 10 (D) - 11
(A) fT = 1.64 # 108 Hz and fb = 1.47 # 1010 Hz
(B) fT = 1.47 # 1010 Hz and fb = 1.64 # 108 Hz 4 .1 0 9 In the figure assume the OP-AMPs to be ideal. The output v0 of
(C) fT = 1.33 # 1012 Hz and fb = 1.47 # 1010 Hz the circuit is
(D) fT = 1.47 # 1010 Hz and fb = 1.33 # 1012 Hz
#0 cos (100t) dt
t
(C) 10 - 4 (D) 10 - 4 d cos (100t)
dt
2000 ON E M ARK
(A) zero (B) infinite (A) precision integrator (B) Hartely oscillator
1998 ON E M ARK
(A) gm1 (B) gm2 4 .1 3 0 In a shunt-shunt negative feedback amplifier, as compared to the
g g basic amplifier
(C) m1 (D) m2
2 2 (A) both, input and output impedances,decrease
4 .1 2 3 Crossover distortion behavior is characteristic of (B) input impedance decreases but output impedance increases
(A) Class A output stage (B) Class B output stage (C) input impedance increase but output
(C) Class AB output stage (D) Common-base output stage (D) both input and output impedances increases.
4 .1 2 4 An amplifier has an open-loop gain of 100, an input impedance of 4 .1 3 1 A multistage amplifier has a low-pass response with three real poles
1 kW,and an output impedance of 100 W. A feedback network with at s =- w1 - w2 and w3 . The approximate overall bandwidth B of the
a feedback factor of 0.99 is connected to the amplifier in a voltage amplifier will be given by
series feedback mode. The new input and output impedances, (A) B = w1 + w2 + w3 (B) 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
respectively, are B w1 w2 w3
(A) 10 W and 1W (B) 10 W and 10 kW (C) B = (w1 + w2 + w3) 1/3 (D) B = w12 + w22 + w23
(C) 100 kW and 1 W (D) 100 kW and 1 kW
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 80
4 .1 3 4 For full wave rectification, a four diode bridge rectifier is claimed to (A) decrease the voltage gain and decrease the input impedance
have the following advantages over a two diode circuit : (B) increase the voltage gain and decrease the input impedance
(A) less expensive transformer, (C) decrease the voltage gain and increase the input impedance
(B) smaller size transformer, and (D) increase the voltage gain and increase the input impedance
(C) suitability for higher voltage application.
4 .1 3 8 A cascade amplifier stags is equivalent to
Of these,
(A) a common emitter stage followed by a common base stage
(A) only (1) and (2) are true
(B) a common base stage followed by an emitter follower
(B) only (1) and (3) are true
(C) an emitter follower stage followed by a common base stage
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion (D) a common base stage followed by a common emitter stage
by RK K a nodia 4 .1 3 9 In a common emitter BJT amplifier, the maximum usable supply
N ow in 3 Volum e voltage is limited by
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store (A) Avalanche breakdown of Base-Emitter junction
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free (B) Collector-Base breakdown voltage with emitter open (BVCBO)
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in (C) Collector-Emitter breakdown voltage with base open (BVCBO)
(D) Zener breakdown voltage of the Emitter-Base junction
(C) only (2) and (3) are true
(D) (1), (2) as well as (3) are true 1997 T WO M ARK S
4 .1 3 5 In the MOSFET amplifier of the figure is the signal output V1 and 4 .1 4 0 In the circuit of in the figure is the current iD through the ideal
V2 obey the relationship diode (zero cut in voltage and forward resistance) equals
(A) 0 A (B) 4 A
(C) 1 A (D) None of the above
(A) V1 = V2 (B) V1 =-V2
2 2 4 .1 4 1 The output voltage V0 of the circuit shown in the figure is
(C) V1 = 2V2 (D) V1 =- 2V2
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
4 .1 3 6 For small signal ac operation, a practical forward biased diode can
be modelled as St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
(A) a resistance and a capacitance in series ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
(B) an ideal diode and resistance in parallel
(C) a resistance and an ideal diode in series
(D) a resistance
1997 ON E M ARK
(A) - 4 V (B) 6 V
(C) 5 V (D) - 5.5 V
1996 T WO M ARK S
4 .1 4 8 A zener diode in the circuit shown in the figure is has a knee current
of 5 mA, and a maximum allowed power dissipation of 300 mW
(A) Z b1 - 1 l (B) Z (1 - k) . What are the minimum and maximum load currents that can
k be drawn safely from the circuit, keeping the output voltage V0
(C) Z (D) Z constant at 6 V?
(k - 1) (1 - k)
4 .1 4 6 A Darlington stage is shown in the figure. If the transconductance of
Q1 is gm1 and Q2 is gm2 , then the overall transconductance gmc ;T i cc E
c
vbe
is given by
***********
SOLU T I ON S (1)
Since, voltage across zener diode is 5 V so, current through 100 W
resistor is obtained as
Is = 10 - 5 = 0.05 A
100
Therefore, the load current is given by
4 .1 Option (B) is correct. IL = 5
RL
For the given ideal op-amp, negative terminal will be also ground Since, for proper operation, we must
(at zero voltage) and so, the collector terminal of the BJT will be have
at zero voltage. IZ $ Iknes
i.e., VC = 0 volt So, from Eq. (1), we write
The current in 1 kW resistor is given by 0.05 A - 5 $ 10 mA
RL
I = 5 - 0 = 5 mA
1 kW 50 mA - 5 $ 10 mA
RL
This current will flow completely through the BJT since, no cur-
40 mA $ 5
rent will flow into the ideal op-amp ( I/P resistance of ideal op- RL
amp is infinity). So, for BJT we have 40 # 10 $ 5
-3
RL
VC = 0
VB = 0 SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
IC = 5 mA At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
i.e.,the base collector junction is reverse biased (zero voltage) form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
therefore, the collector current (IC ) can have a value only if base- binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
emitter is forward biased. Hence,
VBE = 0.7 volts Click to Buy
& VB - VE = 0.7 w w w.nodia .c o.in
& 0 - Vout = 0.7
or, Vout =- 0.7 volt 1 RL
-3 # 5
40 # 10
4 .2 Option (A) is correct.
5 # RL
The i/p voltage of the system is given as 40 # 10-3
Vin = V1 + Vf or, 125 W # RL
= V1 + k Vout Therefore, minimum value of RL = 125 W
= V1 + k A 0 V1 ^Vout = A 0 V1h Now, we know that power rating of Zener diode is given by
PR = VZ IZ^maxh
= V1 ^1 + k A 0h
IZ^maxh is maximum current through zener diode in reverse bias.
Therefore, if k is increased then input voltage is also increased so, Maximum currrent through zener diode flows when load current is
the input impedance increases. Now, we have zero. i.e.,
Vout = A 0 V1 IZ^maxh = Is = 10 - 5 = 0.05
Vin 100
^1 + k A 0h
= A0
Therefore, PR = 5 # 0.05 W
A 0 Vin = 250 mW
^1 + k A 0h
=
4 .4 Option (A) is correct.
Since, Vin is independent of k when seen from output mode, the
For the given circuit, we obtain the small signal model as shown in
output voltage decreases with increase in k that leads to the decrease
figure below :
of output impedance. Thus, input impedance increases and output
impedance decreases.
4 .3 Option (B) is correct.
RL + 1 For the given circuit, we can make the truth table as below
sC X Y Z
RL J - gm Vi N
= K 1 O
0 0 0
RL + 1 K RD +
1
O 0 1 1
sC K RL + 1 O 1 0 0
L sC P
so, the transfer function is 1 1 0
V0 = - RD RL sCgm
1 + sC ^RD + RL h
Logic 0 means voltage is v = 0 volt and logic 1 means voltage is
Vi
5 volt
1
C ^RD + RL h
Then, we have the pole at w =
For x = 0 , y = 0 , Transistor is at cut off mode and diode is forward
It gives the lower cutoff frequency of transfer function. biased. Since, there is no drop across forward biased diode.
1 So, Z =Y=0
C ^RD + RL h
i.e., w0 =
For x = 0 , y = 1, Again Transistor is in cutoff mode, and diode is
1
2pC ^RD + RL h
or, f0 = forward biased. with no current flowing through resistor.
1 So, Z =Y=1
=
2p # 10-6 # 20 # 103 For x = 1, y = 0 , Transistor is in saturation mode and so, z directly
= 7.97 connected to ground irrespective of any value of Y .
. 8 Hz i.e., Z = 0 (ground)
4 .5 Option (C) is correct. Similarly for X = Y = 1
Z = 0 (ground)
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion Hence, from the obtained truth table, we get
by RK K a nodia Z =XY
N ow in 3 Volum e 4 .7 Option (D) is correct.
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store Given, the input voltage
VYZ = 100 sin wt
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For the given ideal op-Amps we can assume For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
V 2- = V 2+ = V2 (ideal) St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
V 1+ = V 1- = V1 (ideal) ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
So, by voltage division
V1 = Vout # 1 i.e., VWX = 0
2 Hence, VWX = 0 for all t
Vout = 2V1
4 .8 Option (C) is correct.
and, as the I/P current in Op-amp is always zero therefore, there
The equivalent circuit can be shown as
will be no voltage drop across 1 KW in II op-amp
i.e., V2 = 1 V
Therefore,
V1 - V2 = V2 - ^- 2h
1 1
& V1 - 1 = 1 + 2
or, V1 = 4
Hence,
Vout = 2V1 = 8 volt VTh = VCC R2
R1 + R 2
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 85
3R2
=
R1 + R 2
and RTh = R2 R1
R 2 + R1
Since, IC = bIB has b . 3 (very high) so, IB is negative in
comparison to IC . Therefore, we can write the base voltage
VB = VTh
The peak rectifier adds + 1 V to peak voltage, so overall peak voltage
So, VTh - 0.7 - IC RE = 0
lowers down by - 1 volt.
or, ^ h^ h
3R2 - 0.7 - 10-3 500 = 0
R1 + R 2
So, vo = cos wt - 1
Hence, R2 = 60 # 1.2 = 40 kW
1. 8
4 .9 Option (C) is correct.
Given ib = 1 + 0.1 cos (1000pt) mA SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
So, IB = DC component of ib At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
= 1 mA form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
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bVT Available Only at NODIA Online Store
rp = VT " Thermal voltage
IC Click to Buy
= VT = VT IC = I
IC /b I B b B w w w.nodia .c o.in
= VT
IB
So, rp = 25 mV = 25 W VT = 25 mV, IB = 1 mA
1 mA
4 .1 0 Option (D) is correct.
Let v > 0.7 V and diode is forward biased. By applying Kirchoff’s
voltage law
10 - i # 1k - v = 0
10 - :v - 0.7 D (1000) - v = 0
500
10 - (v - 0.7) # 2 - v = 0 ZTh = Vtest
Itest
10 - 3v + 1.4 = 0 Applying KCL at top right node
v = 11.4 = 3.8 V > 0.7 (Assumption is true) Vtest + Vtest - 99I = I
3 9 k + 1k 100 b test
IC - IE = 13.7 - VC = (b + 1) IB
12k
13.7 - VC = 100I ...(ii)
B
12 # 103
Solving equation (i) and (ii),
IB = 0.01 mA
Small Signal Analysis :
0 - Vi (jw) 0 - Vo (jw) Transforming given input voltage source into equivalent current
+ =0 source.
1 +R R2
jwC 1
Vo (jw) - Vi (jw)
=
R2 1 +R
j wC 1
Vi (jw) R2
Vo (jw) =-
R1 - j 1
wC
At w " 0 (Low frequencies), 1 " 3, so V = 0
wC o
This is a shunt-shunt feedback amplifier.
At w " 3 (higher frequencies) Given parameters,
1 " 0, so V (jw) =- R2 V (jw)
wC o
R1 i rp = VT = 25 mV = 2.5 kW
IB 0.01 mA
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion b 100
gm = = = 0.04 s
by RK K a nodia rp 2.5 # 1000
N ow in 3 Volum e Writing KCL at output node
v0 + g v + v0 - vp = 0
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RF
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free
v 0 : 1 + 1 D + v p :gm - 1 D = 0
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in RC RF RF
Substituting RC = 12 kW, RF = 100 kW, gm = 0.04 s
The filter passes high frequencies so it is a high pass filter. v 0 (9.33 # 10-5) + v p (0.04) = 0
H (jw) = Vo = - R2 v 0 =- 428.72Vp
Vi R1 - j 1
wC ...(i)
H (3) = - R 2
= R 2 Writing KCL at input node
R1 R1 vi = v p + v p + v p - vo
At 3 dB frequency, gain will be 2 times of maximum gain Rs Rs rp RF
6H (3)@ p:
Rs rp RF D RF
vi = v 1 + 1 + 1 - v 0
Rs
H ^ jw0h = 1 H (3) vi = v (5.1 10-4) - v 0
2 p #
Rs RF
b l
So, R2 = 1 R2
2 R1 Substituting Vp from equation (i)
R 12 + 21 2
w0 C
vi = - 5.1 # 10-4 v - v 0
0
2R 12 = R 12 + 1 Rs 428.72 RF
w C2
2
0 vi =- 1.16 # 10-6 v 0 - 1 # 10-5 v 0 Rs = 10 kW
R = 21 2
2
1
10 # 103
w C
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
w0 = 1
R1 C St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
4 .1 4 Option (D) is correct.
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
DC Analysis :
(source resistance)
vi =- 1.116 # 10-5
10 # 103
Av = v 0 = 1 - 8.96
vi 10 # 10 # 1.116 # 10-5
3
VC = 100IB + 0.7 ...(i) Thus given frequency is resonance frequency and parallel RLC
circuit has maximum impedance at resonance frequency
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 87
Gain of the amplifier is gm # (ZC RL) where ZC is impedance of In active region, for common emitter amplifier,
parallel RLC circuit. IC = bIB + (1 + b) ICO ...(1)
At w = wr , ZC = R = 2 kW = ZC max . Substituting ICO = 0.6 mA and IB = 20 mA in above eq we have,
Hence at this frequency (wr ), gain is IC = 1.01 mA
Gain w = w = gm (ZC RL) = gm (2k 2k) = gm # 103 which is 4 .1 9 Option (C) is correct.
r
maximum. Therefore gain is maximum at wr = 10 M rad/ sec . In active region VBEon = 0.7 V
Emitter voltage VE = VB - VBEon =- 5.7 V
4 .1 6 Option (D) is correct.
V - (- 10) - 5.7 - (- 10)
The given circuit is shown below : Emitter Current IE = E = = 1 mA
4.3k 4.3k
Now IC . IE = 1 mA
Applying KCL at collector
i1 = 0.5 mA
Since i1 = C dVC
dt
or VC = 1 # i1 dt = i1 t ...(1)
C C
with time, the capacitor charges and voltage across collector changes
from 0 towards negative.
For transistor M2 ,
When saturation starts, VCE = 0.7 & VC =+ 5 V (across
VGS = VG - VS = Vx - 0 = Vx
capacitor)
VDS = VD - VS = Vx - 0 = Vx
Thus from (1) we get, + 5 = 0.5 mA T
5 mA
Since VGS - VT = Vx - 1 < VDS , thus M2 is in saturation. -6
By assuming M1 to be in saturation we have or T = 5 # 5 # 10-3 = 50 m sec
0.5 # 10
IDS (M ) = IDS (M )
1 2 4 .2 0 Option (A) is correct.
mn C 0x m C The current flows in the circuit if all the diodes are forward biased.
(4) (5 - Vx - 1) 2 = n 0x 1 (Vx - 1) 2
2 2 In forward biased there will be 0.7 V drop across each diode.
4 (4 - Vx ) 2 = (Vx - 1) 2 12.7 - 4 (0.7)
Thus IDC = = 1 mA
or 2 (4 - Vx ) = ! (Vx - 1) 9900
Taking positive root, 4 .2 1 Option (B) is correct.
8 - 2Vx = Vx - 1 The forward resistance of each diode is
Vx = 3 V r = VT = 25 mV = 25 W
At Vx = 3 V for M1,VGS = 5 - 3 = 2 V < VDS . Thus our assumption
IC 1 mA
Vac = Vi # e
4 (r) + 9900 o
is true and Vx = 3 V . 4 (r)
Thus
4 .1 8 Option (D) is correct.
= 100 mV cos (wt) 0.01
We have a = 0.98
= 1 cos (wt) mV
Now b = a = 4.9
1-a 4 .2 2 Option (A) is correct.
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 88
The equivalent circuit of given amplifier circuit (when CE is 4 .2 4 Option (A) is correct.
connected, RE is short-circuited) The circuit is as shown below :
Input impedance Ri = RB || r p
Voltage gain AV = gm RC
Now, if CE is disconnected, resistance RE appears in the circuit
So, 0 - Vi + 0 - Vo = 0
R1 R2
or Vo =- R2
Vi R1
4 .2 5 Option (B) is correct.
By small signal equivalent circuit analysis
f
The circuit is as shown below : fL . o = 271 = 27.1 Hz
10 10
4 .2 7 Option (B) is correct.
The circuit is as shown below
1 - (b 1 + 1) IB = IB + IB
1 1 2
IB
1 = (700 + 1 + 1) 2
+ IB
2 2
IB . 2
2
702
I 0 = IC = b 2 : IB = 715 # 2 . 2 mA
2 2
702
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 89
Current I = 20 - 0 + Vi - 0 = 5 + Vi Thus IC = 10 - 5 = 1 mA
4R R R 5k
If I > 0, diode D2 conducts VE = IE RE = 1m # 1.4k = 1.4V IE = IC
So, for 5 + VI > 0 & VI > - 5, D2 conducts = 0.6 + 1.4 = 2V
2
Thus the feedback is negative and output voltage is V = 2V .
Equivalent circuit is shown below
4 .3 3 Option (D) is correct.
The output voltage is
hfe RC
V0 = Ar Vi .- Vi
hie
Here RC = 3 W and hie = 3 kW
Thus V0 . - 150 # 3k Vi
3k
Output is Vo = 0 . If I < 0 , diode D2 will be off
.- 150 (A cos 20t + B sin 106 t)
5 + VI < 0 & V < - 5, D is off
R I 2 Since coupling capacitor is large so low frequency signal will be
The circuit is shown below filtered out, and best approximation is
V0 .- 150B sin 106 t
4 .3 4 Option (C) is correct.
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0 - Vi + 0 - 20 + 0 - Vo = 0 binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
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or Vo =- Vi - 5 Click to Buy
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At Vi =- 5 V, Vo = 0
At Vi =- 10 V, Vo = 5 V For the positive half of Vi , the diode D1 is forward bias, D2 is reverse
4 .2 8 Option (A) is correct. bias and the zener diode is in breakdown state because Vi > 6.8 .
Let diode be OFF. In this case 1 A current will flow in resistor and Thus output voltage is
voltage across resistor will be V = 1.V V0 = 0.7 + 6.8 = 7.5 V
Diode is off, it must be in reverse biased, therefore For the negative half of Vi, D2 is forward bias thus
Vi - 1 > 0 " Vi > 1 Then V0 =- 0.7 V
Thus for Vi > 1 diode is off and V = 1V
Option (B) and (C) doesn’t satisfy this condition.
4 .3 5 Option (B) is correct.
Let Vi < 1. In this case diode will be on and voltage across diode will By Current mirror,
^Lh
W
be zero and V = Vi Ix = W 2 Ibias
Thus V = min (Vi, 1) ^ L h1
Since MOSFETs are identical,
4 .2 9 Option (A) is correct.
b L l =b L l
Thus W W
The R2 decide only the frequency.
2 2
4 .3 0 Option (D) is correct. Hence Ix = Ibias
For small increase in VG beyond 1 V the n - channel MOSFET goes
4 .3 6 Option (B) is correct.
into saturation as VGS "+ ive and p - MOSFET is always in active
The circuit is using ideal OPAMP. The non inverting terminal of
region or triode region.
OPAMP is at ground, thus inverting terminal is also at virtual
4 .3 1 Option (C) is correct. ground.
4 .3 2 Option (D) is correct.
The circuit is shown in fig below
Thus current will flow from -ive terminal (0 Volt) to -1 Volt source.
Thus the current I is
0 - (- 1)
I = = 1
100k 100k
The voltage at non inverting terminal is 5 V because OP AMP is The current through diode is
I = I 0 _eV - 1i
ideal and inverting terminal is at 5 V. V
t
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 90
Now VT = 25 mV and I0 = 1 mA
I = 10-6 8e 25 # 10 - 1B = 1 5
V
Thus -3
10
or V = 0.06 V
Now V0 = I # 4k + V = 1 # 4k + 0.06 = 0.1
100k
V
R
V0 = 1 - sRC
or VD = VT 1n Vi Vi 1 + sRC
Is R
For the first condition 4 .5 0 Option (C) is correct.
VD = 0 - Vo1 = VT 1n 2 V0 = H (s) = 1 - sRC
Is R Vi 1 + sRC
For the first condition 1 - jwRC
H (jw) =
1 + jwRC
VD = 0 - Vo1 = VT 1n 4
Is R +H (jw) = f =- tan - 1 wRC - tan - 1 wRC
Subtracting above equation =- 2 tan - 2 wRC
Vo1 - Vo2 = VT 1n 4 - VT 1n 2 Minimum value, fmin = - p (at w " 3)
Is R Is R
Maximum value, fmax = 0( at w = 0)
or Vo1 - Vo2 = VT 1n 4 = VT 1n2
2 4 .5 1 Option (D) is correct.
4 .4 7 Option (D) is correct. In the transconductance amplifier it is desirable to have large input
We have Vthp = Vthp = 1 V impedance and large output impedance.
WP W Option (C) is correct.
= N = 40mA/V2
4 .5 2
and
LP LN
4 .5 3 Option (D) is correct.
From figure it may be easily seen that Vas for each NMOS and The voltage at inverting terminal is
PMOS is 2.5 V V- = V+ = 10 V
mA
Thus ID = K (Vas - VT ) 2 = 40 2 (2.5 - 1) 2 = 90 m A Here note that current through the capacitor is constant and that
V
is
4 .4 8 Option (C) is correct.
We have VZ = 7 volt, VK = 0, RZ = 10W I = V- = 10 = 10 mA
1k 1k
Circuit can be modeled as shown in fig below
Thus the voltage across capacitor at t = 1 msec is
# #
1m 1m
VC = 1 Idt = 1 10mdt
C 0 1m 0
#0
Im
= 10 dt = 10 V
4
For positive cycle of input Zener diode is reversed biased Now VCE = 15 - 9 = 6 V
when 0 < Vin < 6 , Diode is OFF and VR = 0 The power dissipated in transistor is
when Vin > 6 Diode conducts and voltage across diode is 6 V. Thus P = VCE IC = 6 # 0.9 = 5.4 W
voltage across is resistor is
4 .5 9 Option (B) is correct.
VR = Vin - 6
If the unregulated voltage increase by 20%, them the unregulated
Only option (B) satisfy this condition. voltage is 18 V, but the VZ = Vin = 6 remain same and hence Vout
4 .5 5 Option (C) is correct. and IC remain same. There will be change in VCE
The circuit under DC condition is shown in fig below Thus, VCE - 18 - 9 = 9 V
IC = 0.9 A
Power dissipation P = VCE IC = 9 # 0.9 = 8.1 W
Thus % increase in power is
8.1 - 5.4 # 100 = 50%
5. 4
4 .6 0 Option (B) is correct.
Since the inverting terminal is at virtual ground, the current flowing
through the voltage source is
Applying KVL we have
VCC - RC (IC + IB) - VCE = 0 ...(1) Is = Vs
10k
or Vs = 10 kW = R
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion Is in
Vo = Vin c1 + f m
R
c e1 # 26 # 10 - 1m = 49 mA
We know that = 10 - 13 0.7
R1 -3
Since the FET has high input resistance, gate current can be neglect
and we get VGS =- 2 V
Since VP < VGS < 0 , FET is operating in active region
(- 2) 2
ID = IDSS c1 - VGS m = 10 c1 -
(- 8) m
2
Now
VP
= 5.625 mA
CE CE CC CB
We know that for ideal OPAMP Ai High High Unity
V- = V+ Av High Unity High
Applying KCL at inverting terminal Ri Medium High Low
V- - Vs + V- - V0 = 0 Ro Medium Low High
R1 R1
or 2V- - Vo = Vs ...(1) 4 .8 4 Option (D) is correct.
Applying KCL at non-inverting terminal This circuit having two diode and capacitor pair in parallel, works
V+ V - Vo as voltage doubler.
+ IL + + =0
R2 R2 4 .8 5 Option (B) is correct.
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 95
Thus wt1 = sin - 1 1 = p At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
2 6 form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
wt2 = p - p = 5p binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
6 6
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
5p p
-6
Duty Cycle = 6 =1 Click to Buy
2p 3
Thus the output of comparators has a duty cycle of 1 .
w w w.nodia .c o.in
3
4 .8 6 Option (C) is correct.
4 .9 2 Option (B) is correct.
The circuit is as shown below
CMMR = Ad
Ac
or 20 log CMMR = 20 log Ad - 20 log Ac
= 48 - 2 = 46 dB
Where Ad "Differential Voltage Gain
and AC " Common Mode Voltage Gain
4 .8 7 Option (B) is correct.
The gain of amplifier is
- gm V+ = 8 (3) = 8 kW
Ai = 1+8 3
gb + jwC
Thus the gain of a transistor amplifier falls at high frequencies V+ = V- = 8 V
3
due to the internal capacitance that are diffusion capacitance and Now applying KCL at inverting terminal we get
transition capacitance. V- - 2 + V- - Vo = 0
4 .8 8 Option (A) is correct. 1 5
We have Ri = 1kW, b = 0.2, A = 50 or Vo = 6V- - 10
Thus, Rif = Ri
= 1 kW = 6 # 8 - 10 = 6 V
(1 + Ab) 11 3
4 .8 9 Option (A) is correct. 4 .9 3 Option (C) is correct.
The DC equivalent circuit is shown as below. This is fixed bias The equivalent circuit of 3 cascade stage is as shown in fig.
circuit operating in active region.
or V3 = 40 # 40V1 VO (f)
Now from circuit A= = 1 + R2
Vo = 50V3 = 50 # 40 # 40V1 Vf (f) R1
V (f)
or AV = Vo = 50 # 40 # 40 = 8000 b (f) = 1 +0 = f
V1 6 VO (f)
or 20 log AV = 20 log 8000 = 98 dB Thus from above equation for sustained oscillation
4 .9 4 Option (D) is correct. 6 = 1 + R2
R1
If a constant current is made to flow in a capacitor, the output
or R2 = 5R1
voltage is integration of input current and that is sawtooth waveform
as below : 4 .9 9 Option (C) is correct.
Let the gain of OPAMP be AV then we have
#
t
VC = 1 idt
C 0 20 log AV = 40 dB
The time period of wave form is or AV = 100
T = 1 = 1 = 2 m sec Let input be Vi = Vm sin wt then we have
f 500
VO = VV Vi = Vm sin wt
#
-3
20 # 10
Thus 3= 1 idt
6 Now dVO = A V w cos wt
2 # 10 0 V m
dt
or i (2 # 10 - 3 - 0) = 6 # 10 - 6
c dt m
Slew Rate dVO = AV Vm w = AV Vm 2pf
or i = 3 mA max
Thus the charging require 3 mA current source for 2 msec. or Vm = SR
AV V2pf
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion = 1
10 # 100 # 2p # 20 # 103
-6
by RK K a nodia
or VM = 79.5 mV
N ow in 3 Volum e
4 .1 0 0 Option (A) is correct.
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store The circuit is shown as below
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4 .9 5 Option (C) is correct.
In voltage-amplifier or voltage-series amplifier, the Ri increase and
Ro decrease because
Rif = Ri (1 + Ab) I = IZ + IL
Rof = Ro For satisfactory operations
(1 + Ab) Vin - V0 > IZ + IL [IZ + IL = I]
4 .9 6 Option (B) is correct. R
Let x be the gain and it is 20 db, therefore When Vin = 30 V,
20 log x = 20 30 - 10 $ (10 + 1) mA
R
or x = 10
or 20 $ 11 mA
Since Gain band width product is 106 Hz, thus R
So, bandwidth is or R # 1818 W
6 6 when Vin = 50 V
BW = 10 = 10 = 105 Hz = 100 kHz
Gain 10 50 - 10 $ (10 + 1) mA
4 .9 7 Option (A) is correct. R
In multistage amplifier bandwidth decrease and overall gain increase. For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
From bandwidth point of view only options (A) may be correct St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
because lower cutoff frequency must be increases and higher must
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
be decreases. From following calculation we have
We have fL = 20 Hz and fH = 1 kHz
40 $ 11 # 10 - 3
For n stage amplifier the lower cutoff frequency is R
fL 20
f = Ln 1
= = 39.2 . 401
or R # 3636W
Hz 2n -1 23 -1 Thus R # 1818W
4 .1 0 1 Option (D) is correct.
The higher cutoff frequency is We have
1
fHn = fH 2 2 - 1 = 0.5 kHz IDSS = 10 mA and VP =- 5 V
4 .9 8 Option (A) is correct. Now VG =0
As per Barkhousen criterion for sustained oscillations Ab $ 1 and and VS = ID RS = 1 # 2.5W = 2.5 V
phase shift must be or 2pn . Thus VGS = VG - VS = 0 - 2.5 =- 2.5 V
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 97
In sampling and hold circuit the unity gain non-inverting amplifier so gm1 Vp =- i 0 1
is used. i 0 =- g
m1
4 .1 1 8 Option (D) is correct. Vp 1
transistor are operated one for amplifying +ve going portion and 4 .1 3 3 Option (C) is correct.
other for -ve going portion. In series voltage regulator the pass transistor is in common collec-
4 .1 2 4 Option (C) is correct. tor configuration having voltage gain close to unity.
In Voltage series feedback mode input impedance is given by 4 .1 3 4 Option (D) is correct.
R in = Ri (1 + bv Av) In bridge rectifier we do not need central tap transformer, so its less
where bv = feedback factor , expensive and smaller in size and its PIV (Peak inverse voltage)
Av = openloop gain is also greater than the two diode circuit, so it is also suitable for
higher voltage application.
and Ri = Input impedance
So, R in = 1 # 103 (1 + 0.99 # 100) = 100 kW
4 .1 3 5 Option (C) is correct.
Similarly output impedance is given by In the circuit we have
Ii = Vi - kVi
Z
input impedance Zin = Vi = Z
Ii (1 - k)
4 .1 4 6 Option (A) is correct.
4 .1 4 7 Option (A) is correct.
For the circuit, In balanced condition It will oscillated at a frequency
w
= 1 = 1 = 105 rad/ sec
-3 -6
LC 10 # 10 # .01 # 10
In this condition
R1 = R 3
R2 R4
5 =R
100 1
R = 20 kW = 2 # 10 4 W
4 .1 4 8 Option (C) is correct.
V0 kept constant at V0 = 6 volt
so current in 50 W resistor SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
UNIT 5
2012 ON E M ARK
DI GI TAL CI RCU I T S
2013 ON E M ARK
In this circuit, the race around
5 .1 A bulb in a staircase has two switches, one switch being at the (A) does not occur
ground floor and the other one at the first floor. The bulb can be
(B) occur when CLK = 0
turned ON and also can be turned OFF by any one of the switches
irrespective of the state of the other switch. The logic of switching (C) occur when CLK = 1 and A = B = 1
of the bulb resembles (D) occur when CLK = 1 and A = B = 0
(A) and AND gate (B) an OR gate
5 .5 The output Y of a 2-bit comparator is logic 1 whenever the 2-bit input
(C) an XOR gate (D) a NAND gate A is greater than the 2-bit input B . The number of combinations for
5 .2 For 8085 microprocessor, the following program is executed. which the output is logic 1, is
MVI A, 05H;
MVI B, 05H; SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
PTR: ADD B; At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
DCR B; form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
JNZ PTR; binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
ADI 03H; Available Only at NODIA Online Store
HLT; Click to Buy
At the end of program, accumulator contains
(A) 17H (B) 20H w w w.nodia .c o.in
(C) 23H (D) 05H
(A) 4 (B) 6
(C) 8 (D) 10
2013 T WO M ARK S
5 .6 In the circuit shown
5 .3 There are four chips each of 1024 bytes connected to a 16 bit address
bus as shown in the figure below, RAMs 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively
are mappped to addresses
(A) Y = A B + C (B) Y = (A + B) C
(C) Y = (A + B ) C (D) Y = AB + C
5 .7 /
In the sum of products function f (X, Y, Z) = (2, 3, 4, 5), the prime
implicants are
(A) XY, XY (B) XY, X Y Z , XY Z
(C) XY Z , XYZ, XY (D) XY Z , XYZ, XY Z , XY Z
2012 T WO M ARK S
5 .8 In the CMOS circuit shown, electron and hole mobilities are equal,
(A) 0C00H-0FFFH, 1C00H-1FFFH, 2C00H-2FFFH, 3C00H- and M1 and M2 are equally sized. The device M1 is in the linear
3FFFH region if
(B) 1800H-1FFFH, 2800H-2FFFH, 3800H-3FFFH, 4800H-4FFFH
(C) 0500H-08FFH, 1500H-18FFH, 3500H-38FFH, 5500H-58FFH
(D) 0800H-0BFFH, 1800H-1BFFH, 2800H-2BFFH, 3800H-3BFFH
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 102
(A) changed from “0” to “1” (B) changed from “1” to “0”
(A) Vin < 1.875 V (B) 1.875 V < Vin < 3.125 V
(C) changed in either direction (D) not changed
(C) Vin > 3.125 V (D) 0 < Vin < 5 V
5 .1 2 The logic function implemented by the circuit below is (ground
5 .9 The state transition diagram for the logic circuit shown is implies a logic “0”)
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion (A) F = AND ^P, Q h (B) F = OR ^P, Q h
by RK K a nodia (C) F = XNOR ^P, Q h (D) F = XOR ^P, Q h
N ow in 3 Volum e
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store 2011 T WO M ARK S
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free 5 .1 3 The output of a 3-stage Johnson (twisted ring) counter is fed to
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in a digital-to analog (D/A) converter as shown in the figure below.
Assume all states of the counter to be unset initially. The waveform
which represents the D/A converter output Vo is
2011 ON E M ARK
5 .1 1 When the output Y in the circuit below is “1”, it implies that data
5 .1 4 Two D flip-flops are connected as a synchronous counter that goes
has
through the following QB QA sequence 00 " 11 " 01 " 10 " 00 " ....
The connections to the inputs DA and DB are
(A) DA = QB, DB = QA
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 103
5 .1 5 An 8085 assembly language program is given below. Assume that 2010 T WO M ARK S
the carry flag is initially unset. The content of the accumulator after 5 .1 9 Assuming that the flip-flop are in reset condition initially, the count
the execution of the program is sequence observed at QA , in the circuit shown is
5 .1 6 Match the logic gates in Column A with their equivalents in Column SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
B At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
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w w w.nodia .c o.in
5 .2 0 The Boolean function realized by the logic circuit shown is
(A) P-2, Q-4, R-1, S-3 (B) P-4, Q-2, R-1, S-3
(C) P-2, Q-4, R-3, S-1 (D) P-4, Q-2, R-3, S-1
(A) F = Sm (0, 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 14) (B) F = Sm (2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13)
5 .1 7 In the circuit shown, the device connected Y5 can have address in
the range (C) F = Sm (1, 2, 4, 5, 11, 14, 15) (D) F = Sm (2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12)
5 .2 1 For the 8085 assembly language program given below, the content of
the accumulator after the execution of the program is
2008 T WO M ARK S
(A) 11, 10, 00, 11, 10,... (B) 01, 10, 11, 00, 01...
(C) 00, 11, 01, 10, 00... (D) 01, 10, 00, 01, 10...
(A) M1 = (P OR Q) XOR R
(B) M1 = (P AND Q) X OR R
(C) M1 = (P NOR Q) X OR R
(D) M1 = (P XOR Q) XOR R
5 .3 4 For each of the positive edge-triggered J - K flip flop used in the 5 .3 6 The magnitude of the error between VDAC and Vin at steady state in
following figure, the propagation delay is 3 t . volts is
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.3
(C) 0.5 (D) 1.0
5 .3 7 For the circuit shown in the following, I0 - I3 are inputs to the 4:1
multiplexers, R(MSB) and S are control bits.
The output Z can be represented by
(C) Q1: normal active; Q2: cut-off; Q3: cut-off; Q4: saturation
PC = 6140H PC = 6140H
(C) (D) (D) Q1: saturation; Q2: saturation; Q3: saturation; Q4: normal active
HL = 6140H HL = 2715H
5 .4 4 The following binary values were applied to the X and Y inputs of
2007 ON E M ARK NAND latch shown in the figure in the sequence indicated below :
X = 0,Y = 1; X = 0, Y = 0; X = 1; Y = 1
5 .3 9 X = 01110 and Y = 11001 are two 5-bit binary numbers represented The corresponding stable P, Q output will be.
in two’s complement format. The sum of X and Y represented in
two’s complement format using 6 bits is
(A) 100111 (B) 0010000
(C) 000111 (D) 101001
5 .4 7 The voltage V0 is
(A) - 0.781 V (B) - 1.562 V
(C) - 3.125 V (D) - 6.250 V
2: MVI B, OEH - out shift registers loaded with the data shown are used to feed the
3: XRI 69H data to a full adder. Initially, all the flip - flops are in clear state.
4: ADD B After applying two clock pulse, the output of the full-adder should
5: ANI 9BH be
6: CPI 9FH
7: STA 3010H
8: HLT
5 .4 8 The contents of the accumulator just execution of the ADD
instruction in line 4 will be
(A) C3H (B) EAH
(C) DCH (D) 69H
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(A) 00, 01, 10, 11, 00 (B) 00, 01, 10, 00, 01
w w w.nodia .c o.in
(C) 00, 01, 11, 00, 01 (D) 00, 10, 11, 00, 10
24 will be represented by its BCP code 010100. In this numbering
system, the BCP code 10001001101 corresponds of the following
2006 ON E M ARK number is base-5 system
(A) 423 (B) 1324
5 .5 1 The number of product terms in the minimized sum-of-product
expression obtained through the following K - map is (where, "d" (C) 2201 (D) 4231
denotes don’t care states)
5 .5 5 A 4 - bit D/A converter is connected to a free - running 3 - big UP
counter, as shown in the following figure. Which of the following
waveforms will be observed at V0 ?
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 5
2006 T WO M ARK S
In the figure shown above, the ground has been shown by the sym-
5 .5 2 An I/O peripheral device shown in Fig. (b) below is to be interfaced bol 4
to an 8085 microprocessor. To select the I/O device in the I/O
address range D4 H - D7 H, its chip-select (CS ) should be connected
to the output of the decoder shown in as below :
5 .5 8 The point P in the following figure is stuck at 1. The output f will (A) B (A + C)( A + C ) (B) B (A + C )( A + C)
be
(C) B (A + C )( A + C) (D) B (A + C)( A + C )
(C) 5 (D) 7
2004 ON E M ARK
5 .7 0 A digital system is required to amplify a binary-encoded audio 5 .7 7 A Boolean function f of two variables x and y is defined as follows :
signal. The user should be able to control the gain of the amplifier f (0, 0) = f (0, 1) = f (1, 1) = 1; f (1, 0) = 0
from minimum to a maximum in 100 increments. The minimum Assuming complements of x and y are not available, a minimum
number of bits required to encode, in straight binary, is
cost solution for realizing f using only 2-input NOR gates and 2-
(A) 8 (B) 6
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 110
input OR gates (each having unit cost) would have a total cost of (A) JNX LOOP, ADD B, DCR C
(A) 1 unit (B) 4 unit (B) ADD B, JNZ LOOP, DCR C
(C) 3 unit (D) 2 unit (C) DCR C, JNZ LOOP, ADD B
5 .7 8 The 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface is used as described (D) ADD B, DCR C, JNZ LOOP
below.
(i) An A/D converter is interface to a microprocessor through an 2003 ON E M ARK
8255.
The conversion is initiated by a signal from the 8255 on Port C. A 5 .8 2 The number of distinct Boolean expressions of 4 variables is
signal on Port C causes data to be stobed into Port A. (A) 16 (B) 256
(ii) Two computers exchange data using a pair of 8255s. Port A (C) 1023 (D) 65536
works as a bidirectional data port supported by appropriate hand-
shaking signals. 5 .8 3 The minimum number of comparators required to build an 8-bits
The appropriate modes of operation of the 8255 for (i) and (ii) flash ADC is
would be (A) 8 (B) 63
(A) Mode 0 for (i) and Mode 1 for (ii) (C) 255 (D) 256
(B) Mode 1 for (i) and Mode 2 for (ii) 5 .8 4 The output of the 74 series of GATE of TTL gates is taken from a
(C) Mode for (i) and Mode 0 for (ii) BJT in
(D) Mode 2 for (i) and Mode 1 for (ii) (A) totem pole and common collector configuration
(B) either totem pole or open collector configuration
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion (C) common base configuration
by RK K a nodia (D) common collector configuration
N ow in 3 Volum e 5 .8 5 Without any additional circuitry, an 8:1 MUX can be used to obtain
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store (A) some but not all Boolean functions of 3 variables
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free (B) all functions of 3 variables but non of 4 variables
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in (C) all functions of 3 variables and some but not all of 4 variables
(D) all functions of 4 variables
5 .7 9 The number of memory cycles required to execute the following
8085 instructions 5 .8 6 A 0 to 6 counter consists of 3 flip flops and a combination circuit of
(i) LDA 3000 H 2 input gate (s). The common circuit consists of
(ii) LXI D, FOF1H (A) one AND gate
would be (B) one OR gate
(A) 2 for (i) and 2 for (ii) (B) 4 for (i) and 3 for (ii) (C) one AND gate and one OR gate
(C) 3 for (i) and 3 for (ii) (D) 3 for (i) and 4 for (ii) (D) two AND gates
5 .8 0 Consider the sequence of 8085 instructions given below
LXI H, 9258 2003 T WO M ARK S
MOV A, M
CMA 5 .8 7 The circuit in the figure has 4 boxes each described by inputs P, Q, R
MOV M, A and outputs Y, Z with Y = P 5 Q 5 R and Z = RQ + PR + QP
Which one of the following is performed by this sequence ? The circuit acts as a
(A) Contents of location 9258 are moved to the accumulator
(B) Contents of location 9258 are compared with the contents of
the accumulator For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
(C) Contents of location 8529 are complemented and stored in St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
location 8529
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
(D) Contents of location 5892 are complemented and stored in
location 5892
(C) 4 bit subtractor giving Q-P Propagation delay is CMOS ECL TTL TTL
(D) 4 bit adder giving P + Q + R minimum
5 .8 8 If the function W, X, Y and Z are as follows The correct column is
W = R + PQ + RS X = PQRS + PQRS + PQRS (A) P (B) Q
Y = RS + PR + PQ + P .Q (C) R (D) S
Z = R + S + PQ + P .Q .R + PQ .S
Then, 5 .9 2 The circuit shown in figure converts
(A) W = Z, X = Z (B) W = Z, X = Y
(C) W = Y (D) W = Y = Z
5 .8 9 A 4 bit ripple counter and a bit synchronous counter are made using
flip flops having a propagation delay of 10 ns each. If the worst case
delay in the ripple counter and the synchronous counter be R and
S respectively, then
(A) R = 10 ns, S = 40 ns (B) R = 40 ns, S = 10 ns
(C) R = 10 ns S = 30 ns (D) R = 30 ns, S = 10 ns
(A) BCD to binary code (B) Binary to excess - 3 code
5 .9 0 In the circuit shown in the figure, A is parallel-in, parallel-out 4 bit
register, which loads at the rising edge of the clock C . The input (C) Excess -3 to gray code (D) Gray to Binary code
lines are connected to a 4 bit bus, W . Its output acts at input to a SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
16 # 4 ROM whose output is floating when the input to a partial At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
table of the contents of the ROM is as follows form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Data 0011 1111 0100 1010 1011 1000 0010 1000 Available Only at NODIA Online Store
5 .9 1 The DTL, TTL, ECL and CMOS famil GATE of digital ICs are 2002 ON E M ARK
compared in the following 4 columns 5 .9 5 4 - bit 2’s complement representation of a decimal number is 1000.
The number is
(P) (Q) (R) (S)
(A) +8 (B) 0
Fanout is minimum DTL DTL TTL CMOS
(C) -7 (D) -8
Power consumption is TTL CMOS ECL DTL
minimum 5 .9 6 If the input to the digital circuit (in the figure) consisting of a
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 112
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) X (D) X
2001 ON E M ARK S
5 .1 0 0 If the input X3, X2, X1, X0 to the ROM in the figure are 8 4 2 1 BCD
numbers, then the outputs Y3, Y2, Y1, Y0 are
(A) 10 MHz (B) 100 MHz
(C) 1 GHz (D) 2 GHz
2001 T WO M ARK S
5 .1 0 5 In the TTL circuit in the figure, S2 and S0 are select lines and X7
(A) 5 V; 3 V; 7 V (B) 4 V; 3 V; 4 V
and X0 are input lines. S0 and X0 are LSBs. The output Y is
(C) 5 V; 5 V; 5 V (D) 4 V; 4 V; 4 V
2000 ON E M ARK S
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(A) emits light when both S1 and S2 are closed
(C) 15 (D) 16
(B) emits light when both S1 and S2 are open
(C) emits light when only of S1 and S2 is closed 5 .1 1 1 For the logic circuit shown in the figure, the required input condition
(D) does not emit light, irrespective of the switch positions. (A, B, C) to make the output (X) = 1 is
5 .1 0 7 The digital block in the figure is realized using two positive edge
triggered D-flip-flop. Assume that for t < t0, Q1 = Q2 = 0 . The circuit
in the digital block is given by
2000 T WO M ARK S
5 .1 1 5 For the logic circuit shown in the figure, the simplified Boolean
5 .1 0 8 In the DRAM cell in the figure, the Vt of the NMOSFET is 1 V. For expression for the output Y is
the following three combinations of WL and BL voltages.
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 114
(A) y = AB (B) y = AB
(C) y = A + B (D) y = A + B
1999 ON E M ARK
5 .1 3 3 Two 2’s complement number having sign bits x and y are added
and the sign bit of the result is z . Then, the occurrence of overflow
is indicated by the Boolean function
(A) xyz (B) x y z
(C) x yz + xyz (D) xy + yz + zx
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) A (D) F
1996 ON E M ARK
5 .1 5 3 Schottky clamping is resorted in TTl gates SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
(A) to reduce propagation delay (B) to increase noise margins At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
(C) to increase packing density (D) to increase fan-out form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
5 .1 5 4 A pulse train can be delayed by a finite number of clock periods
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
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using
(A) a serial-in serial-out shift register Click to Buy
(B) a serial-in parallel-out shift register w w w.nodia .c o.in
(C) a parallel-in serial-out shift register
(D) a parallel-in parallel-out shift register
5 .1 5 5 A 12-bit ADC is operating with a 1 m sec clock period and the total
conversion time is seen to be 14 m sec . The ADC must be of the
(A) flash type (B) counting type
(C) intergrating type (D) successive approximation
type
1996 T WO M ARK S
SOLU T I ON S For S1 S 0 = 0 0
We have A13 = A12 = 0
and for I/p = 1we obtain
A10 = 1 or A10 = 0
A11 = 1
A14 = 1 or A14 = 0
5 .1 Option (C) is correct.
Let A denotes the position of switch at ground floor and B denotes A15 = 1 or A15 = 0
the position of switch at upper floor. The switch can be either in up Since, A 0 - A 9 can have any value 0 or 1
position or down position. Following are the truth table given for Therefore, we have the address range as
different combinations of A and B A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A 9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0
A B Y(Bulb) From 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free Therefore, the address range is
position leads to the ON state of bulb. Hence, from the truth table, to 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
mp COX W
2 b L l8 SD ^ SG
2V V - VTp h - V SD B
And it will remain same for the clock period. So race around
Since, I1 = 2
2 ^5 - Vin - 1h = 5 - VD
for the condition.
&
Option ( ) is correct.
Vin = VD + 3
5 .5
&
2
For I1 = 0 , VD = 5 V
So, Vin = 5 + 3 = 4 V
2
Y = 1, when A > B So for the NMOS
VGS = Vin - 0 = 4 - 0 = 4 V and VGS > VTn
A = a1 a 0, B = b1 b 0
So it can’t be in cutoff region.
a1 a0 b1 b0 Y Case 2 : M2 must be in saturation region.
0 1 0 0 1 So, I1 = I 2
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
1 1 0 0 1 At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
1 1 0 1 1 form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
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0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
QB ^t + 1h
(PQ QR ) PR = (PQ + QR PR )
= PQ + QR + PR
QB ^t + 1h = Q A
= PQ + QR + PR
If any two or more inputs are ‘1’ then output y will be 1.
5 .1 1 Option (A) is correct.
For the output to be high, both inputs to AND gate should be high.
The D-Flip Flop output is the same, after a delay.
Let initial input be 0; (Consider Option A) DA = Q A Q B + QA QB
then Q = 1 (For 1 D-Flip Flop). This is given as input to 2nd FF.
st
5 .1 5 Option (C) is correct.
Let the second input be 1. Now, considering after 1 time interval;
Initially Carry Flag, C = 0
The output of 1st Flip Flop is 1 and 2nd FF is also 1. Thus Output
MVI A, 07 H ; A = 0000 0111
RLC ; Rotate left without carry. A = 0000 1110
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
MVO B, A ; B = A = 0000 1110
by RK K a nodia RLC ; A = 0001 1100
N ow in 3 Volum e RLC ; A = 0011 1000
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store ADD B ; A = 0011 1000
; + 0000 1110
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free
; 0100 0110
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RRC ; Rotate Right with out carry, A = 0010 0011
Thus A = 23 H
= 1.
5 .1 6 Option ( ) is correct.
5 .1 2 Option (D) is correct.
F = S 1 S 0 I 0 + S 1 S 0 I 1 + S 1 S 0 I 2 + S1 S 0 I 3
I0 = I3 = 0
F = PQ + PQ = XOR (P, Q) ( S1 = P, S 0 = Q )
5 .1 3 Option (A) is correct.
All the states of the counter are initially unset.
S S
00 " 11 " 01 " 10 " 00 " ... 0011101........A 0
^2D00 - 2DFF h
2 D
QB QA QB (t + 1) QA (t + 1)
0 0 1 1 5 .1 8 Option (A) (B) (C) are correct.
1 1 0 1 In the circuit F = (A 5 B) 9 (A 9 B) 9 C
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 121
44 3 S
F = A B C D + A B C D + A BCD + A B C D
1 44 2
m
44 3 1 44 2
m m
1 44 2
m
4
43
3 2 7 5
Y = BI0 + BI1 = AB + BA
44 3 S
+A B C D + A B C D + ABC D
1 44 2
m
4
4 3 1 44 2
m m
9 8 12
5 .2 6 Option (A) is correct.
F = / m (2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12)
The given circuit is as follows.
5 .2 1 Option (C) is correct.
By executing instruction one by one
MVI A, 45 H & MOV 45 H into accumulator, A = 45 H
STC & Set carry, C = 1
CMC & Complement carry flag, C = 0
RAR & Rotate accumulator right through carry
The truth table is as shown below. Sequence is 00, 11, 10, 00 ...
CLK J1 K1 Q1 J2 K2 Q2
1 1 1 0 1 1 0
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
A = 00100010 3 0 0 1 0 1 0
XRA B & XOR A and B 4 1 1 0 1 1 0
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 122
5 .2 7 Option (B) is correct. From the figure shown below it may be easily seen upper MOSFET
The given situation is as follows are shorted and connected to Vdd thus OUT is 1 only when the node
S is 0,
Clock b3 b3 b2 b0 VDAC
1 0001 0 SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
2 0010 0.5 At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
3 0011 1 form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
4 0100 1.5 binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
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5 0101 2
Click to Buy
6 0110 2.5
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7 0111 3
8 1000 3.5
9 1001 4
10 1010 4.5
11 1011 5
12 1100 5.5
13 1101 6
14 1110 6.5
Y = AB + AB
and when VADC = 6.5 V (at 1101), the output of AND is zero and
and X = YC + YC = (AB + AB ) C + (AB + AB ) C
the counter stops. The stable output of LED display is 13.
= (AB + AB) C + (AB + AB ) C
5 .3 6 Option (B) is correct.
= ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
The VADC - Vin at steady state is
= 6.5 - 6.2 = 0.3V 5 .4 2 Option (D) is correct.
Y = ABCD + ABCD + ABC D + ABC D
5 .3 7 Option (A) is correct.
= ABCD + ABC D + ABC D + ABC D
Z = I0 RS + I1 RS + I2 RS + I3 RS
= ABCD + ABC D + BC D (A + A)
= (P + Q ) RS + PRS + PQRS + PRS
= ABCD + ABC D + BC D A+A = 1
= PRS + QRS + PRS + PQRS + PRS
The k - Map is as shown below 5 .4 3 Option (B) is correct.
In given TTL NOT gate when Vi = 2.5 (HIGH), then
Q1 " Reverse active
Q2 " Saturation
Q3 " Saturation
Q4 " cut - off region
5 .4 4 Option (C) is correct.
For X = 0, Y = 1 P = 1, Q = 0
Z = PQ + PQS + QRS For X = 0, Y = 0 P = 1, Q = 1
5 .3 8 Option (C) is correct. For X = 1, Y = 1 P = 1, Q = 0 or P = 0, Q = 1
2710H LXI H, 30A0H ; Load 16 bit data 30A0 in HL pair 5 .4 5 Option (C) is correct.
2713H DAD H ; 6140H " HL Chip 8255 will be selected if bits A3 to A7 are 1. Bit A0 to A2 can
2714H PCHL ; Copy the contents 6140H of HL in PC
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 124
Clock D1 D0 Q1 Q0 Q1 NOR Q0
00 1
1st 01 10 0
2nd 10 01 0
3rd 00 00 0
The current from voltage source is
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
by RK K a nodia
N ow in 3 Volum e
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and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free 5 .5 1 Option (A) is correct.
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in As shown below there are 2 terms in the minimized sum of product
expression.
I = VR = 10 = 1 mA 1 0 0 1
R 10k
This current will be divide as shown below 0 d 0 0
0 0 d 1
1 0 0 1
g
2 Since T2 T1 T0 is at 111, at every clock Q2 Q1 Q0 will be changes. Ir
16 43 present state is 011, the next state will be 100.
32 5 .6 5 Option (D) is correct.
11 5 .6 6 Option (C) is correct.
11 in decimal is equivalent is B in hexamal. 0100H LXI SP, 00FF ; Load SP with 00FFG
Thus 4310 * 2B16 0103H LXI H, 0701 ; Load HL with 0107H
Now 410 * 01002 0106H MVI A, 20H ; Move A with 20 H
310 * 00112 0108 H SUB M ; Subtract the contents of memory
Thus 4310 * 01000011BCD ; location whose address is stored in HL
5 .6 0 Option (A) is correct. ; from the A and store in A
The diagram is as shown in fig 0109H ORI 40H ; 40H OR [A] and store in A
010BH ADD M ; Add the contents of memeory location
; whose address is stored in HL to A
; and store in A
HL contains 0107H and contents of 0107H is 20H
Thus after execution of SUB the data of A is 20H - 20H = 00
5 .6 7 Option (C) is correct.
Before ORI instruction the contents of A is 00H. On execution the
ORI 40H the contents of A will be 40H
f' = BC + BC 00H = 00000000
f = f'A + f'0 = f'A = ABC + ABC 40H = 01000000
ORI 01000000
5 .6 1 Option (C) is correct.
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 126
After ADD instruction the contents of memory location whose ad- multiplexers is required.
dress is stored in HL will be added to and will be stored in A 5 .7 6 Option (D) is correct.
40H + 20 H = 60 H AC + BC = AC1 + BC 1
5 .6 8 Option (C) is correct. = AC (B + B ) + BC (A + A)
A master slave D-flip flop is shown in the figure. = ACB + ACB + BC A + BC A
5 .7 7 Option (D) is correct.
We have f (x, y) = xy + xy + xy = x (y + y) + xy
= x + xy
or f (x, y) = x + y
Here compliments are not available, so to get x we use NOR gate.
In the circuit we can see that output of flip-flop call be triggered Thus desired circuit require 1 unit OR and 1 unit NOR gate giving
only by transition of clock from 1 to 0 or when state of slave latch total cost 2 unit.
is affected.
5 .7 8 Option (D) is correct.
5 .6 9 Option (A) is correct. For 8255, various modes are described as following.
The range of signed decimal numbers that can be represented by Mode 1 : Input or output with hand shake
n - bits 1’s complement number is - (2n - 1 - 1) to + (2n - 1 - 1). In this mode following actions are executed
Thus for n = 6 we have 1. Two port (A & B) function as 8 - bit input output ports.
2. Each port uses three lines from C as a hand shake signal
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
3. Input & output data are latched.
by RK K a nodia
Form (ii) the mode is 1.
N ow in 3 Volum e Mode 2 : Bi-directional data transfer
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store This mode is used to transfer data between two computer. In this
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free mode port A can be configured as bidirectional port. Port A uses
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in five signal from port C as hand shake signal.
For (1), mode is 2
Range =- (26 - 1 - 1) to + (26 - 1 - 1)
5 .7 9 Option (B) is correct.
=- 31 to + 31
LDA 16 bit & Load accumulator directly this instruction copies
5 .7 0 Option (D) is correct. data byte from memory location (specified within the instruction)
The minimum number of bit require to encode 100 increment is the accumulator.
2n $ 100 It takes 4 memory cycle-as following.
or n $7 1. in instruction fetch
5 .7 1 Option (B) is correct. 2. in reading 16 bit address
Shift Register " Serial to parallel data conversion 1. in copying data from memory to accumulator
Counter " Frequency division LXI D, (F0F1) 4 & It copies 16 bit data into register pair D and E.
Decoder " Addressing in memory chips. It takes 3 memory cycles.
5 .7 2 Option (A) is correct. 5 .8 0 Option (A) is correct.
For the TTL family if terminal is floating, then it is at logic 1. LXI H, 9258H ; 9258H " HL
Thus Y = (AB + 1) = AB .0 = 0 MOV A, M ; (9258H) " A
5 .7 3 Option (C) is correct. CMa ; A"A
11001 1001 111001
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
00110 0110 000110
+1 +1 +1 St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
00111 0111 000111 ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
7 7 7
Thus 2’s complement of 11001, 1001 and 111001 is 7. So the number MOV M, A ; A"M
given in the question are 2’s complement correspond to -7. This program complement the data of memory location 9258H.
5 .7 4 Option (C) is correct. 5 .8 1 Option (D) is correct.
In the modulo - 6 ripple counter at the end of sixth pulse (i.e. after MVI A, 00H ; Clear accumulator
101 or at 110) all states must be cleared. Thus when CB is 11 the LOOP ADD B ; Add the contents of B to A
all states must be cleared. The input to 2-input gate is C and B DCR C ; Decrement C
and the desired output should be low since the CLEAR is active low JNZ LOOP ; If C is not zero jump to loop
Thus when C and B are 0, 0, then output must be 0. In all other HLT
case the output must be 1. OR gate can implement this functions. END
This instruction set add the contents of B to accumulator to contents
5 .7 5 Option (C) is correct.
of C times.
Number of MUX is 4 = 2 and 2 = 1. Thus the total number 3
3 2
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 127
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A = 79 H
ADDH (add contain of H to accumulator)
A = 79 H = 0 1111 0 0 1
H = 8AH = add 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
=A= 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
Carry = 1
DAA (Carry Flag is set, so DAA adds 6 to high order four bits)
y = B D + A C D + C AB + CA B 0 1111 0 0 1
so no of prime implicates is 4 DAA add 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
5 .1 4 0 Option (A) is correct. A = 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 63 H
5 .1 4 1 Option (B) is correct. MOV H, A (copy contain of A to H)
For a 2 bit multiplier H = 63 H
B1 B0 PCHL (Load program counter by HL pair)
# A1 A0 PC = 6379 H
A 0 B1 A0 B0 5 .1 4 8 Option (C) is correct.
# A1 B1 A1 B 0 5 .1 4 9 Option (C) is correct.
C3 C2 C1 C0 NMOS In parallel makes OR Gate & in series makes AND so here
This multiplication is identical to AND operation and then addition. we can have
5 .1 4 2 Option (C) is correct. F = A (B + C) + DE
In totem pole stage output resistance will be small so it acts like a we took complement because there is another NMOS given above
output buffer. (works as an inverter)
5 .1 4 3 Option (B) is correct. 5 .1 5 0 Option (D) is correct.
Consider high output state For a J -K flip flop we have characteristic equation as
fan out = IOH max = 400 mA = 20 Q (t + 1) = JQ (t) + KQ (t)
IIH max 20 mA
Q (t) & Q (t + 1) are present & next states.
Consider low output state
In given figure J = Q (t), K = 1 so
fan out = IOL max = 8 mA = 80
IIL max 0.1 mA Q (t + 1) = Q (t) Q (t) + 0Q (t)
Thus fan out is 20 Q (t + 1) = Q (t)[complement of previous state]
5 .1 4 4 Option (A) is correct. we have initial input Q (t) = 0
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 132
UNIT 6
2013 T WO M ARK S
2
(B)
2
At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
^t - 1h2
form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
u ^t - 1h (D) t - 1 u ^t - 1h
2
(C) binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
2 2
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
6 .3 For a periodic signal Click to Buy
v ^ t h = 30 sin 100t + 10 cos 300t + 6 sin ^500t + p/4h, the fundamental
w w w.nodia .c o.in
frequency in rad/s
order differential equation has an exact solution given by y ^ t h for
(A) 100 (B) 300
(C) 500 (D) 1500 t > 0 , when the forcing function is x ^ t h and the initial condition
is y ^0 h. If one wishes to modify the system so that the solution
becomes - 2y ^ t h for t > 0 , we need to
6 .4 A band-limited signal with a maximum frequency of 5 kHz is to
(A) change the initial condition to - y ^0 h and the forcing function
be sampled. According to the sampling theorem, the sampling
to 2x ^ t h
frequency which is not valid is
(A) 5 kHz (B) 12 kHz
(B) change the initial condition to 2y ^0 h and the forcing function
to - x ^ t h
(C) 15 kHz (D) 20 kHz
6 .5 Which one of the following statements is NOT TRUE for a continuous (C) change the initial condition to j 2 y ^0 h and the forcing func-
time causal and stable LTI system? tion to j 2 x ^ t h
(A) All the poles of the system must lie on the left side of the jw (D) change the initial condition to - 2y ^0 h and the forcing function
axis to - 2x ^ t h
(B) Zeros of the system can lie anywhere in the s-plane
6 .1 1 The DFT of a vector 8a b c dB is the vector 8a b g dB . Consider
(C) All the poles must lie within s = 1
the product
(D) All the roots of the characteristic equation must be located on
R V
the left side of the jw axis. Sa b c d W
Sd a b c W
6 .6 Assuming zero initial condition, the response y ^ t h of the system 8p q r sB = 8a b c dBSc d a b W
given below to a unit step input u ^ t h is S W
Sb c d aW
T X
The DFT of the vector 8p q r sB is a scaled version of
(A) 9a2 b2 g2 d2C (B) 9 a b g dC
(C) 8a + b b + d d + g g + aB (D) 8a b g dB
(A) u ^ t h (B) tu ^ t h
(C) t u ^ t h (D) e-t u ^ t h
2 2012 ON E M ARK
2
6 .1 2 The unilateral Laplace transform of f (t) is 2 1 . The unilateral
s +s+1
Let g ^ t h = e- pt , and h ^ t h is a filter matched to g ^ t h. If g ^ t h is Laplace transform of tf (t) is
2
6 .7
applied as input to h ^ t h, then the Fourier transform of the output is (A) - 2 s (B) - 2 2s + 1 2
(s + s + 1) 2 (s + s + 1)
(A) e- pf (B) e- pf /2
2 2
6 .1 3 If x [n] = (1/3) n - (1/2) n u [n], then the region of convergence (ROC) 6 .1 9 A system is defined by its impulse response h (n) = 2n u (n - 2). The
of its z -transform in the z -plane will be system is
(A) 1 < z < 3 (B) 1 < z < 1 (A) stable and causal (B) causal but not stable
3 3 2
(C) stable but not causal (D) unstable and non-causal
(C) 1 < z < 3 (D) 1 < z
2 3 6 .2 0 If the unit step response of a network is (1 - e- at), then its unit
impulse response is
2012 T WO M ARK S (A) ae- at (B) a-1 e- at
6 .1 4 The input x (t) and output y (t) of a system are related as (C) (1 - a-1)e- at (D) (1 - a) e- at
# x (t) cos (3t) dt . The system is
t
y (t) =
-3
2011 T WO M ARK S
(A) time-invariant and stable (B) stable and not time-invari-
ant 6 .2 1 An input x (t) = exp (- 2t) u (t) + d (t - 6) is applied to an LTI system
(C) time-invariant and not stable (D) not time-invariant and not with impulse response h (t) = u (t) . The output is
stable (A) [1 - exp (- 2t)] u (t) + u (t + 6)
(B) [1 - exp (- 2t)] u (t) + u (t - 6)
6 .1 5 The Fourier transform of a signal h (t) is H (jw) = (2 cos w) (sin 2w) /w
. The value of h (0) is (C) 0.5 [1 - exp (- 2t)] u (t) + u (t + 6)
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2 (D) 0.5 [1 - exp (- 2t)] u (t) + u (t - 6)
(C) 1 (D) 2 6 .2 2 Two systems H1 (Z ) and H2 (Z ) are connected in cascade as shown
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion below. The overall output y (n) is the same as the input x (n) with a
one unit delay. The transfer function of the second system H2 (Z ) is
by RK K a nodia
N ow in 3 Volum e
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visit w w w.nodia .c o.in 1 - 0.6z-1 z-1 (1 - 0.6z-1)
(A) (B)
z-1 (1 - 0.4z-1) (1 - 0.4z-1)
Let y [n] denote the convolution of h [n] and g [n], where
z-1 (1 - 0.4z-1)
6 .1 6
1 - 0.4 z-1
h [n] = (1/2) n u [n] and g [n] is a causal sequence. If y [0] = 1 and (C) (D)
(1 - 0.6z-1) z-1 (1 - 0.6z-1)
y [1] = 1/2, then g [1] equals
(A) 0 (B) 1/2 6 .2 3 The first six points of the 8-point DFT of a real valued sequence are
(C) 1 (D) 3/2 5, 1 - j 3, 0, 3 - j 4, 0 and 3 + j 4 . The last two points of the DFT
are respectively
(A) 0, 1 - j 3 (B) 0, 1 + j 3
2011 ON E M ARK
(C) 1 + j3, 5 (D) 1 - j 3, 5
2
6 .1 7 The differential equation 100 ddty - 20 dy
2
dt + y = x (t) describes a system
with an input x (t) and an output y (t). The system, which is initially
relaxed, is excited by a unit step input. The output y ^ t h can be
2010 ON E M ARK
represented by the waveform 6 .2 4 The trigonometric Fourier series for the waveform f (t) shown below
contains
(B) only cosine terms and a positive value for the dc components Which of the above statements are correct ?
(C) only cosine terms and a negative value for the dc components (A) P and S (B) P and R
(D) only sine terms and a negative value for the dc components (C) Q and S (D) Q and R
6 .2 5 Consider the z -transform x (z) = 5z2 + 4z-1 + 3; 0 < z < 3. The 6 .3 2 A function is given by f (t) = sin2 t + cos 2t . Which of the following
inverse z - transform x [n] is is true ?
(A) 5d [n + 2] + 3d [n] + 4d [n - 1] (A) f has frequency components at 0 and 1 Hz
2p
(B) 5d [n - 2] + 3d [n] + 4d [n + 1]
(B) f has frequency components at 0 and 1 Hz
(C) 5u [n + 2] + 3u [n] + 4u [n - 1] p
(D) 5u [n - 2] + 3u [n] + 4u [n + 1] (C) f has frequency components at 1 and 1 Hz
2p p
Two discrete time system with impulse response h1 [n] = d [n - 1]
(D) f has frequency components at 0.1 and 1 Hz
6 .2 6
2009 ON E M ARK
x (t) = sin (t + 1) is in steady state. The output is sampled at a rate 6 .4 4 Let x (t) be the input and y (t) be the output of a continuous time
ws rad/s to obtain the final output {x (k)}. Which of the following system. Match the system properties P1, P2 and P3 with system
is true ? relations R1, R2, R3, R4
(A) y (.) is zero for all sampling frequencies ws Properties Relations
(B) y (.) is nonzero for all sampling frequencies ws P1 : Linear but NOT time - invariant R1 : y (t) = t2 x (t)
P2 : Time - invariant but NOT linear R2 : y (t) = t x (t)
(C) y (.) is nonzero for ws > 2 , but zero for ws < 2
P3 : Linear and time - invariant R3 : y (t) = x (t)
(D) y (.) is zero for ws > 2 , but nonzero for w2 < 2 R4 : y (t) = x (t - 5)
(A) (P1, R1), (P2, R3), (P3, R4)
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion (B) (P1, R2), (P2, R3), (P3, R4)
by RK K a nodia (C) (P1, R3), (P2, R1), (P3, R2)
(D) (P1, R1), (P2, R2), (P3, R3)
N ow in 3 Volum e
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store 6 .4 5 {x (n)} is a real - valued periodic sequence with a period N . x (n)
and X (k) form N-point Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) pairs.
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free N-1
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in The DFT Y (k) of the sequence y (n) = 1 / x (r) x (n + r) is
N r=0
N-1
2008 ON E M ARK (A) X (k) 2 (B) 1 / X (r) X (k + r)
N r=0
The input and output of a continuous time system are respectively N-1
(C) 1 / X (r) X (k + r)
6 .3 9
(D) 0
denoted by x (t) and y (t). Which of the following descriptions N r=0
corresponds to a causal system ?
(A) y (t) = x (t - 2) + x (t + 4) (B) y (t) = (t - 4) x (t + 1)
Statement for Linked Answer Question 6.31 and 6.32:
(C) y (t) = (t + 4) x (t - 1) (D) y (t) = (t + 5) x (t + 5)
In the following network, the switch is closed at t = 0- and the
6 .4 0 The impulse response h (t) of a linear time invariant continuous sampling starts from t = 0 . The sampling frequency is 10 Hz.
time system is described by h (t) = exp (at) u (t) + exp (bt) u (- t)
where u (- t) denotes the unit step function, and a and b are real
constants. This system is stable if
(A) a is positive and b is positive
(B) a is negative and b is negative
(C) a is negative and b is negative
(D) a is negative and b is positive
time system is given by h (t) = exp (- 2t) u (t), where u (t) denotes 3 t=0
(B) d (t) = )
the unit step function. 0 otherwise
1 t=0
(C) d (t) = ) #
3
6 .4 8 The frequency response H (w) of this system in terms of angular and d (t) dt = 1
frequency w, is given by H (w) 0 otherwise -3
3 t=0
(B) sin w (D) d (t) = ) #
3
(A) 1 and d (t) dt = 1
1 + j2w w 0 otherwise -3
` 4j ` 4j
6 .5 2 A 5-point sequence x [n] is given as x [- 3] = 1, x [- 2] = 1, x [- 1] = 0, (A) 1 sin t - p (B) 1 sin t + p
x [0] = 5 and x [1] = 1. Let X (eiw) denoted the discrete-time Fourier 2 2
transform of x [n]. The value of #
p
X (e jw) dw is (C) 1 e-t sin t (D) sin t - cos t
-p 2
(A) 5 (B) 10p
(C) 16p (D) 5 + j10p 2006 T WO M ARK S
It is given that the region of convergence of X (z) includes the unit F (s) = 2 w0 2 Re [s] > 0
s + w0
circle. The value of x [0] is
(A) - 0.5 (B) 0 The final value of f (t) would be
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 0.25 (D) 05
(C) - 1 # f (3) # 1 (D) 3
6 .5 4 A Hilbert transformer is a
(A) non-linear system (B) non-causal system
6 .6 1 A system with input x [n] and output y [n] is given as y [n] = (sin 56 pn) x [n]
. The system is
(C) time-varying system (D) low-pass system
(A) linear, stable and invertible
6 .5 5 The frequency response of a linear, time-invariant system is given by (B) non-linear, stable and non-invertible
H (f) = 1 + j510pf . The step response of the system is (C) linear, stable and non-invertible
(B) 5 61 - e- 5@ u (t)
t
(A) 5 (1 - e-5t) u (t) (D) linear, unstable and invertible
(C) 1 (1 - e-5t) u (t) (D) 1 ^1 - e- 5 h u (t)
t
2 2 2 2 Group 1
(C) 1 , - 1 x (t) (D) - 1 , - 1 x (t) E. Continuous and aperiodic signal
2 2 2 2 F. Continuous and periodic signal
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion G. Discrete and aperiodic signal
by RK K a nodia H. Discrete and periodic signal
Group 2
N ow in 3 Volum e 1. Fourier representation is continuous and aperiodic
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store 2. Fourier representation is discrete and aperiodic
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free 3. Fourier representation is continuous and periodic
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in 4. Fourier representation is discrete and periodic
(A) E - 3, F - 2, G - 4, H-1
(B) E - 1, F - 3, G - 2, H-4
(C) E - 1, F - 2, G - 3, H-4
6 .6 6 The region of convergence of z - transform of the sequence (D) E - 2, F - 1, G - 4, H-3
b 6 l u (n) - b 5 l u (- n - 1) must be
5 n 6 n 6 .7 2 A signal x (n) = sin (w0 n + f) is the input to a linear time- invariant
system having a frequency response H (e jw). If the output of the
(A) z < 5 (B) z > 5 system Ax (n - n0) then the most general form of +H (e jw) will be
6 6
(A) - n0 w0 + b for any arbitrary real
(C) 5 < z < 6 (D) 6 < z < 3
6 5 5 (B) - n0 w0 + 2pk for any arbitrary integer k
6 .6 7 Which of the following can be impulse response of a causal system ? (C) n0 w0 + 2pk for any arbitrary integer k
(D) - n0 w0 f
(C) 4
x ( n2 - 1), For n even
The sequence y (n) = *
(D) 4
3 6 .7 3 will be
0, For n odd
6 .6 9 The power in the signal s (t) = 8 cos (20p - p2 ) + 4 sin (15pt) is
(A) 40
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 139
6 .8 2 Let x (t) and y (t) with Fourier transforms F (f) and Y (f) respectively
be related as shown in Fig. Then Y (f) is
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6 .7 4 The Fourier transform of y (2n) will be w w w.nodia .c o.in
(A) e-j2w [cos 4w + 2 cos 2w + 2] (B) cos 2w + 2 cos w + 2
-jw
(C) e [cos 2w + 2 cos w + 2] (D) e-j2w [cos 2w + 2 cos + 2]
6 .7 5 For a signal x (t) the Fourier transform is X (f). Then the inverse
Fourier transform of X (3f + 2) is given by
(A) 1 x` t j e j3pt (B) 1 x` t j e - 3
j4pt
2 2 3 3
(C) 3x (3t) e-j4pt (D) x (3t + 2)
6 .7 8 The Fourier transform of a conjugate symmetric function is always 6 .8 4 The Fourier series expansion of a real periodic signal with
(A) imaginary (B) conjugate anti-symmetric fundamental frequency f0 is given by gp (t) = /cn e j2pf t . It is given
0
(A) 5 + j3 (B) - 3 - j5
(C) - 5 + j3 (D) 3 - j5
2004 T WO M ARK S
6 .8 5 Let x (t) be the input to a linear, time-invariant system. The required
6 .7 9 Consider the sequence x [n] = [- 4 - j51 + j25]. The conjugate anti-
- output is 4p (t - 2). The transfer function of the system should be
symmetric part of the sequence is
(A) 4e j4pf (B) 2e-j8pf
(A) [- 4 - j2.5, j2, 4 - j2.5] (B) [- j2.5, 1, j2.5]
(C) 4e-j4pf (D) 2e j8pf
(C) [- j2.5, j2, 0] (D) [- 4, 1, 4]
6 .8 6 A sequence x (n) with the z -transform X (z) = z 4 + z2 - 2z + 2 - 3z-4
6 .8 0 A causal LTI system is described by the difference equation
is applied as an input to a linear, time-invariant system with the
2y [n] = ay [n - 2] - 2x [n] + bx [n - 1] impulse response h (n) = 2d (n - 3) where
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 140
1, n = 0
d (n) = ) (A) e f u (f) (B) e-f u (f)
0, otherwise
The output at n = 4 is (C) e f u (- f) (D) e-f u (- f)
(A) - 6 (B) zero 6 .9 3 A linear phase channel with phase delay Tp and group delay Tg must
(C) 2 (D) - 4 have
(A) Tp = Tg = constant
2003 T WO M ARK S (B) Tp \ f and Tg \ f
(C) Tp = constant and Tg \ f ( f denote frequency)
6 .8 7 Let P be linearity, Q be time-invariance, R be causality and S be
stability. A discrete time system has the input-output relationship, (D) Tp \ f and Tp = constant
x (n) n$1
y (n) = *0, n=0 2002 T WO M ARK S
x (n + 1) n # - 1 6 .9 4 The Laplace transform of continuous - time signal x (t) is X (s) = 5-s
s2 - s - 2
where x (n) is the input and y (n) is the output. The above system . If the Fourier transform of this signal exists, the x (t) is
has the properties (A) e2t u (t) - 2e-t u (t) (B) - e2t u (- t) + 2e-t u (t)
(A) P, S but not Q, R (C) - e2t u (- t) - 2e-t u (t) (D) e2t u (- t) - 2e-t u (t)
(B) P, Q, S but not R
6 .9 5 If the impulse response of discrete - time system is
(C) P, Q, R, S h [n] =- 5n u [- n - 1],
then the system function H (z) is equal to
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
(A) - z and the system is stable
by RK K a nodia z-5
N ow in 3 Volum e (B) z and the system is stable
z-5
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store
(C) - z and the system is unstable
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free z-5
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in (D) z and the system is unstable
z-5
(D) Q, R, S but not P
2001 ON E M ARK
1 6 .1 0 0 The impulse response functions of four linear systems S1, S2, S3, S4
6 .9 2 The Fourier transform F {e-1 u (t)} is equal to . Therefore,
1 + j2pf are given respectively by
F'
1 + j2pt 1
1 is
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 141
2000 ON E M ARK
s+3 s+3 angular frequency. The phase delay and group delay at w = w0 are
(C) s2 + 1 + s+2 (D) None of the above
respectively given by
(s + 3)( s + 2) s2 + 1
SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
The Fourier Transform of the signal x (t) = e-3t is of the following
2
6 .1 0 2
form, where A and B are constants : At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
(A) Ae-B f (B) Ae-Bf
2
form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
(C) A + B f 2 (D) Ae-Bf binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
6 .1 0 3 A system with an input x (t) and output y (t) is described by the Click to Buy
relations : y (t) = tx (t). This system is
(A) linear and time - invariant w w w.nodia .c o.in
(B) linear and time varying
(C) non - linear and time - invariant f (w0) df (w) d2 f (w0)
(A) - , - (B) f (wo), -
(D) non - linear and time - varying w0 dw w = w 0 dw2 w = wo
df (w)
(C) wo , -
wo
6 .1 0 4 A linear time invariant system has an impulse response e2t, t > 0 . If f (wo) d (w) w = w
(D) wo f (wo), #
-3
f (l)
the initial conditions are zero and the input is e3t , the output for o
t > 0 is
1999 ON E M ARK
(A) e3t - e2t
(B) e5t 6 .1 0 8 The z -transform F (z) of the function f (nT) = anT is
(C) e3t + e2t (A) z T (B) z T
z-a z+a
(D) None of these z z
(C) (D)
z - a-T z + a-T
6 .1 0 9 If [f (t)] = F (s), then [f (t - T)] is equal to
2000 T WO M ARK S
(A) esT F (s) (B) e-sT F (s)
6 .1 0 5 One period (0, T) each of two periodic waveforms W1 and W2 are shown F (s) F (s)
in the figure. The magnitudes of the nth Fourier series coefficients of (C) (D)
1-e sT
1 - e-sT
W1 and W2 , for n $ 1, n odd, are respectively proportional to
6 .1 1 0 A signal x (t) has a Fourier transform X (w). If x (t) is a real and odd
function of t , then X (w) is
(A) a real and even function of w
(B) a imaginary and odd function of w
(C) an imaginary and even function of w
(D) a real and odd function of w
(C) n-1 and n-2 6 .1 1 1 The Fourier series representation of an impulse train denoted by
(D) n-4 and n-2 3
s (t) = / d (t - nT0) is given by
n =- 3
Let u (t) be the step function. Which of the waveforms in the figure 3 j2pnt 3 jpnt
(A) 1 / exp - (B) 1 / exp -
6 .1 0 6
(A) z - 1 (B) z
z z-1 For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
z (z - 1) 2 St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
(C) (D)
(z - 1) 2 z
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
6 .1 1 8 A distorted sinusoid has the amplitudes A1, A2, A 3, .... of the
fundamental, second harmonic, third harmonic,..... respectively. The
total harmonic distortion is
(A) A2 + A 3 + .... (B) A 2 + A 3 + .....
2 2
A1 A1
c m
(C) A 22 + A 32 + ..... (D) A 22 + A 32 + .....
A 12 + A 22 + A 32 + .... A1
6 .1 1 9 The Fourier transform of a function x (t) is X (f). The Fourier
dX (t)
transform of will be
df
dX (f)
(A) (B) j2pfX (f)
df
X (f)
(C) jfX (f) (D)
jf
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 143
= G * ^ f h G ^ f h exp ^- j2pfT h ordinary, first order differential equation with forcing function x ^ t h
= G ^ f h 2 exp ^- j2pfT h is y ^ t h so, we can define a function relating x ^ t h and y ^ t h as below
T is duration of g ^ t h
P + Qy + K = x ^ t h
dy
Assume exp ^- j2pfT h = 1 dt
So, G0 ^ f h = G_ f i 2 where P , Q , K are constant. Taking the Laplace transform both
Since, the given Gaussian function is
g ^ t h = e- pt
2 the sides, we get
Fourier transform of this signal will be P sY ^s h - Py ^0 h + Q Y ^s h = X ^s h ....(1)
g ^ t h = e- pt e- pf = G ^ f h Now, the solutions becomes
2 f 2
- 2PSY ^s h - P y1 ^0 h - 2QY1 ^s h = X1 ^s h
Given, the impulse response of continuous time system
h ^ t h = d ^t - 1h + d ^t - 3h or, ....(2)
From the convolution property, we know Comparing Eq. (1) and (2), we conclude that
x ^ t h * d ^t - t 0h = x ^t - t 0h X1 ^s h =- 2X ^s h
So, for the input y1 ^0 h =- 2y ^0 h
x ^ t h = u ^ t h (Unit step fun n ) Which makes the two equations to be same. Hence, we require to
The output of the system is obtained as change the initial condition to - 2y ^0 h and the forcing equation to
- 2x ^ t h
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion 6 .1 1 Option (A) is correct.
by RK K a nodia Given, the DFT of vector 8a b c dB as
N ow in 3 Volum e D.F.T. %8a b c dB/ = 8a b g dB
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store Also, we have
R V
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free Sa b c d W
Sd a b c W
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in 8p q r sB = 8a b c dBSc d a b W ...(1)
S W
Sb c d aW
y^t h = u^t h * h^t h T X
For matrix circular convolution, we know
= u ^ t h * 6d ^t - 1h + d ^t - 3h@ Rh h h VRx V
S 0 2 1WS 0W
x 6n@ * h 6n@ = Sh1 h 0 h2WSx1W
= u ^t - 1h + u ^t - 3h SSh h h WWSSx WW
2 1 0 1
at t = 2
where "x 0, x1, x2, are three point signals for x 6n@ and similarly for
T XT X
y ^2 h = u ^2 - 1h + u ^2 - 3h
h 6n@, h 0 , h1 and h2 are three point signals. Comparing this trans-
=1
formation to Eq(1), we get
6 .9 Option (B) is correct. R VT
Given, the differential equation Sa d c W
Sb a d W
6p q r s@ = Sc b aW 8a b c dB
2 + 5 dt + 6y ^ t h = x ^ t h
d2y dy
dt S W
Sd c b W
= 6a b c d @T * 6a b c d @T
Taking its Laplace transform with zero initial conditions, we have T X
s2 Y ^s h + 5sY ^s h + 6Y ^s h = X ^s h
....(1)
Now, the input signal is For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
1 0<t<2
x^t h = *
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
0 otherwise ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
i.e., x ^ t h = u ^ t h - u ^t - 2h
R V R V
Taking its Laplace transform, we obtain Sa W Sa W
X ^s h = 1 - e
-2s Sb W Sb W
s s =S W * S W
-2s Sc W Sc W
= 1-e Sd W Sd W
s T X T X
Substituting it in equation (1), we get Now, we know that
X ^s h x1 6n@ * x2 6n@ = X1DFT 6k @ X2, DFT 6k @
Y ^s h = 2 = 21 - e
2s
s + 5s + 6 s ^s + 5s + 6h So,
R V R V R V R V
1 - e-2s Sa W Sa W SaW SaW
s ^s + 2h^s + 3h
=
Sb W Sb W SbW SbW
Sc W * Sc W = SgW * Sg W
6 .1 0 Option (D) is correct. S W S W S W S W
The solution of a system described by a linear, constant coefficient, Sd W Sd W Sd W Sd W
T X T X T X T X
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 145
= 9a2 b 2 g2 d 2C
6 .1 2 Option (D) is correct.
Using s -domain differentiation property of Laplace transform.
L
If f (t) F (s)
L dF (s)
tf (t) -
ds
L [tf (t)] = - d ; 2 1 2s + 1 So, inverse Fourier transform of H (jw)
ds s + s + 1E (s2 + s + 1) 2
So, =
h (t) = h1 (t) + h2 (t)
6 .1 3 Option (C) is correct. h (0) = h1 (0) + h2 (0) = 1 + 1 = 1
2 2
x [ n] = b 1 l - b 1 l u [ n ]
n n
We have h1 [n] = d [n - 1] or H1 [Z ] = Z - 1
6 .2 1 Option (D) is correct.
and h 2 [n] = d [n - 2] or H2 (Z ) = Z - 2
We have x (t) = exp (- 2t) m (t) + s (t - 6) and h (t) = u (t)
Response of cascaded system
Taking Laplace Transform we get
H (z ) = H1 (z ) : H2 (z )
X (s) = b 1 + e-6s l and H (s) = 1
s+2 s = z :z-1 -2
=z-3
Y (s) 2 (s + 2) 2 (s + 2)
and An = 2 # x (t) cos nwt dt H (s) = = =
T0 T
0
X (s) s 2 + 4s + 3 (s + 3) (s + 1)
Bn = 2 # x (t) sin nwt dt Input x (t) = e-2t u (t)
T0 T
X (s) = 1
0
of cosine terms is
For N = 4 , X [k ] = / x [ n] e -j2pnk/4
k = 0, 1,... 3
n=0
3
w = 2 = 2pf " f = 1 Hz
p Now X [0] = / x [ n]
n=0
The given function has frequency component at 0 and 1 Hz. = x [0] + x [1] + x [2] + x [3]
p
6 .3 3 Option (A) is correct. = 1+0+2+3 = 6
3
x [n] = b 1 l u (n) - b 1 l u (- n - 1) / x [ n] e
n n
-jpn/2
x [1] =
3 2 n=0
Taking z transform we have = x [0] + x [1] e-jp/2 + x [2] e-jp + x [3] e-jp3/2
n=3 n =- 1
= 1 + 0 - 2 + j3 =- 1 + j3
/ b 13 l z-n - / b2l z
n
X (z) = 1 n -n
3
n=0
n=3
n =- 3
n =- 1 X [2] = / x [ n] e -jpn
= / b 1 z-1 l - / b 1 z-1 l
n n
n=0
3 2
n=0 n =- 3 = x [0] + x [1] e-jp + x [2] e-j2p + x [3] e-jp3
1 z-1 < 1 " 1< z
First term gives
3 3 = 1+0+2-3 = 0
3
2 n=0
# #
t L
f (t) dt + f (t) dt Option (C) is correct.
-3 s s -3 6 .3 9
The output of causal system depends only on present and past states
Here function is defined for 0 < t < t , Thus
only.
F (s)
#
t L
f (t) In option (A) y (0) depends on x (- 2) and x (4).
0 s
In option (B) y (0) depends on x (1).
6 .3 5 Option (A) is correct. In option (C) y (0) depends on x (- 1).
We have h (2) = 1, h (3) =- 1 otherwise h (k) = 0 . The diagram of In option (D) y (0) depends on x (5).
response is as follows : Thus only in option (C) the value of y (t) at t = 0 depends on x (- 1)
past value. In all other option present value depends on future value.
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 148
6 .4 0 Option (D) is correct. The y (t) = t x (t) is not linear, thus option (B) is wrong and (a) is
We have h (t) = eat u (t) + e bt u (- t) correct. We can see that
This system is stable only when bounded input has bounded out- R1: y (t) = t2 x (t) Linear and time variant.
R2: y (t) = t x (t) Non linear and time variant.
put For stability at < 0 for t > 0 that implies a < 0 and bt > 0
R3: y (t) = x (t) Non linear and time invariant
for t > 0 that implies b > 0 . Thus, a is negative and b is positive.
R4: y (t) = x (t - 5) Linear and time invariant
6 .4 1 Option (C) is correct. 6 .4 5 Option (A) is correct.
K (s + 1)
G (s) = , and R (s) = 1 N-1
(s + 2)( s + 4) s Given : y (n) = 1
N
/x (r) x (n + r)
K (s + 1) r=0
C (s) = G (s) R (s) = It is Auto correlation.
s (s + 2)( s + 4)
DFT
Hence y (n) = rxx (n) X (k) 2
= K + K - 3K
8s 4 (s + 2) 8 (s + 4) 6 .4 6 Option (B) is correct.
Thus c (t) = K :1 + 1 e-2t - 3 e-4tD u (t) Current through resistor (i.e. capacitor) is
8 4 8
I = I (0+) e-t/RC
At steady-state , c (3) = 1
K = 1 or K = 8 Here, I (0+) = V = 5 = 25mA
Thus R 200k
8
8 (s + 1) RC = 200k # 10m = 2 sec
Then, G (s) = = 12 - 4 I = 25e- m A
t
(s + 2)( s + 4) (s + 4) (s + 2) 2
= VR # R = 5e- V
t
2
2 2
u (t) - u (- t) Y (w)
uo (t) = =
x (t) or = e-jwt [0.5e jwT + 1 + 0.5e-jwT ]
d
2 2 X (w)
= e-jwt [0.5 (e jwT + e-jwT ) + 1]
d
Here
6
Y (w)
1 or H (w) = = e-jwt (cos wT + 1)
ROC : R1 " z > 5
d
X1 (z) =
1 - ^ 65 z-1h
X (w)
6
6 .7 1 Option (C) is correct.
x2 (n) =-` 6 jn u (- n - 1) For continuous and aperiodic signal Fourier representation is
5
1 continuous and aperiodic.
X1 (z) = 1 - ROC : R2 " z < 6
1 - ^ 65 z-1h 5 For continuous and periodic signal Fourier representation is discrete
and aperiodic.
Thus ROC of x1 (n) + x2 (n) is R1 + R2 which is 5 < z < 6
6 5 For discrete and aperiodic signal Fourier representation is continuous
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion and periodic.
For discrete and periodic signal Fourier representation is discrete
by RK K a nodia and periodic.
N ow in 3 Volum e
6 .7 2 Option (B) is correct.
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store
y (n) = Ax (n - no)
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free Taking Fourier transform
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in Y (e jw) = Ae-jw n X (e jw) o o
Y (e jw)
6 .6 7 Option (D) is correct. or H (e jw) = = Ae-jw n o o
For causal system h (t) = 0 for t # 0 . Only (D) satisfy this condition. X (e jw)
Thus +H (e jw) =- wo no
6 .6 8 Option (D) is correct.
For LTI discrete time system phase and frequency of H (e jw) are
x (n) = b 1 l u (n)
n
2
6 .7 3 Option (A) is correct.
y (n) = ;b 1 l E u (n) = b 1 l u (n)
2 n n
or ...(1) From x (n) = [ 12 , 1, 2, 1, 1, 12 ]
2 4
n=3 n=3 y (n) = x ^ n2 - 1h, n even
/ y (n) e-jwn / b 14 l e-jwn
n
Y (e jw) = =
n =- 3 n=0 = 0 , for n odd
n=3 n
n =- 2 , y (- 2) = x ( -22 - 1) = x (- 2) = 12
/ ` 14 j = 1 +b1l +b1l+b1l +b1l
1 3 4
or Y (e j0) =
n=0
4 4 4 4 n =- 1, y (- 1) = 0
1 n = 0, y (0) = x ( 20 - 1) = x (- 1) = 1
or Y (e j0) = =4
1- 1
4
3 n = 1, y (1) = 0
Alternative : For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
Taking z transform of (1) we get St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
Y (z) = 1
1 - 14 z-1 ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
Substituting z = e jw we have
n=2 y (2) = x ( 22 - 1) = x (0) = 2
Y (e jw) = 1
1 - 14 e-jw n = 3, y (3) =0
Y (e j0) = 1 1 = 4 n=4 y (4) = x ( 24 - 1) = x (1) = 1
1- 4 3
n = 5, y (5) =0
6 .6 9 Option (A) is correct. n=6 y (6) = x ( 26 - 1) = x (2) = 12
s (t) = 8 cos ` p - 20pt j + 4 sin 15pt Hence y (n)
2
= 8 sin 20pt + 4 sin 15pt = 1 d (n + 2) + d (n) + 2d (n - 2) + d (n - 4) + 1 d (n - 6)
2 2
Here A1 = 8 and A2 = 4 . Thus power is 6 .7 4 Option (C) is correct.
2 2 2 2 Here y (n) is scaled and shifted version of x (n) and again y (2n) is
P = A1 + A2 = 8 + 4 = 40
2 2 2 2 scaled version of y (n) giving
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 151
3 6
= / x (n - k) h (k) = / x (n - k) h (k)
Thus / h (n) = /
n =- 3
h (n)
or
k =- 3 k =- 2
y (n) = x (n + 2) h (- 2) + x (n + 1) h (- 1)
n =- 3
causal.
= 4 2 6e j @ - 2 2 6e j @
p p p p
(n + 2) (n - 2) (n + 1) (n - 1)
6 .7 7 Option (D) is correct. 4
+ ej 4 4
+ ej 4
We know that 4 2 2 2 4 4
p p
1 - az-1
y (n) =- 4e j n
r
or 4
Now H (0) = 1
e-j2pf (- 1) 1 X b l = e X b l
j2pf
F f f
Thus x [2 (t + 1)] H (f1)
2 2 2 2 1
= $ 0.95
j2p f H (0) 1 + 4p2 f12 R2 C2
Xc m
f
-e
F
- x [2 (t + 1)]
2 2
or 1 + 4p2 f12 R2 C2 # 1.108
6 .8 3 Option (C) is correct.
or 4p2 f12 R2 C2 # 0.108
From the Final value theorem we have
or 2pf1 RC # 0.329
lim i (t) = lim sI (s) = lim s 2 = lim 2 =2
t"3 s"0 s"0 s (1 + s) s " 0 (1 + s) or f1 # 0.329
2pRC
6 .8 4 Option (D) is correct.
or f1 # 0.329
Here C3 = 3 + j5 2pRC
For real periodic signal or f1 # 0.329
2p1k # 1m
C-k = Ck*
or f1 # 52.2 Hz
Thus C-3 = Ck = 3 - j5
Thus f1 max = 52.2 Hz
6 .8 5 Option (C) is correct.
6 .8 9 Option (A) is correct.
y (t) = 4x (t - 2)
H (w) = 1
Taking Fourier transform we get 1 + jwRC
Y (e j2pf ) = 4e-j2pf2 X (e j2pf ) Time Shifting property q (w) =- tan-1 wRC
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion dq (w) RC
tg =- =
by RK K a nodia dw 1 + w2 R2 C2
= 10-3 = 0.717 ms
N ow in 3 Volum e 1 + 4p # 10 4 # 10-6
2
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store 6 .9 0 Option (C) is correct.
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free If x (t)* h (t) = g (t)
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in Then x (t - t1)* h (t - t2) = y (t - t1 - t2)
Y (e j2pf ) Thus x (t + 5)* d (t - 7) = x (t + 5 - 7) = x (t - 2)
or = 4e-4jpf
X (e j2pf ) 6 .9 1 Option (B) is correct.
Thus H (e j2pf ) = 4e-4jpf In option (B) the given function is not periodic and does not satisfy
Dirichlet condition. So it cant be expansion in Fourier series.
6 .8 6 Option (B) is correct.
x (t) = 2 cos pt + 7 cos t
We have h (n) = 3d (n - 3)
or H (z) = 2z-3 Taking z transform T1 = 2p = 2
w
-4
X (z) = z + z - 2z + 2 - 3z
4 2
T2 = 2p = 2p
Now Y (z) = H (z) X (z) 1
T1 = 1 = irrational
= 2z-3 (z 4 + z2 - 2z + 2 - 3z-4)
T2 p
= 2 (z + z-1 - 2z-2 + 2z-3 - 3z-7)
6 .9 2 Option (C) is correct.
Taking inverse z transform we have
From the duality property of fourier transform we have
y (n) = 2[ d (n + 1) + d (n - 1) - 2d (n - 2) FT
If x (t) X (f)
+ 2d (n - 3) - 3d (n - 7)] FT
Then X (t) x (- f)
At n = 4 , y (4) = 0
6 .8 7 Option (A) is correct.
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
System is non causal because output depends on future value St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
For n # 1 y (- 1) = x (- 1 + 1) = x (0) ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
y (n - n0) = x (n - n0 + 1) Time varying
y (n) = x (n + 1) Depends on Future 1
e-t u (t)
FT
Therefore if
i.e. y (1) = x (2) None causal 1 + j2pf
For bounded input, system has bounded output. So it is stable. Then 1 FT
e f u (- f)
1 + j2pt
y (n) = x (n) for n $ 1
6 .9 3 Option (A) is correct.
= 0 for n = 0
q (w) =- wt0
= x (x + 1) for n #- 1
- q (w)
So system is linear. tp = = t0
w
6 .8 8 Option (C) is correct. dq (w)
and tg =- = t0
The frequency response of RC-LPF is dw
H (f) = 1 Thus tp = tg = t0 = constant
1 + j2pfRC
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 153
#
3
6 .9 4 Option (*) is correct. E = [f (t)] 2 dt
X (s) = 2 5 - s = 5-s = -2 + 1
-3
e-at
2 FT
1 Thus a
= 12 # 1 a
s (s - 2)
2
s s-2
6 .1 0 3 Option (B) is correct.
1 # 1 L
(t * e2t) u (t) Let x (t) = ax1 (t) + bx2 (t)
s 2 s - 2
ay1 (t) = atx1 (t)
Here we have used property that convolution in time domain is
by2 (t) = btx2 (t)
multiplication in s - domain
LT Adding above both equation we have
X1 (s) X2 (s) x1 (t)* x2 (t)
ay1 (t) + by2 (t) = atx1 (t) + btx2 (t)
6 .9 7 Option (A) is correct.
= t [ax1 (t) + bx2 (t)]
We have h (n) = u (n)
3 3 3
= tx (t)
H (z) = / x (n) .z -n
= / 1. z -n
= / (z -1 n
) or ay1 (t) + by2 (t) = y (t) Thus system is linear
n =- 3 n=0 n=0
If input is delayed then we have
H (z) is convergent if
3 yd (d) = tx (t - t0)
/ (z-1) n < 3 If output is delayed then we have
n=0
and this is possible when z-1 < 1. Thus ROC is z-1 < 1 or y (t - t0) = (t - t0) x (t - t0)
z >1 which is not equal. Thus system is time varying.
6 .9 8 Option (A) is correct. 6 .1 0 4 Option (A) is correct.
# d (t) = 1 1
3 LS
We know that d (t) x (t) = x (0) d (t) and We have h (t) = e2t H (s) =
-3 s-2
Let x (t) = cos ( 23 t), then x (0) = 1 X (s) = 1
LS
and x (t) = e3t
s-3
# d (t) x (t) = # x (0) d (t) dt # d (t) dt = 1
3 3 3
Now = Now output is Y (s) = H (s) X (s)
-3 -3 -3
= 1 # 1 = 1 - 1
6 .9 9 Option (B) is correct. s-2 s-3 s-3 s-2
Let E be the energy of f (t) and E1 be the energy of f (2t), then Thus y (t) = e3t - e2t
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 154
...(i) = lim
T 2
0 z"1 4z-2 (z - 1) 2
1 -3 (z - 1) (z + 1) (z2 + 1) (z - 1)
Thus Cnsq \
n = lim z
z"1 4 (z - 1) 2
If we integrate square wave, triangular wave will be obtained, -3
= lim z (z + 1) (z2 + 1) = 1
z"1 4
Hence Cntri \ 12
n 6 .1 1 3 Option (A) is correct.
6 .1 0 6 Option (B) is correct. w
We have F (s) =
u (t) - u (t - 1) = f (t)
L
F (s) = 1 [1 - e-s] s2 + w2
s lim f (t) final value theorem states that:
t"3
G (s) = 1 [1 - e-2s] lim f (t) = lim sF (s)
L
u (t) - u (t - 2) = g (t)
s t"3 s"0
f (t)* g (t)
L
F (s) G (s) It must be noted that final value theorem can be applied only if
poles lies in –ve half of s -plane.
= 12 [1 - e-s] [1 - e-2s] Here poles are on imaginary axis (s1, s2 = ! jw) so can not apply
s
final value theorem. so lim f (t) cannot be determined.
= 12 [1 - e-2s - e-s + e-3s] t"3
s 6 .1 1 4 Option (D) is correct.
Trigonometric Fourier series of a function x (t) is expressed as :
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion 3
x (t) = A 0 + / [An cos nwt + Bn sin nwt]
by RK K a nodia n=1
/ b az l
3 3 3 T n
F (z) = / anT z-n = / (aT ) n z-n =
n =- 3 n =- 3 n=0 For x (t) fourier series expression can be written as
= z T
z-a x (t) = A 0 +
3
/ [An cos nwt + Bn sin nwt]
n=1
6 .1 0 9 Option (B) is correct.
If L [f (t)] = F (s)
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
Applying time shifting property we can write
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
L [f (t - T)] = e-sT F (s) ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
6 .1 1 0 Option (A) is correct. where dc term
A 0 = 1 # x (t) dt = 1 # x (t) dt
T /2 0
6 .1 1 1 Option (A) is correct. T0 T T0 -T /2
0 0
Given z transform T0 -T /2 0 -T 1 1
C (z) =
z-1 (1 - z-4) = 1 60 + 2T1 + 0@
4 (1 - z-1) 2 T0
Applying final value theorem A 0 = 2T1
T0
lim f (n) = lim (z - 1) f (z)
n"3 z"1 6 .1 1 6 Option (B) is correct.
-1 -4
z (1 - z ) The unit impulse response of a LTI system is u (t)
lim (z - 1) F (z) = lim (z - 1)
z"1 z"1 4 (1 - z-1) 2 Let h (t) = u (t)
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 155
k=0 n =- 3 k = 0
Since d (n - k) defined only for n = k so
3
X (z) = / z-k = 1 = z
k=0 (1 - 1/z) (z - 1) SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
6 .1 1 8 Option (B) is correct. At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
6 .1 1 9 Option (B) is correct. form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
x (t) X (f)
F binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
by differentiation property;
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F;
dt E
dx (t)
= jwX (w)
w w w.nodia .c o.in
F;
dt E
dx (t)
or = j2pfX (f)
UNIT 7 approximate value of Ka that will reduce the time constant of the
closed loop system by one hundred times as compared to that of the
open-loop system is
CON T ROL SYST EM S
below. The signal flow graph for a system is given below. The transfer
Y ^s h
7 .3
U ^s h
function for this system is
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion (A) s+1 (B) s+1
5s2 + 6s + 2 s 2 + 6s + 2
by RK K a nodia
(C) 2 s + 1 (D) 2 1
N ow in 3 Volum e s + 4s + 2 5s + 6s + 2
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free Statement for Linked Answer Questions 4 and 5:
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in The state diagram of a system is shown below. A system is
o = AX + Bu ;
described by the state-variable equations X
y = CX + Du
2012 T WO M ARK S
2011 T WO M ARK S
7 .1 1 The block diagram of a system with one input u and two outputs y1
(A) K = 2 and a = 0.75 (B) K = 3 and a = 0.75 and y2 is given below.
(C) K = 4 and a = 0.5 (D) K = 2 and a = 0.5
7 .9 The root locus plot for a system is given below. The open loop
transfer function corresponding to this plot is given by
s (s + 1)
(A) G ^s h H ^s h = k A state space model of the above system in terms of the state vec-
(s + 2) (s + 3)
tor x and the output vector y = [y1 y2]T is
(s + 1)
(B) G ^s h H ^s h = k (A) xo = [2] x + [1] u ; y = [1 2] x
s (s + 2) (s + 3) 2
(B) xo = [- 2] x + [1] u; y = > H x
1
(C) G ^s h H ^s h = k 1
2
s (s - 1) (s + 2) (s + 3)
-2 0
(C) xo = > H x + > H u ; y = 81 2B x
(s + 1) 1
(D) G ^s h H ^s h = k 0 -2 1
s (s + 2) (s + 3)
(D) xo = > H x + > H u ; y = > H x
7 .1 0 For the transfer function G (jw) = 5 + jw , the corresponding Nyquist 2 0 1 1
plot for positive frequency has the form 0 2 1 2
7 .1 2 The gain margin of the system under closed loop unity negative
feedback is
(A) 10s + 1 (B) 100s + 1
(A) 0 dB (B) 20 dB 0. 1 s + 1 0. 1 s + 1
(C) 26 dB (D) 46 dB (C) 100s (D) 0.1s + 1
10s + 1 10s + 1
7 .1 3 The signal flow graph that DOES NOT model the plant transfer
function H (s) is
2010 T WO M ARK S
7 .1 7 A unity negative feedback closed loop system has a plant with the
transfer function G (s) = 2 1 and a controller Gc (s) in the
s + 2s + 2
feed forward path. For a unit set input, the transfer function of the
controller that gives minimum steady state error is
(A) Gc (s) = s + 1 (B) Gc (s) = s + 2
s+2 s+1
(s + 1) (s + 4)
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion (C) Gc (s) = (D) Gc (s) = 1 + 2 + 3s
(s + 2) (s + 3) s
by RK K a nodia
N ow in 3 Volum e Common Data For Q. 7.10 & 7.11 :
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store The signal flow graph of a system is shown below:
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(C) 2 (D) 2 7 .2 0 The magnitude plot of a rational transfer function G (s) with real
s+1 s+3
coefficients is shown below. Which of the following compensators
Y (s)
7 .1 5 A system with transfer function = s has an output has such a magnitude plot ?
p X (s) s + p
y (t) = cos a2t - k
3
for the input signal x (t) = p cos a2t - p k. Then, the system param-
2
eter p is
(A) 3 (B) 2/ 3
(C) 1 (D) 3 /2
7 .1 6 For the asymptotic Bode magnitude plot shown below, the system (A) Lead compensator (B) Lag compensator
transfer function can be
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 159
2009 T WO M ARK S
s + 2s + 2
are shown below. The root locus for negative values of k , i.e. for
SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
- 3 < k < 0 , has breakaway/break-in points and angle of depar-
ture at pole P (with respect to the positive real axis) equal to At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
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2008 T WO M ARK S
(A) P - 3, Q - 1, R - 4, S - 2 (B) P - 3, Q - 2, R - 4, S - 1
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion (C) P - 2, Q - 1, R - 4, S - 2 (D) P - 3, Q - 4, R - 1, S - 2
by RK K a nodia
7 .2 9 A signal flow graph of a system is given below
N ow in 3 Volum e
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7 .3 3 Group I gives two possible choices for the impedance Z in the diagram.
The gain K for which s = 1 + j1 will lie on the root locus of this
The circuit elements in Z satisfy the conditions R2 C2 > R1 C1. The
SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
transfer functions V0 represents a kind of controller.
Vi At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
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Match the impedances in Group I with the type of controllers in
Group II system is
(A) 4 (B) 5.5
(C) 6.5 (D) 10
(A) Q - 1, R - 2 (B) Q - 1, R - 3
(C) Q - 2, R - 3 (D) Q - 3, R - 2
2007 ON E M ARK
(A) 10 (B) 1
s2 + 11s + 11 s2 + 11s + 11
(C) 2 10s + 10 (D) 2 1
(A) KP = 100, KD = 0.09 (B) KP = 100, KD = 0.9 s + 11s + 11 s + s + 11
(C) KP = 10, KD = 0.09 (D) KP = 10, KD = 0.9
7 .3 6 The transfer function of a plant is Statement for linked Answer Question 8.33 & 8.34 :
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 162
Consider a linear system whose state space representation is 7 .4 7 The transfer function of a phase lead compensator is given by
x (t) = Ax (t). If the initial state vector of the system is x (0) = = G,
1 Gc (s) = 1 + 3Ts where T > 0 The maximum phase shift provide by
- 2 1 + Ts
e-2x such a compensator is
then the system response is x (t) = > H. If the itial state vector (A) p (B) p
- 2e-2t 2 3
of the system changes to x (0) = = G, then the system response
1
-2 (C) p (D) p
e-t
becomes x (t) = > -tH
4 6
-e
7 .4 8 A linear system is described by the following state equation
(C) =
- 1 - 1G
(D) =
- 2 - 3G
2 1 0 1 Statement for Linked Answer Questions 7.41 & 7.42 :
Consider a unity - gain feedback control system whose open - loop
transfer function is : G (s) = as + 1
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion s2
by RK K a nodia 7 .4 9 The value of a so that the system has a phase - margin equal to p
4
is approximately equal to
N ow in 3 Volum e (A) 2.40 (B) 1.40
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store (C) 0.84 (D) 0.74
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in 7 .5 0 With the value of a set for a phase - margin of p , the value of unit
4
- impulse response of the open - loop system at t = 1 second is equal
2006 ON E M ARK to
(A) 3.40 (B) 2.40
7 .4 3 The open-loop function of a unity-gain feedback control system is
given by (C) 1.84 (D) 1.74
G (s) = K
(s + 1)( s + 2)
2005 ON E M ARK
The gain margin of the system in dB is given by
(A) 0 (B) 1 7 .5 1 A linear system is equivalently represented by two sets of state
equations :
(C) 20 (D) 3
Xo = AX + BU and Wo = CW + DU
The eigenvalues of the representations are also computed as [l]
2006 T WO M ARK S
and [m]. Which one of the following statements is true ?
7 .4 4 Consider two transfer functions G1 (s) = 2 1 and (A) [l] = [m] and X = W (B) [l] = [m] and X ! W
s s + as + b (C) [l] ! [m] and X = W (D) [l] = [m] and X ! W
G2 (s) = 2 .
s + as + b
The 3-dB bandwidths of their frequency responses are, respectively 7 .5 2 Which one of the following polar diagrams corresponds to a lag
(A) a2 - 4b , a2 + 4b (B) a2 + 4b , a2 - 4b
(C) a2 - 4b , a2 - 4b (D) a2 + 4b , a2 + 4b
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
7 .4 5 The Nyquist plot of G (jw) H (jw)for a closed loop control system,
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
passes through (- 1, j0) point in the GH plane. The gain margin of
the system in dB is equal to network ?
(A) infinite (B) greater than zero
(C) less than zero (D) zero
2005 T WO M ARK S
7 .6 1 The gain margin for the system with open-loop transfer function
7 .5 6 A ramp input applied to an unity feedback system results in 5%
2 (1 + s)
steady state error. The type number and zero frequency gain of the G (s) H (s) = , is
system are respectively s2
(A) 3 (B) 0
(A) 1 and 20 (B) 0 and 20
(C) 1 (D) - 3
(C) 0 and 1 (D) 1 and 1
20 20
7 .6 2 Given G (s) H (s) = K .The point of intersection of the
7 .5 7 A double integrator plant G (s) = K/s2, H (s) = 1 is to be compensated s (s + 1)( s + 3)
asymptotes of the root loci with the real axis is
to achieve the damping ratio z = 0.5 and an undamped natural
(A) - 4 (B) 1.33
frequency, wn = 5 rad/sec which one of the following compensator
Ge (s) will be suitable ? (C) - 1.33 (D) 4
(A) s + 3 (B) s + 99
s + 99 s+3
2004 T WO M ARK S
(C) s - 6 (D) s - 6
s + 8.33 s 7 .6 3 Consider the Bode magnitude plot shown in the fig. The transfer
K (1 - s) function H (s) is
7 .5 8 An unity feedback system is given as G (s) = .
s (s + 3)
Indicate the correct root locus diagram.
(s + 10) 10 (s + 1)
(A) (B)
(s + 1)( s + 100) (s + 10)( s + 100)
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 164
7 .7 0 The state variable equations of a system are : xo1 =- 3x1 - x2 = u, xo2 = 2x1
and y = x1 + u . The system is
(A) controllable but not observable
(B) observable but not controllable
(C) neither controllable nor observable
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 165
7 .8 2 The phase margin of a system with the open - loop transfer function
(1 - s)
G (s) H (s) =
(1 + s)( 2 + s)
(A) 0c (B) 63.4c
(C) 90c (D) 3
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unit - step input to the system the approximate settling time for 2%
criterion is
7 .8 0 Consider a system with transfer function G (s) = 2s + 6 . Its 7 .8 8 The Nyquist plot for the open-loop transfer function G (s) of a unity
damping ratio will be 0.5 when the value of k is ks + s + 6 negative feedback system is shown in the figure, if G (s) has no pole
(A) 2 (B) 3 in the right-half of s -plane, the number of roots of the system
6 characteristic equation in the right-half of s -plane is
(C) 1 (D) 6 (A) 0 (B) 1
6
(C) 2 (D) 3
7 .8 1 Which of the following points is NOT on the root locus of a system
with the open-loop transfer function G (s) H (s) = k 7 .8 9 The equivalent of the block diagram in the figure is given is
s (s + 1)( s + 3)
(A) s =- j 3 (B) s =- 1.5
(C) s =- 3 (D) s =- 3
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 166
2000 ON E M ARK
7 .9 5 An amplifier with resistive negative feedback has tow left half plane
poles in its open-loop transfer function. The amplifier
(A) will always be unstable at high frequency
(B) will be stable for all frequency
(C) may be unstable, depending on the feedback factor
(D) will oscillate at low frequency.
2000 T WO M ARK S
(A) only if 0 # k # 1 (B) only if 1 < k < 5 For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
(C) only if k > 5 (D) if 0 # k < 1 or k > 5 St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
2001 T WO M ARK 7 .9 6 A system described by the transfer function H (s) = 3 1
is stable. The constraints on a and k are. s + as 2
+ ks + 3
7 .9 2 An electrical system and its signal-flow graph representations are
shown the figure (A) and (B) respectively. The values of G2 and H (A) a > 0, ak < 3 (B) a > 0, ak > 3
, respectively are (C) a < 0, ak > 3 (D) a > 0, ak < 3
1999 ON E M ARK
(C) 3.0 (D) 4.0 the eigen values of the closed-loop system will be
(A) 0, - 1, - 2
7 .9 8 The gain margin (in dB) of a system a having the loop transfer
(B) 0, - 1, - 3
function
(C) - 1, - 1, - 2
G (s) H (s) = 2 is
s (s + 1) (D) 0, - 1, - 1
(A) 0 (B) 3
(C) 6 (D) 3 1998 ON E M ARK
7 .9 9 The system modeled described by the state equations is 7 .1 0 5 The number of roots of s3 + 5s2 + 7s + 3 = 0 in the left half of the s
-plane is
X => H x + > Hu
0 1 0
2 -3 1 (A) zero (B) one
Y = 81 1B x (C) two (D) three
(A) controllable and observable 7 .1 0 6 The transfer function of a tachometer is of the form
(B) controllable, but not observable (A) Ks (B) K
s
(C) observable, but not controllable
(C) K (D) K
(D) neither controllable nor observable (s + 1) s (s + 1)
7 .1 0 0 The phase margin (in degrees) of a system having the loop transfer
SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
function G (s) H (s) = 2 3 is At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
s (s + 1)
(A) 45c form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
(B) - 30c binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
(C) 60c
(D) 30c Click to Buy
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1999 T WO M ARK S
7 .1 0 7 Consider a unity feedback control system with open-loop transfer
7 .1 0 1 An amplifier is assumed to have a single-pole high-frequency transfer function G (s) = K .
function. The rise time of its output response to a step function input s (s + 1)
is 35 n sec . The upper 3 dB frequency (in MHz) for the amplifier to The steady state error of the system due to unit step input is
as sinusoidal input is approximately at (A) zero
(A) 4.55 (B) K
(B) 10 (C) 1/K
(C) 20 (D) infinite
(D) 28.6 7 .1 0 8 The transfer function of a zero-order-hold system is
7 .1 0 2 If the closed - loop transfer function T (s) of a unity negative feedback (A) (1/s) (1 + e-sT )
system is given by (B) (1/s) (1 - e-sT )
T (s) = n an - 1 s + an (C) 1 - (1/s) e-sT
n-1
s + a1 s + .... + an - 1 s + an (D) 1 + (1/s) e-sT
then the steady state error for a unit ramp input is
(A) an (B) an 7 .1 0 9 In the Bode-plot of a unity feedback control system, the value of
an - 1 an - 2
phase of G (jw) at the gain cross over frequency is - 125c. The phase
(C) an - 2 (D) zero margin of the system is
an - 2
(A) - 125c
7 .1 0 3 Consider the points s1 =- 3 + j4 and s2 =- 3 - j2 in the s-plane. (B) - 55c
Then, for a system with the open-loop transfer function
(C) 55c
G (s) H (s) = K 4 (D) 125c
(s + 1)
(A) s1 is on the root locus, but not s2
7 .1 1 0 Consider a feedback control system with loop transfer function
(B) s2 is on the root locus, but not s1
K (1 + 0.5s)
(C) both s1 and s2 are on the root locus G (s) H (s) =
s (1 + s) (1 + 2s)
(D) neither s1 nor s2 is on the root locus The type of the closed loop system is
(A) zero
7 .1 0 4 For the system described by the state equation
R 0 1 0V R0V (B) one
S W S W (C) two
xo = S 0 0 1W x + S0W u
SS0.5 1 2WW SS1WW (D) three
T X T X
If the control signal u is given by u = [- 0.5 - 3 - 5] x + v , then
7 .1 1 1 The transfer function of a phase lead controller is 1 + 3Ts . The
1 + Ts
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 168
(D) 30c
(D) 2s2 + 6s + 5 - (s + 1) 2 (s + 2) = 0
1997 ON E M ARK
7 .1 1 6 A certain linear time invariant system has the state and the output
equations given below
Xo1 1 - 1 X1
> o H = >0 1 H>X H + >1H u
0
X2 2
y = 81 1B: X1 D
X2
dy
If X1 (0) = 1, X2 (0) =- 1, u (0) = 0, then is
dt t=0
(A) 1
(B) –1
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 169
k = 10 = 39.8
20
w w w.nodia .c o.in
Hence, the Transfer function is
G ^s h = k2 = 392.8 From Mason’s gain formulae
Y ^s h
s s
Option (C) is correct. = SPk Dk
U ^s h
7 .2
Comparing with standard form of transfer function, Ae-t/t , we get 7 .4 Option (A) is correct.
the open loop time constant, For the shown state diagram we can denote the states x1 , x2 as below
tol = 10
Now, we obtain the closed loop transfer function for the given
system as
G ^s h
H ^s h = 10Ka
1 + G ^s h 1 + 10s + 10Ka
=
Ka
s + ^Ka + 101 h
=
So, from the state diagram, we obtain
By taking inverse Laplace transform, we get xo1 =- x1 - u
h ^ t h = ka .e-^k + ht xo2 =- x2 + ^1 h^- 1h^1 h^- 1h u + ^- 1h^1 h^- 1h x1
1
a 10
Y (s)
= 1
R (s) s + 1
7 .1 5 Option (B) is correct.
Transfer function is given as
Y (s)
xo1 = [- 2] x1 + [1] u H (s) = = s
Thus X (s) s + p
y1 = x1 ; y2 = 2x1 jw
H (jw) =
jw + p
y = > H = > H x1
y1 1
Amplitude Response
y2 2
H (jw) = w
Here x1 = x w +p2
2
s"0 s"0 s This compensator is roughly equivalent to combining lead and lad
So, eSS = lim 1 = 0 (minimum) compensators in the same design and it is referred also as PID
s"0 3
compensator.
7 .1 8 Option (D) is correct. 7 .2 1 Option (C) is correct.
Assign output of each integrator by a state variable
A == G and B = = G
1 0 p
Here
0 1 q
AB = = G= G == G
1 0 p p
0 1 q q
S = 8B AB B = =
q pG
p q
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
by RK K a nodia S = pq - pq = 0
Since S is singular, system is completely uncontrollable for all val-
N ow in 3 Volum e
ues of p and q .
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store
7 .2 2 Option (B) is correct.
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free The characteristic equation is
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in 1 + G (s) H (s) = 0
K (s2 - 2s + 2)
or 1+ =0
s 2 + 2s + 2
or s2 + 2s + 2 + K (s2 - 2s + 2) = 0
K =- s2 + 2s + 2
2
or
s - 2s + 2
For break away & break in point differentiating above w.r.t. s we
have
xo1 =- x1 + x2
dK =- (s - 2s + 2)( 2s + 2) - (s + 2s + 2)( 2s - 2) = 0
2 2
xo2 =- x1 + 2u
ds (s2 - 2s + 2) 2
y = 0.5x1 + 0.5x2
Thus (s2 - 2s + 2)( 2s + 2) - (s2 + 2s + 2)( 2s - 2) = 0
State variable representation
or s =! 2
-1 1
xo = > H x + > Hu
0
-1 0 2 Let qd be the angle of departure at pole P , then
yo = [0.5 0.5] x
7 .1 9 Option (C) is correct.
By masson’s gain formula
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
Transfer function
H (s) =
Y (s)
=
/ PK DK
U (s) D
Forward path given
P1 (abcdef ) = 2 # 1 # 1 # 0.5 = 12
s s s
P2 (abcdef ) = 2 # 1 # 1 # 0.5
3
Loop gain L1 (cdc) =- 1 - qd - qp1 + qz1 + qz2 = 180c
s
- qd = 180c - (- qp1 + qz1 + q2)
L2 (bcdb) = 1 # 1 # - 1 = -21
s s s
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 173
Thus q = constant z4 5 3 1
The option (C) only have same angle. z3 21
5
7
5
Thus Sx2 W = S g 0 a WSx2 W+ S0 0 We o The given circuit is a inverting amplifier and transfer function is
SSx WW SS- b 0 - a WWSSx WW SS1 0 WW u2
3 3 Vo = - Z = - Z (sC1 R1 + 1)
T X T XT X T X Vi R 1
R1
7 .3 0 Option (C) is correct. sC R + 1
1 1
(sC2 R2 + 1)
For Q , Z =
sC2 7 .3 8 Option (D) is correct.
Vo (sC2 R2 + 1) (sC1 R1 + 1) For ufb system the characteristics equation is
=- # PID Controller
Vi sC2 R1 1 + G (s) = 0
For R, Z = R2 K
(sC2 R2 + 1) or 1+ =0
s (s + 7s + 12)
2
10 - 2e-2 (0)
> 4e-2 (0) H = =r s G=- 2G
= Only option (A) p q 1
(s + 1)( s + 2) or
satisfies.
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 175
-2 p - 2q
= 4 G = = r - 2s G
Given system is 2nd order and for 2nd order system G.M. is infinite.
7 .4 4 Option (D) is correct.
We get p - 2q =- 2 and r - 2s = 4 ...(i) 7 .4 5 Option (D) is correct.
For initial state vector x (0) = = G the system response is
1
If the Nyquist polt of G (jw) H (jw) for a closed loop system pass
-1
e-t through (- 1, j0) point, the gain margin is 1 and in dB
x (t) = > -tH GM =- 20 log 1
-e
e-t = 0 dB
> d (- e-t)H ==
r s G=- 1G
d
dt p q 1
Thus
dt
7 .4 6 Option (B) is correct.
t=0
The characteristics equation is
- e- (0)
> e- (0) H = =r s G=- 1G
p q 1 1 + G (s) H (s) = 0
-1 p-q K (s + 1)
= 1G = = r - s G
1+ =0
s + as2 + 2s + 1
3
=r s G = =- 2 - 3G
p q 0 1 stable
=x G = =- 2K G = K =- 2G
x12 K 1 The maximum phase sift is
fmax = tan-1 a - 1
22
s -1 T (s) = 1 + sT
(sI - A) = = G -= G ==
1 sG
s 0 0 1 b > 1; T > 0
0 s -1 0 1 + sbT
s -1 1 + w2 T2
G = > -1 H
s 1
=
-1 1 s +12
s2 + 1 T (jw) =
(sI - A) = 2 s 1 + w2 b2 T2
s +1 1 s s +12
s2 + 1
or wg = (2)
1
4 kv is finite for type 1 system having ramp input.
G (jw) H (jw) = 2 1 + w2 = 3
7 .5 9 Option (D) is correct.
-2s
w2
G (s) = 3e
s (s + 2) Thus gain margin is = 1 = 0 and in dB this is - 3 .
-2jw 3
or G (jw) = 3e Option (C) is correct.
jw (jw + 2)
7 .6 2
=x G = = K G = K = 1 G
Spk 3 k x12 2K 2
T (s) =
3 22
In given SFG there is only one forward path and 3 possible loop. Digonalizing matrix
-1 2
M ==
x21 x22 G = 1 1G
p1 = abcd x11 x12
=
31 = 1
1 -2
3= 1 - (sum of indivudual loops) - (Sum of two non touching Now M-1 = ` - 1 j= G
3 -1 -1
loops)
Now Diagonal matrix of sin At is D where
= 1 - (L1 + L2 + L3) + (L1 L3)
sin (l1 t) sin (- 4t)
D == G ==
sin (l2 t)G
0 0
Non touching loop are L1 and L3 where 0 sin (l2 t) 0
L1 L2 = bedg
Now matrix B = sin At = MDM-1
C (s) p1 3 1 - 1 2 sin (- 4t) 1 -2
=
=-` 1 j= G= sin (- t) - 1 - 1G
G=
Thus 0
R (s) 1 - (be + cf + dg) + bedg
3 1 1 0
or - 2x11 - 2x21 = 0 s2 7
2 K
21 - 4K
or x11 + x21 = 0 s1 7/2
0
We have only one independent equation x11 =- x21 . s0 K
Let x21 = K , then x11 =- K , the Eigen vector will be
-K -1 Option (B) is correct.
=x G = = K G = K = 1 G
7 .6 9
x11
21 We have P (s) = s5 + s 4 + 2s3 + 3s + 15
Now Eigen vector for l2 =- 1 The routh table is shown below.
If e " 0+ then 2e +e 12 is positive and -15e2-e +2412e - 144 is negative. Thus
2
(l2 I - A) X2 = 0
l2 + 2 - 2 x12
= - 1 l + 3G=x G = 0
there are two sign change in first column. Hence system has 2 root
or
2 22
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 179
= =
s2 2e + 12
e 15 0 1 - ^ -s3 - 24s - s2 h + -s2 . -s3 1 + 29s + s62
s (s + 27)
-15e - 24e - 144 = 2
s1
2
2e + 12 s + 29s + 6
s0 0 7 .7 5 Option (D) is correct.
We have
7 .7 0 Option (D) is correct.
1 + G (s) H (s) = 0
- 3 - 1 x1
=x G = = 2 0 G=x G + = 0 Gu
x1 1
We have or 1+ K =0
2 2 s (s + 2)( s + 3)
Y = [1 0]= G + = G u
x1 1 or K =- s (s2 + 5s2 + 6s)
and
x2 2 dK =- (3s2 + 10s + 6) = 0
-3 -1
A == G , B = = G and C = [1 0]
1 ds
Here
2 0 0
The controllability matrix is which gives s = - 10 ! 100 - 72 =- 0.784, - 2.548
6
1 -3
QC = [B AB ] = =
0 2G SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
det QC ! 0 Thus controllable At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
The observability matrix is form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
Q0 = [CT AT CT ]
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
1 -3
==
0 - 1G Click to Buy
!0
2
For system to be stable (3 - K) < 0 i.e. K > 3
A ==
1G
1 0
1 7 .8 5 Option (B) is correct.
s-1 0 The characteristics equation is
(sI - A) = = G -= G = =
- 1 s - 1G
s 0 1 0
0 s 1 1 (s + 1)( s + 100) = 0
(s - 1) s2 + 101s + 100 = 0
H = > +1 H
1
0
>
-1 1 0 s-1
(sI - A) = Comparing with s2 + 2xwn + wn2 = 0 we get
(s - 1) 2 + 1 (s - 1)
1
(s - 1) 2 s-1
2xwn = 101 and wn2 = 100
L-1 [(sI - A) -1] = eAt = = t t G
t
e 0
te e Thus x = 101 Overdamped
20
x (t) = eAt # [x (t0)] = = t t G= G = = t G
et 0 1 et
te e 0 te For overdamped system settling time can be determined by the
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion dominant pole of the closed loop system. In given system dominant
by RK K a nodia pole consideration is at s =- 1. Thus
N ow in 3 Volum e 1 =1 and Ts = 4 = 4 sec
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store T T
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free 7 .8 6 Option (B) is correct.
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in Routh table is shown below. Here all element in 3rd row are zero, so
system is marginal stable.
Q0 = [CT AT CT ] = =
1 - 2G
1 2
s2 a 3 !0
aK - 3
s1 a 0 det Q0 ! 0 Thus observable
s0 3 7 .1 0 0 Option (D) is correct.
we have G (s) H (s) = 2 3
s (s + 1)
7 .9 7 Option (B) is correct. 2 3
or G (jw) H (jw) =
Closed loop transfer function is given as jw (jw + 1)
Gain cross over frequency
T (s) = 2 9
s + 4s + 9 G (jw) H (jw) at w = w = 1
by comparing with standard form we get natural freq. g
wA2 = 9 or 2 3 =1
w w2 + 1
wn = 3
12 = w2 (w2 + 1)
2xwn = 4
w4 + w2 - 12 = 0
damping factor 4 = 2/3
x =
2#3 (w2 + 4) (w2 - 3) = 0
for second order system the setting time for 2-percent band is given w2 = 3 and w2 =- 4
by which gives w1, w2 = ! 3
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion wg = 3
by RK K a nodia f (w) at w = w =- 90 - tan-1 (wg)
g
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free = 180 - 150 = 30c
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in 7 .1 0 1 Option (B) is correct.
7 .1 0 2 Option (C) is correct.
ts = 4 = 4 =4 =2 Closed-loop transfer function is given by
xwn 3 # 2/3 2
T (s) = n an - 1 s + an
7 .9 8 Option (D) is correct. s + a1 sn - 1 + ... + an - 1 s + an
Given loop transfer function is an - 1 s + an
n-1
= s + a1 s + ...an - 2 s
n 2
G (s) H (s) = 2
s (s + 1) 1+ n an - 1 s + an
s + a1 sn - 1 + ...an - 2 s2
G (jw) H (jw) = 2
jw (jw + 1) Thus G (s) H (s) = an - 1 s + an
Phase cross over frequency can be calculated as sn + a1 sn - 1 + ....an - 2 s2
For unity feed back H (s) = 1
f (w) at w = w =- 180c
p
Thus G (s) = an - 1 s + an
So here f (w) =- 90c - tan-1 (w) sn + a1 sn - 1 + ....an - 2 s2
- 90c - tan-1 (wp) =- 180c Steady state error is given by
tan-1 (wp) = 90c E (s) = lim R (s) 1
s"0 1 + G (s) H (s)
wp = 3
for unity feed back H (s) = 1
Gain margin
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
20 log 10 =
G (jw) H (jw) G
1 at w = wp
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
G.M. = 20 log 10 e
G (jw) H (jwp) o
1 ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
QC = [B AB ] = =
1 - 3G
0 1 7 .1 0 4
h (t) = u (t) - u (t - T)
7 .1 1 5 Option (C) is correct.
In synchro error detector, output voltage is proportional to [w (t)],
Taking Laplace transform we have
where w (t) is the rotor velocity so here n = 1
H (s) = 1 - 1 e-sT = 1 61 - e-sT @ Option (C) is correct.
s s s 7 .1 1 6
dy
= x1 + m
dt
dy
= x1 (0) + m (0)
dt t=0
= 1+0 = 0
UNIT 8 The optimum threshold to achieve minimum bit error rate (BER) is
8 .6
(A) 1 (B) 4
2 5
2012 ON E M ARK
2013 T WO M ARK S
(A) 4/9 (B) 1/2 8 .9 A source alphabet consists of N symbols with the probability of the
(C) 2/3 (D) 5/9 first two symbols being the same. A source encoder increases the
probability of the first symbol by a small amount e and decreases
8 .3 Consider two identically distributed zero-mean random variables U that of the second by e. After encoding, the entropy of the source
and V . Let the cumulative distribution functions of U and 2V be (A) increases (B) remains the same
F ^x h and G ^x h respectively. Then, for all values of x (C) increases only if N = 2 (D) decreases
(A) F ^x h - G ^x h # 0 (B) F ^x h - G ^x h $ 0
(C) ^F (x) - G (x)h .x # 0 (D) ^F (x) - G (x)h .x $ 0 Two independent random variables X and Y are uniformly
8 .1 0
probability of error for an optimum receiver will be (D) P-2, Q-4, R-3, S-1
(A) 7/80 (B) 63/80
(C) 9/10 (D) 1/10
2011 T WO M ARK S
8 .1 3 The signal m (t) as shown is applied to both a phase modulator 8 .1 8 X (t) is a stationary random process with auto-correlation function
(with k p as the phase constant) and a frequency modulator (with k f RX (t) = exp (- pt 2). This process is passed through the system
as the frequency constant) having the same carrier frequency. shown below. The power spectral density of the output process Y (t)
is
8 .1 7 The Column -1 lists the attributes and the Column -2 lists the
modulation systems. Match the attribute to the modulation system
that best meets it. 8 .2 0 For the constraint that the minimum distance between pairs of
Column -1 Column -2 signal points be d for both constellations, the radii r 1 , and r 2 of the
P. Power efficient transmission of 1. Conventional circles are
signals AM (A) r 1 = 0.707d, r2 = 2.782d (B) r 1 = 0.707d, r 2 = 1.932d
Q. Most bandwidth efficient 2. FM (C) r 1 = 0.707d, r 2 = 1.545d (D) r 1 = 0.707d, r 2 = 1.307d
transmission of voice signals 8 .2 1 Assuming high SNR and that all signals are equally probable, the
R. Simplest receiver structure 3. VSB additional average transmitted signal energy required by the 8-PSK
S. Bandwidth efficient transmission 4. SSB-SC signal to achieve the same error probability as the 4-PSK signal is
of signals with significant dc (A) 11.90 dB (B) 8.73 dB
component (C) 6.79 dB (D) 5.33 dB
(A) P-4, Q-2, R-1, S-3
(B) P-2, Q-4, R-1, S-3 2010 ON E M ARK
(C) P-3, Q-2, R-1, S-4 8 .2 2 Suppose that the modulating signal is m (t) = 2 cos (2pfm t) and the
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 186
carrier signal is xC (t) = AC cos (2pfC t), which one of the following is gain and cut-off frequency 1 MHz. Let Yk represent the random
a conventional AM signal without over-modulation variable y (tk ).
(A) x (t) = AC m (t) cos (2pfC t) Yk = Nk , if transmitted bit bk = 0
(B) x (t) = AC [1 + m (t)] cos (2pfC t) Yk = a + Nk if transmitted bit bk = 1
Where Nk represents the noise sample value. The noise sample has
(C) x (t) = AC cos (2pfC t) + AC m (t) cos (2pfC t)
4 a probability density function, PNk (n) = 0.5ae- a n (This has mean
(D) x (t) = AC cos (2pfm t) cos (2pfC t) + AC sin (2pfm t) sin (2pfC t) zero and variance 2/a 2 ). Assume transmitted bits to be equiprob-
able and threshold z is set to a/2 = 10-6 V .
8 .2 3 Consider an angle modulated signal
x (t) = 6 cos [2p # 106 t + 2 sin (800pt)] + 4 cos (800pt)
The average power of x (t) is
(A) 10 W (B) 18 W
(C) 20 W (D) 28 W
8 .2 4 Consider the pulse shape s (t) as shown below. The impulse response
h (t) of the filter matched to this pulse is
2009 ON E M ARK
2010 T WO M ARK S 8 .2 9 For a message siganl m (t) = cos (2pfm t) and carrier of frequency fc ,
which of the following represents a single side-band (SSB) signal ?
(A) cos (2pfm t) cos (2pfc t) (B) cos (2pfc t)
Statement for linked Answer Question : 8.10 & 8.11 : (C) cos [2p (fc + fm) t] (D) [1 + cos (2pfm t) cos (2pfc t)
Consider a baseband binary PAM receiver shown below. The
additive channel noise n (t) is with power spectral density
Sn (f ) = N 0 /2 = 10-20 W/Hz . The low-pass filter is ideal with unity
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 187
8 .3 0 Consider two independent random variables X and Y with identical 8 .3 7 The probability density function (pdf) of random variable is as
distributions. The variables X and Y take values 0, 1 and 2 with shown below
probabilities 12 , 14 and 1 respectively. What is the conditional
4
probability P (X + Y = 2 X - Y = 0) ?
(A) 0 (B) 1/16
(C) 1/6 (D) 1
The corresponding commutative distribution function CDF has the
8 .3 1 A discrete random variable X takes values from 1 to 5 with form
probabilities as shown in the table. A student calculates the mean
X as 3.5 and her teacher calculates the variance of X as 1.5. Which
of the following statements is true ?
k 1 2 3 4 5
P (X = k) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
(A) Both the student and the teacher are right
(B) Both the student and the teacher are wrong
(C) The student is wrong but the teacher is right
(D) The student is right but the teacher is wrong SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
8 .3 2 A message signal given by m (t) = ( 12 ) cos w1 t - ( 12 ) sin w2 t At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
amplitude - modulated with a carrier of frequency wC to generator form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
s (t)[ 1 + m (t)] cos wc t . What is the power efficiency achieved by this binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
modulation scheme ? Available Only at NODIA Online Store
(A) 8.33% (B) 11.11% Click to Buy
(C) 20% (D) 25% w w w.nodia .c o.in
8 .3 3 A communication channel with AWGN operating at a signal to noise
ration SNR >> 1 and bandwidth B has capacity C1. If the SNR is
doubled keeping constant, the resulting capacity C2 is given by
(A) C2 . 2C1 (B) C2 . C1 + B
(C) C2 . C1 + 2B (D) C2 . C1 + 0.3B
8 .4 1 Four messages band limited to W, W, 2W and 3W respectively are (A) E [X2] - E2 [X] (B) E [X2] + E2 [X]
to be multiplexed using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). The (C) E [X2] (D) E2 [X]
minimum bandwidth required for transmission of this TDM signal is
(A) W (B) 3W
2007 T WO M ARK S
(C) 6W (D) 7W
8 .5 0 A Hilbert transformer is a
8 .4 2 Consider the frequency modulated signal
(A) non-linear system (B) non-causal system
10 cos [2p # 105 t + 5 sin (2p # 1500t) + 7.5 sin (2p # 1000t)]
with carrier frequency of 105 Hz. The modulation index is (C) time-varying system (D) low-pass system
(A) 12.5 (B) 10 8 .5 1 In delta modulation, the slope overload distortion can be reduced by
(C) 7.5 (D) 5 (A) decreasing the step size (B) decreasing the granular
noise
8 .4 3 The signal cos wc t + 0.5 cos wm t sin wc t is
(A) FM only (B) AM only (C) decreasing the sampling rate (D) increasing the step size
(C) both AM and FM (D) neither AM nor FM 8 .5 2 The raised cosine pulse p (t) is used for zero ISI in digital
communications. The expression for p (t) with unity roll-off factor
is given by
Common Data For Q. 8.29, 8.30 and 8.31 : sin 4pWt
p (t) =
A speed signal, band limited to 4 kHz and peak voltage varying 4pWt (1 - 16W2 t2)
between +5 V and - 5 V, is sampled at the Nyquist rate. Each
The value of p (t) at t = 1 is
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion 4W
(A) - 0.5 (B) 0
by RK K a nodia
(C) 0.5 (D) 3
N ow in 3 Volum e
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store 8 .5 3 In the following scheme, if the spectrum M (f) of m (t) is as shown,
then the spectrum Y (f) of y (t) will be
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in
8 .4 8 If S (f) is the power spectral density of a real, wide-sense stationary 8 .5 5 In a GSM system, 8 channels can co-exist in 200 kHz bandwidth
random process, then which of the following is ALWAYS true? using TDMA. A GSM based cellular operator is allocated 5 MHz
(A) S (0) # S (f) (B) S (f) $ 0 bandwidth. Assuming a frequency reuse factor of 1 , i.e. a five-cell
5
#- 3 S (f) df = 0
3 repeat pattern, the maximum number of simultaneous channels that
(C) S (- f) =- S (f) (D)
can exist in one cell is
8 .4 9 If E denotes expectation, the variance of a random variable X is (A) 200 (B) 40
given by (C) 25 (D) 5
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 189
8 .5 6 In a Direct Sequence CDMA system the chip rate is 1.2288 # 106 2006 ON E M ARK
chips per second. If the processing gain is desired to be AT LEAST 8 .6 1 A low-pass filter having a frequency response H (jw) = A (w) e jf (w)
100, the data rate does not produce any phase distortions if
(A) must be less than or equal to 12.288 # 103 bits per sec (A) A (w) = Cw3, f (w) = kw3 (B) A (w) = Cw2, f (w) = kw
(B) must be greater than 12.288 # 103 bits per sec (C) A (w) = Cw, f (w) = kw2 (D) A (w) = C, f (w) = kw- 1
(C) must be exactly equal to 12.288 # 103 bits per sec
(D) can take any value less than 122.88 # 103 bits per sec
2006 T WO M ARK S
Common Data For Q. 8.41 & 8.42 : 8 .6 2 A signal with bandwidth 500 Hz is first multiplied by a signal g (t)
where
Two 4-array signal constellations are shown. It is given that f1 3
and f2 constitute an orthonormal basis for the two constella- g (t) = /(- 1)k d (t - 0.5 # 10- 4 k)
tion. Assume that the four symbols in both the constellations are R =- 3
The resulting signal is then passed through an ideal lowpass filter
equiprobable. Let N0 denote the power spectral density of white
2 with bandwidth 1 kHz. The output of the lowpass filter would be
Gaussian noise.
(A) d (t) (B) m (t)
(C) 0 (D) m (t) d (t)
(C) 25 (D) 25 the probability density function as shown in the figure. The mean
2N0 B N0 B square value of v is
2005 ON E M ARK
2004 ON E M ARK
(C) 0.2m sec (D) 1m sec symbols are represented as shown in the figure.
The source output is transmitted using two modulation schemes,
8 .8 8 An AM signal and a narrow-band FM signal with identical carriers, namely Binary PSK (BPSK) and Quadrature PSK (QPSK). Let
modulating signals and modulation indices of 0.1 are added together. B1 and B2 be the bandwidth requirements of the above rectangular
The resultant signal can be closely approximated by pulses is 10 kHz, B1 and B2 are
(A) broadband FM (B) SSB with carrier
(C) DSB-SC (D) SSB without carrier
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in (C) 5 - sin (2p - 106 t) (D) 5 + cos (2p # 106 t)
4 4
8 .9 5 Two sinusoidal signals of same amplitude and frequencies 10 kHz
and 10.1 kHz are added together. The combined signal is given to an
ideal frequency detector. The output of the detector is
(A) 0.1 kHz sinusoid (B) 20.1 kHz sinusoid
(C) a linear function of time (D) a constant
(A) zero (B) 0.25
(C) 0.55 (D) 0.30 8 .9 6 Consider a binary digital communication system with equally likely
0’s and 1’s. When binary 0 is transmitted the detector input can
lie between the levels - 0.25 V and + 0.25 V with equl probability :
2004 T WO M ARK S when binary 1 is transmitted, the voltage at the detector can have
any value between 0 and 1 V with equal probability. If the detector
8 .9 1 A 1 mW video signal having a bandwidth of 100 MHz is transmitted
has a threshold of 0.2 V (i.e., if the received signal is greater than
to a receiver through cable that has 40 dB loss. If the effective one-
0.2 V, the bit is taken as 1), the average bit error probability is
side noise spectral density at the receiver is 10 - 20 Watt/Hz, then the
(A) 0.15 (B) 0.2
signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver is
(A) 50 dB (B) 30 dB (C) 0.05 (D) 0.5
(C) 40 dB (D) 60 dB
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
8 .9 2 Consider the signal x (t) shown in Fig. Let h (t) denote the impulse
response of the filter matched to x (t), with h (t) being non-zero only
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
in the interval 0 to 4 sec. The slope of h (t) in the interval 3 < t < 4 ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
sec is
8 .9 7 A random variable X with uniform density in the interval 0 to 1 is
quantized as follows :
If 0 # X # 0.3 , xq = 0
If 0.3 < X # 1, xq = 0.7
where xq is the quantized value of X.
The root-mean square value of the quantization noise is
(A) 0.573 (B) 0.198
(C) 2.205 (D) 0.266
(A) 1 sec - 1 (B) - 1 sec - 1
2 8 .9 8 Choose the current one from among the alternative A, B, C, D after
(C) - 1 sec - 1 (D) 1 sec - 1 matching an item from Group 1 with the most appropriate item in
2 Group 2.
8 .9 3 A source produces binary data at the rate of 10 kbps. The binary Group 1 Group 2
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 193
- 1 e dy
3
(A) 1 - T, 2 - P, 3 - U, 4 - S (B) 1 - S, 2 - U, 3 - P, 4 - T Q (a) = 2
(C) 1 - S, 2 - P, 3 - U, 4 - Q (D) 1 - U, 2 - R, 3 - S, 4 - Q a 2p
The probability that 6x # 1@ is
8 .9 9 Three analog signals, having bandwidths 1200 Hz, 600 Hz and 600 (A) 1 - Q (0.5) (B) Q (0.5)
Hz, are sampled at their respective Nyquist rates, encoded with (C) Q c 1
m (D) 1 - Q c 1 m
12 bit words, and time division multiplexed. The bit rate for the 2 2 2 2
multiplexed. The bit rate for the multiplexed signal is 8 .1 0 6 Let Y and Z be the random variable obtained by sampling X (t) at
(A) 115.2 kbps (B) 28.8 kbps t = 2 and t = 4 respectively. Let W = Y - Z . The variance of W is
(C) 57.6 kbps (D) 38.4 kbps (A) 13.36 (B) 9.36
(C) 2.64 (D) 8.00
8 .1 0 0 Consider a system shown in the figure. Let X (f) and Y (f) and denote
the Fourier transforms of x (t) and y (t) respectively. The ideal HPF 8 .1 0 7 A sinusoidal signal with peak-to-peak amplitude of 1.536 V is
has the cutoff frequency 10 kHz. quantized into 128 levels using a mid-rise uniform quantizer. The
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quantization-noise power is
(A) 0.768 V (B) 48 # 10 - 6 V2
The positive frequencies where Y (f) has spectral peaks are (B) 12 # 10 - 6 V2 (D) 3.072 V
(A) 1 kHz and 24 kHz (B) 2 kHz and 244 kHz 8 .1 0 8 Let x (t) = 2 cos (800p) + cos (1400pt). x (t) is sampled with the
(C) 1 kHz and 14 kHz (D) 2 kHz and 14 kHz rectangular pulse train shown in the figure. The only spectral
components (in kHz) present in the sampled signal in the frequency
range 2.5 kHz to 3.5 kHz are
2003 ON E M ARK
8 .1 0 2 The noise at the input to an ideal frequency detector is white. The (A) 2.7, 3.4 (B) 3.3, 3.6
detector is operating above threshold. The power spectral density of (C) 2.6, 2.7, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6 (D) 2.7, 3.3
the noise at the output is
(A) raised - cosine (B) flat 8 .1 0 9 A DSB-SC signal is to be generated with a carrier frequency fc = 1
MHz using a non-linear device with the input-output characteristic
(C) parabolic (D) Gaussian
V0 = a0 vi + a1 vi3 where a0 and a1 are constants. The output of the
8 .1 0 3 At a given probability of error, binary coherent FSK is inferior to non-linear device can be filtered by an appropriate band-pass filter.
binary coherent PSK by. Let Vi = Aci cos (2pfi ct) + m (t) is the message signal. Then the value
(A) 6 dB (B) 3 dB of fci (in MHz) is
(A) 1.0 (B) 0.333
(C) 2 dB (D) 0 dB
(B) 0.5 (D) 3.0
2003 T WO M ARK S
8 .1 1 4 If Eb , the energy per bit of a binary digital signal, is 10 - 5 watt- 8 .1 2 2 An angle-modulated signal is given by
sec and the one-sided power spectral density of the white noise, s (t) = cos 2p (2 # 106 t + 30 sin 150t + 40 cos 150t).
N0 = 10 - 6 W/Hz, then the output SNR of the matched filter is
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
(A) 26 dB (B) 10 dB
(C) 20 dB (D) 13 dB
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
8 .1 1 5 The input to a linear delta modulator having a step-size 3= 0.628
is a sine wave with frequency fm and peak amplitude Em . If the The maximum frequency and phase deviations of s (t) are
sampling frequency fx = 40 kHz, the combination of the sine-wave (A) 10.5 kHz, 140p rad (B) 6 kHz, 80p rad
frequency and the peak amplitude, where slope overload will take
(C) 10.5 kHz, 100p rad (D) 7.5 kHz, 100p rad
place is
In the figure m (t) = 2 sin 2pt , s (t) = cos 200pt and n (t) = sin 199pt
Em fm 8 .1 2 3
(A) 0.3 V 8 kHz t t
.
(B) 1.5 V 4 kHz
The output y (t) will be
(C) 1.5 V 2 kHz
(D) 3.0 V 1 kHz
8 .1 1 6 If S represents the carrier synchronization at the receiver and r
represents the bandwidth efficiency, then the correct statement for
the coherent binary PSK is
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 195
(A) sin 2pt (B) sin 2pt + sin pt cos 3pt of K0 m (t) is greater than 1. Which of the following could be the
t t t detector output ?
(C) sin 2pt + sin 0.5pt cos 1.5pt (D) sin 2pt + sin pt cos 0.75pt (A) Ac m (t) (B) Ac2 [1 + Ka m (t)] 2
t t t t
(C) [Ac (1 + Ka m (t)] (D) Ac [1 + Ka m (t)] 2
8 .1 2 4 A signal x (t) = 100 cos (24p # 10 ) t is ideally sampled with a sampling
3
period of 50m sec ana then passed through an ideal lowpass filter 8 .1 3 3 The frequency range for satellite communication is
with cutoff frequency of 15 kHz. Which of the following frequencies (A) 1 KHz to 100 KHz (B) 100 KHz to 10 KHz
is/are present at the filter output ? (C) 10 MHz to 30 MHz (D) 1 GHz to 30 GHz
(A) 12 kHz only (B) 8 kHz only
(C) 12 kHz and 9 kHz (D) 12 kHz and 8 kHz
2000 T WO M ARK S
8 .1 2 5 If the variance ax2 of d (n) = x (n) - x (n - 1) is one-tenth the 8 .1 3 4 In a digital communication system employing Frequency Shift
variance ax2 of stationary zero-mean discrete-time signal x (n), then
Keying (FSK), the 0 and 1 bit are represented by sine waves of 10
R (k)
the normalized autocorrelation function xx 2 at k = 1 is KHz and 25 KHz respectively. These waveforms will be orthogonal
(A) 0.95 (B) 0.90 ax for a bit interval of
(C) 0.10 (D) 0.05 (A) 45m sec (B) 200m sec
(C) 50m sec (D) 250m sec
2001 ON E M ARK 8 .1 3 5 A message m (t) bandlimited to the frequency fm has a power of Pm
8 .1 2 6 A bandlimited signal is sampled at the Nyquist rate. The signal can SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
be recovered by passing the samples through At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
(A) an RC filter form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
(B) an envelope detector binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
(C) a PLL Available Only at NODIA Online Store
(D) an ideal low-pass filter with the appropriate bandwidth Click to Buy
8 .1 2 7 The PDF of a Gaussian random variable X is given by w w w.nodia .c o.in
2
(x - 4)
px (x) = 1 e - 18 . The probability of the event {X = 4} is . The power of the output signal in the figure is
3 2p
(A) 1 (B) 1
2 3 2p
(C) 0 (D) 1
4
Each frame consists of a 400 # 400 pixel grid with 64 intensity levels 4 4
per pixel. The data rate of the system is 8 .1 3 6 The Hilbert transform of cos w1 t + sin w2 t is
(A) 16 Mbps (B) 100 Mbps (A) sin w1 t - cos w2 t (B) sin w1 t + cos w2 t
(C) 600 Mbps (D) 6.4 Gbps (C) cos w1 t - sin w2 t (D) sin w1 t + sin w2 t
8 .1 2 9 The Nyquist sampling interval, for the signal sin c (700t) + sin c (500t) 8 .1 3 7 In a FM system, a carrier of 100 MHz modulated by a sinusoidal
is signal of 5 KHz. The bandwidth by Carson’s approximation is 1
(A) 1 sec (B) p sec MHz. If y (t) = (modulated waveform) 3 , than by using Carson’s
350 350
approximation, the bandwidth of y (t) around 300 MHz and the and
(C) 1 sec (D) p sec the spacing of spectral components are, respectively.
700 175
(A) 3 MHz, 5 KHz (B) 1 MHz, 15 KHz
8 .1 3 0 During transmission over a communication channel, bit errors occur
independently with probability p. If a block of n bits is transmitted, (C) 3 MHz, 15 KHz (D) 1 MHz, 5 KHz
the probability of at most one bit error is equal to
(A) 1 - (1 - p) n (B) p + (n - 1)( 1 - p) 1999 ON E M ARK
(C) np (1 - p) n-1
(D) (1 - p) + np (1 - p)
n n-1
8 .1 3 8 The input to a channel is a bandpass signal. It is obtained by linearly
modulating a sinusoidal carrier with a single-tone signal. The output
8 .1 3 1 The PSD and the power of a signal g (t) are, respectively, Sg (w) and
of the channel due to this input is given by
Pg . The PSD and the power of the signal ag (t) are, respectively,
(A) a2 Sg (w) and a2 Pg (B) a2 Sg (w) and aPg y (t) = (1/100) cos (100t - 10-6) cos (106 t - 1.56)
The group delay (tg) and the phase delay (t p) in seconds, of the
(C) aSg (w) and a2 Pg (D) aSg (w) and aPs
channel are
(A) tg = 10-6, t p = 1.56 (B) tg = 1.56, t p = 10-6
2000 ON E M ARK (C) tg = 108, t p = 1.56 # 10-6 (D) tg = 108, t p = 1.56
8 .1 3 2 The amplitude modulated waveform s (t) = Ac [1 + Ka m (t)] cos wc t 8 .1 3 9 A modulated signal is given by s (t) = m1 (t) cos (2pfc t) + m2 (t) sin (2pfc t)
is fed to an ideal envelope detector. The maximum magnitude
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 196
where the baseband signal m1 (t) and m2 (t) have bandwidths of 8 .1 4 7 The image channel selectivity of superheterodyne receiver depends
10 kHz, and 15 kHz, respectively. The bandwidth of the modulated upon
(A) IF amplifiers only
signal, in kHz, is
(A) 10 (B) 15 (B) RF and IF amplifiers only
(C) 25 (D) 30 (C) Preselector, RF and IF amplifiers
(D) Preselector, and RF amplifiers only
8 .1 4 0 A modulated signal is given by s (t) = e-at cos [(wc + Dw) t] u (t),
where a wc and Dw are positive constants, and wc >> Dw . The 8 .1 4 8 In a PCM system with uniform quantisation, increasing the number
complex envelope of s (t) is given by of bits from 8 to 9 will reduce the quantisation noise power by a
(A) exp (- at) exp [j (wc + Dw) t] u (t) factor of
(B) exp (- at) exp (jDwt) u (t) (A) 9 (B) 8
(C) exp (jDwt) u (t) (C) 4 (D) 2
(D) exp [jwc + Dw) t] 8 .1 4 9 Flat top sampling of low pass signals
(A) gives rise to aperture effect (B) implies oversampling
1999 T WO M ARK S (C) leads to aliasing (D) introduces delay dis-
tortion
8 .1 4 1 The Nyquist sampling frequency (in Hz) of a signal given by
6 # 10 4 sin c2 (400t) * 106 sin c3 (100t) is 8 .1 5 0 A DSB-SC signal is generated using the carrier cos (we t + q) and
(A) 200 (B) 300 modulating signal x (t). The envelope of the DSB-SC signal is
(A) x (t) (B) x (t)
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion (C) only positive portion of x (t) (D) x (t) cos q
by RK K a nodia
N ow in 3 Volum e 8 .1 5 1 Quadrature multiplexing is
(A) the same as FDM
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(B) the same as TDM
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(C) a combination of FDM and TDM
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(D) quite different from FDM and TDM
(C) 500 (D) 1000 8 .1 5 2 The Fourier transform of a voltage signal x (t) is X (f). The unit of
X (f) is
8 .1 4 2 The peak-to-peak input to an 8-bit PCM coder is 2 volts. The signal (A) volt (B) volt-sec
power-to-quantization noise power ratio (in dB) for an input of
(C) volt/sec (D) volt 2
0.5 cos (wm t) is
(A) 47.8 (B) 49.8 8 .1 5 3 Compression in PCM refers to relative compression of
(C) 95.6 (D) 99.6 (A) higher signal amplitudes (B) lower signal amplitudes
(C) lower signal frequencies (D) higher signal frequencies
8 .1 4 3 The input to a matched filter is given by
"10
-4
0 sin (2p # 10 t) 0 < 1 < 10
6
sec 8 .1 5 4 For a give data rate, the bandwidth B p of a BPSK signal and the
s (t) =
otherwise bandwidth B 0 of the OOK signal are related as
The peak amplitude of the filter output is (A) B p = B 0 (B) B p = B 0
(A) 10 volts (B) 5 volts 4 2
(C) 10 millivolts (D) 5 millivolts (C) B p = B 0 (D) B p = 2B 0
8 .1 4 4 Four independent messages have bandwidths of 100 Hz, 8 .1 5 5 The spectral density of a real valued random process has
200 Hz and 400 Hz , respectively. Each is sampled at the Nyquist
rate, and the samples are time division multiplexed (TDM) and
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
transmitted. The transmitted sample rate (in Hz) is St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
(A) 1600 (B) 800 ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
(C) 400 (D) 200
(A) an even symmetry (B) an odd symmetry
(C) a conjugate symmetry (D) no symmetry
1998 ON E M ARK
8 .1 5 6 The probability density function of the envelope of narrow band
8 .1 4 5 The amplitude spectrum of a Gaussian pulse is Gaussian noise is
(A) uniform (B) a sine function (A) Poisson (B) Gaussian
(C) Gaussian (D) an impulse function (C) Rayleigh (D) Rician
8 .1 4 6 The ACF of a rectangular pulse of duration T is
(A) a rectangular pulse of duration T 1997 ON E M ARK
(B) a rectangular pulse of duration 2T
8 .1 5 7 The line code that has zero dc component for pulse transmission of
(C) a triangular pulse of duration T random binary data is
(D) a triangular pulse of duration 2T
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 197
. The value of K should be 8 .1 6 4 The number of bits in a binary PCM system is increased from n to
(A) 1 (B) 2 n + 1. As a result, the signal to quantization noise ratio will improve
2p p by a factor
(C) 1 (D) 1 (A) n + 1 (B) 2(n + 1)/n
2 p p 2 n
(C) 22 (n + 1)/n (D) which is independent of n
8 .1 5 9 A deterministic signal has the power spectrum given in the figure
is, The minimum sampling rate needed to completely represent this 8 .1 6 5 The auto correlation function of an energy signal has
signal is (A) no symmetry (B) conjugate symmetry
(C) odd symmetry (D) even symmetry
1996 ON E M ARK
-2 1 1=1
2#2 4
b2 # 2l+b2 # 2l = 2
0 1 1 1 1 1
fu ^u h = 1 e -u
2s 2
1 1=1
2p su2
u
2
2#2 4
fv ^v h = Therefore, the entropy of the ^U + V h is obtained as
1 e -v
2s 2
2p sv2
H ^U + V h = / P^U + V h log
v
' P ^U + V h 1
1
We can express the distribution in standard form by assuming 2
=3 = 1 ;2 b 1 # 1 # 103 # 6 l + 400E
2 p 2
8 .5 Option (D) is correct. = 1 66000 + 400@ = 6400
p p
For the shown received signal, we conclude that if 0 is the transmitted
E [X (t)] is the absolute value of mean of signal X (t) which is also
signal then the received signal will be also zero as the threshold is
equal to value of X (w) at (w = 0).
1 and the pdf of bit 0 is not crossing 1. Again, we can observe that
From given PSD
there is an error when bit 1 is received as it crosses the threshold.
The probability of error is given by the area enclosed by the 1 bit SX (w) w = 0 = 0
pdf (shown by shaded region) SX (w) = X (w) 2 = 0
X (w) 2w = 0 = 0
X (w) w = 0 = 0
(transmitted, received) = b 4 , 1 l
Entropy function of a discrete memory less system is given as
5 5 N-1
= P b received 1 l P ^0 h + P b received 0 l P ^1 h
k=3
N-1
transmitted 0 transmitted 1 =-e 2P log P + / P log P o
k k (P1 = P2 = P)
= b1 # 1 # 1l# 1 +b1 # 4 # 1l# 1
k=3
2 5 2 2 2 5 5 2 Now, P1 = P + e, P2 = P - e
N-1
= 1 <(BER for threshold = 1) So, Hl =-=(P + e) log (P + e) + (P - e) log (P - e) + / P log P G
20 k k
k=3
Hence, optimum threshold is 4 By comparing, Hl < H , Entropy of source decreases.
5
8 .7 Option (A) is correct. 8 .1 0 Option (B) is correct.
The mean square value of a stationary process equals the total area Probability density function of uniformly distributed variables X
under the graph of power spectral density, that is and Y is shown as
#S
3
E [X 2 (t)] = X (f ) df
-3
E [X 2 (t)] = 1 #S
3
or, (w) dw
2p -3
X
#
E [X 2 (t)] = 2 # 1 SX (w) dw (Since the PSD is even)
3
or,
2p 0
= 1 [area under the triangle + integration of delta function]
p P &[max (x, y)] < 1 0
2
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 200
Since X and Y are independent. where 0 # t # T , E is the transmitted energy per bit.
P &[max (x, y)] < 1 0 = P b X < 1 l P bY < 1 l
General function of local oscillator
2 2 2 2 sin (w t), 0 # t < T
f1 (t) =
PbX < 1 l
c
T
= shaded area = 3
2 4 But here local oscillator is ahead with 45c. so,
Similarly for Y : P bY < 1 l =3 f1 (t) = 2 sin (w t + 45c)
2 4 T c
So P &[max (x, y)] < 1 0 =3#3= 9 The coordinates of message points are
2 4 4 16
# s (t) f (t) dt
T
s11 = 1 1
0
#
T
Alternate Method: = 2E sin w t 2 sin (w t + 45c) dt
c c
0 T T
From the given data since random variables X and Y lies in the
# sin (w t) sin (w t + 45c) dt
T
= 2E
interval [- 1, 1] as from the figure X , Y lies in the region of the T 0
c c
square ABCD .
#
T
= 2E 2 1 [sin 45c + sin (2w t + 45c)] dt
c
T T 0 2
# #
T
= 1 E 1 dt + 1 E Tsin (2w t + 45c) dt
c
T 0 2 T 0
1444444 420
4 44444 3
= E
2
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
Similarly, s21 =- E
by RK K a nodia 2
Signal space diagram
N ow in 3 Volum e
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Now here the two message points are s11 and s21 .
The error at the receiver will be considered.
When : (i) s11 is transmitted and s21 received
(ii) s21 is transmitted and s11 received
So, probability for the 1st case will be as :
P b s21 received l = P (X < 0) (as shown in diagram)
s11 transmitted
= P _ E/2 + N < 0i
= P _N < - E/2 i
Taking the Gaussian distribution as shown below :
Mean of the Gaussian distribution = E/2 Note: For phase lead compensator zero is nearer to the origin as
compared to pole, so option (C) can not be true.
Variance = N 0
2
Putting it in the probability function : 8 .1 5 Option (A) is correct.
`x + E/2 j
f = tan-1 a w k - tan-1 a w k
2
P bN < -
2l #
0
E = 1 e- 2N 0 /2 dx a b
-3
2p N 0 df 1/a 1/b
2 = - =0
1 e- `x + NE/2 j dx dw 1 +awk 1 +awk
2
2 2
#
0
= 0 a b
-3 pN 0 1 + w2 = 1 + 1 w2
x + E/2 a ab2 b b a2
Taking, =t
N 0 /2 1 - 1 = w2 1 - 1
dx = N 0 dt a b ab b a b l
2
w = ab = 1 # 2 = 2 rad/ sec
So, P _N < - E/2 i = c
# N0 m
2
3 1 e- t2 dt Q E
E/N 0 2p
8 .1 6 Option (D) is correct.
where Q is error function. Quantized 4 level require 2 bit representation i.e. for one sample
Since symbols are equiprobable in the 2 nd case 2 bit are required. Since 2 sample per second are transmitted we
So, require 4 bit to be transmitted per second.
P b s11 received l = Q c E m
s21 transmitted N0
SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
So the average probability of error
At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
= 1 ;P b s21 received l + P b s11 received lE form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
2 s11 transmitted s21 transmitted
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
= 1 =Q c
N0 m c N 0 mG c N0 m
E +Q E =Q E
2 Available Only at NODIA Online Store
or a = 107
8 .2 6 Option (D) is correct.
Probability of error is given by
Q1 = 5 = 5 = 50 = 1 [2W + 2W + 4W + 6W] = 7W
s- 0.1 2
2n = 50 $ n - = 6
-
Thus 8 .4 2 Option (B) is correct.
` N j+ = 1.76 + 6n = 1.76 + 42 = 43.76 dB
S + We have qi = 2p105 t + 5 sin (2p1500t) + 7.5 sin (2p1000t)
wi = dqi = 2p105 + 10p1500 cos (2p1500t) + 15p1000 cos (2p1000t)
` N j- = 1.76 + 6n = 1.76 + 36 = 37.76 dB
S -
dt
Maximum frequency deviation is
` N j0 = 43.76 dB
Best S
3wmax = 2p (5 # 1500 + 7.5 # 1000)
8 .3 6 Option (A) is correct. 3 fmax = 15000
3f
We have xAM (t) = Ac cos wc + 2 cos wm t cos wc t Modulation index is = max = 15000 = 10
fm 1500
= AC c1 + 2 cos wm t m cos wc t
Ac 8 .4 3 Option (C) is correct.
For demodulation by envelope demodulator modulation index 8 .4 4 Option (B) is correct.
must be less than or equal to 1. fm = 4 KHz
2 #1
Thus
Ac fs = 2fm = 8 kHz
Ac $ 2 Bit Rate Rb = nfs = 8 # 8 = 64 kbps
Hence minimum value of Ac = 2 The minimum transmission bandwidth is
BW = Rb = 32 kHz
2
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
by RK K a nodia 8 .4 5 Option (C) is correct.
c N m = 1.76 + 6n dB
S0
N ow in 3 Volum e 0
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store = 1.76 + 6 # 8 = 49.76 dB We have n = 8
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in 8 .4 6 Option (B) is correct.
cos (4pWt)
= cos p = 0.5
6
= Rb max = RC = 1.2288 # 10 = 12.288 # 103 bps
1 - 48W2 t2 1-3 Gmin 100
8 .5 3 Option (B) is correct. 8 .5 7 Option (B) is correct.
The block diagram is as shown below Energy of constellation 1 is
Eg1
= (0) + (-
2
2 a) + (-
2
2 a) 2 + ( 2 a) 2 + (- 2 2 a) 2
= 2a2 + 2a2 + 2a2 + 8a2 = 16a2
Energy of constellation 2 is
Eg2 = a2 + a2 + a2 + a2 = 4a2
E 2
Ratio = g1 = 16a2 = 4
Eg2 4a
Here M1 (f) = Mt (f) 8 .5 8 Option (A) is correct.
j2 p B
+ e -j 2 p B Noise Power is same for both which is N0 .
Y1 (f) = M (f) c e m 2
2
j 2p B Thus probability of error will be lower for the constellation 1 as it
Y2 (f) = M1 (f) c e - e -j2pB
2 m has higher signal energy.
Y (f) = Y1 (f) + Y2 (f) 8 .5 9 Option (A) is correct.
All waveform is shown below SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
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form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
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Area under the pdf curve must be unity
Thus 2a + 4a + 4b = 1
2a + 8b = 1 ...(1)
For maximum entropy three region must by equivaprobable thus
2a = 4b = 4b ...(2)
From (1) and (2) we get
b = 1 and a = 1
12 6
8 .6 0 Option (*) is correct.
8 .6 1 Option (B) is correct.
A LPF will not produce phase distortion if phase varies linearly
8 .5 4 Option (C) is correct. with frequency.
By Binomial distribution the probability of error is f (w) \ w
pe = Cr p (1 - p)
n r n-r
i.e. f (w) = kw
Probability of at most one error 8 .6 2 Option (B) is correct.
= Probability of no error + Probability of one error Let m (t) is a low pass signal, whose frequency spectra is shown
= n C0 p0 (1 - p) n - 0 + n C1 p1 (1 - p) n - 1 below
= (1 - p) n + np (1 - p) n - 1
8 .5 5 Option (B) is correct.
Bandwidth allocated for 1 Channel = 5 M Hz
Average bandwidth for 1 Channel 5 = 1 MHz
5
Total Number of Simultaneously Channel = 1M # 8 = 40 Channel
200k
8 .5 6 Option (A) is correct. Fourier transform of g (t)
Chip Rate RC = 1.2288 # 106 chips/sec 3
G (t) = 1
/
d (f - 20 # 103 k)
0.5 # 10-4 k =- 3
Data Rate Rb = RC
G Spectrum of G (f ) is shown below
Since the processing gain G must be at least 100, thus for Gmin we
get
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 206
Thus 16 = H (w) 2
16 + w2
or H (w) = 4
16 + w2
or H (s) = 4
4+s
which is a first order low pass RL filter.
8 .7 4 Option (A) is correct.
We have R = 4
8 .8 1 Option (B) is correct.
R + sL 4+s We have H (f) = 2e - jwt d
R
or = 4 L H (f) = 2
+s R4+s
L
G0 (f) = H (f) 2 Gi (f)
Comparing we get L = 1 H and R = 4W
8 .7 5 Option (C) is correct. SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
We have xAM (t) = 10 (1 + 0.5 sin 2pfm t) cos 2pfc t At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
The modulation index is 0.5 form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
(10) 2 binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Carrier power Pc = = 50 Available Only at NODIA Online Store
2
(10) 2 Click to Buy
Side band power Ps = = 50
2 w w w.nodia .c o.in
2 (0.5) 2 (50)
Side band power Ps = m Pc = = 6.25
2 2 = 4No W/Hz
8 .7 6 Option (B) is correct. The noise power is = 4No # B
Mean noise power = Area under the PSD curve 8 .8 2 Option (C) is correct.
= 4 ; 1 # B # No E = BNo As the area under pdf curve must be unity
2 2 1 (4 # k) = 1 $ k = 1
The ratio of average sideband power to mean noise power is 2 2
Side Band Power = 6.25 = 25 Now mean square value is
Noise Power N0 B 4No B
#- 3
+3
sv2 = v2 p (v) dv
8 .7 7 Option (D) is correct.
v2 ` v j dv
#0
4
{1 + km (t)} A sin (wc t) $ Amplitude modulation = as p (v) = 1 v
8 8
dm (t) Asin (wc t) $ DSB-SC modulation
c 8 m dv = 8
3
#
4
= v
A sin {cos t + km (t)} $ Phase Modulation 0
A sin [wct + k] t- 3 m (t) dt $ Frequency Modulation 8 .8 3 Option (D) is correct.
8 .7 8 Option (C) is correct. The phase deviation is
VSB $ fm + fc b =
3f
= 10 = 10
DSB - SC $ 2fm fm 1
SSB $ fm If phase deviation remain same and modulating frequency is
AM $ 2fm changed
Thus SSB has minimum bandwidth and it require minimum pow- BW = 2 (b + 1) fm' = 2 (10 + 1) 2 = 44 kHz
er. 8 .8 4 Option (B) is correct.
As the area under pdf curve must be unity and all three region are
8 .7 9 Option (A) is correct.
equivaprobable. Thus are under each region must be 13 .
Let x (t) be the input signal where
x (t) = cos (cos t + b1 cos wm t) 2a # 1 = 1 $ a = 2
4 3 3
cos (2wc t + 2b1 cos wm t)
y (t) = x2 (t) = 1 + 8 .8 5 Option (A) is correct.
2 2
x $ 1 dx = 1 ; x E = a
3 a 3
#- a #0
+a a 2
3f Nq = x2 p (x) dx = 2
Here b = 2b1 and b1 = = 90 = 18 4 2 3 0 6
fm 5
BW = 2 (b + 1) fm = 2 (2 # 18 + 1) # 5 = 370 kHz Substituting a = 2 we have
3
8 .8 0 Option (C) is correct. Nq = 4
81
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 208
Now V0 (t) = VHP (t) + sin (2p # 100 # 106) t Probability of error of 1
P (0 # X # 0.2) = 0.2
= 1 cos [2p100 # 106 + 2p # 1 # 106 t] + sin (2p # 100 # 106) t Probability of error of 0 :
2
P (0.2 # X # 0.25) = 0.05 # 2 = 0.1
= 1 cos [2p108 + 2p106 t] + sin (2p108) t
2 P (0 # X # 0.2) + P (0.2 # X # 0.25)
Average error =
2
= 1 [cos (2p108 t) t cos (2p106 t)] - sin [2p108 t sin (2p106 t) + sin 2p108 t] = 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.15
2 0
8 .9 7 Option (B) is correct.
= 1 cos (2p106 t) cos 2p108 t + `1 - 1 sin 2p106 t j sin 2p108 t The square mean value is
2 2
#- 3 (x - xq) 2 f (x) dx
3
This signal is in form s2 =
= A cos 2p108 t + B sin 2p108 t
#0 (x - xq) 2 f (x) dx
1
=
Now
GAT E = #0
0. 3
(x - 0) 2 f (x) dx + #0.3 (x - 0.7) 2 f (x) dx
0.1
12 12
#- 3 fZ (z) dz
z
Now p [Z # z] =
= 12 # 10-6 V2
#- 3fZ (z) dz
-2
p [Z #- 2] = 8 .1 0 8 Option (D) is correct.
The frequency of pulse train is
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
f 1- 3 = 1 k Hz
by RK K a nodia 10
N ow in 3 Volum e The Fourier Series coefficient of given pulse train is
-T /2
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store Cn = 1 #
o
Ae-jnw t dt o
To -T /2
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free o
-To /6
= Area [z #- 2] To (- jhwo) o
frequency 1. MHz. Thus 2fc' = 1 MHz or fc' = 0.5 MHz fc = 1000 kHz
1 The frequency of message signal is
8 .1 1 0 Option (D) is correct.
fm = 1 = 10 kHz
PT = Pc c1 + a m
2
2 100 # 10 - 6
Here message signal is symmetrical square wave whose FS has only
P (0.5) 2
Psb = Pc a = c
2
Thus coefficient = 5J4 (6) Thus, there is no 1020 kHz component in modulated signal.
8 .1 1 2 Option (B) is correct. 8 .1 1 9 Option (C) is correct.
+3
Ring modulation $ Generation of DSB - SC
VCO $ Generation of FM
We have y (t) = 5 # 10 - 6 x (t) / d (t - nTs)
n =- 3
(SNR)dB = 10 log 10 (0.05) = 13 dB s (t) = cos 2p (2 # 106 t + 30 sin 150t + 40 cos 150t)
= cos {4p106 t + 100p sin (150t + q)}
8 .1 1 5 Option (B) is correct.
3 fs Angle modulated signal is
For slopeoverload to take place Em $
2pfm s (t) = A cos {wc t + b sin (wm t + q)}
This is satisfied with Em = 1.5 V and fm = 4 kHz Comparing with angle modulated signal we get
8 .1 1 6 Option (A) is correct. Phase deviations b = 100p
If s " carrier synchronization at receiver Frequency deviations
r " represents bandwidth efficiency 3 f = bfm = 100p # 150 = 7.5 kHz
2p
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 212
= Ac2 cos (3wc t + 3b sin wm t) + 3 cos (wc t + b sin wm t) 8 .1 4 3 Option (D) is correct.
We know that matched filter output is given by
Thus the fundamental frequency doesn’t change but BW is three
# g (l) g (T - t + l) dl at
3
times. g 0 (t) = 0
-3
BW = 2 (3 f') = 2 (3 f # 3) = 3 MHz t = T0
fY (y) = 1 exp c
2 m
Here S (t) -y 2
-at
= [e cpsDwt cos wc t - e sin Dwt sin wc t] m (t)
at 2p
= [e-at cos Dwt] cos 2pfc t - [e-at sin Dwt] sin 2pfc t
= S1 (t) cos 2pfc t - SQ (t) sin 2pfc t
Complex envelope of s (t) is
S (t) = S1 (t) + jSQ (t)
= e-at cos Dwt + je-at sin Dwt
= e-at [cos Dwt + j sin Dwt]
= exp (- at) exp (jDwt) m (t)
8 .1 4 6 Option (C) is correct.
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 214
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store 8 .1 5 3 Option (A) is correct.
In PCM, SNR is depends an step size (i.e. signal amplitude) SNR
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free
can be improved by using smaller steps for smaller amplitude. This
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in is obtained by compressing the signal.
8 .1 5 4 Option (C) is correct.
Band width is same for BPSK and APSK(OOK) which is equal to
twice of signal Bandwidth.
8 .1 5 5 Option (A) is correct.
The spectral density of a real value random process symmetric about
vertical axis so it has an even symmetry.
8 .1 5 6 Option (A) is correct.
T
8 .1 5 7 Option (C) is correct.
#
+t
Rxx (t) = 1 It is one of the advantage of bipolar signalling (AMI) that its
2
A2 dt
T T
- +t
spectrum has a dc null for binary data transmission PSD of bipolar
2
= A :T + T - tD = A :T - tD
2 2
signalling is
T 2 2 T 2
(t) can be negative or positive, so generalizing above equations
Rxx (t) = A :T - t D
2
T 2
Rxx (t) is a regular pulse of duration T .
For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
Px (x) = 1 e-x /2
2
factor of 22 (n + 1)/n
2p 8 .1 6 5 Option (D) is correct.
so here K = 1
The auto correlation of energy signal is an even function.
2p
auto correlation function is gives as
8 .1 5 9 Option (C) is correct. 3
Here the highest frequency component in the spectrum is 1.5 kHz R (t) = # x (t) x (t + t) dt
-3
[at 2 kHz is not included in the spectrum] 3
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w w w.nodia .c o.in
UNIT 9 2
p # 10 ^x + z h
(C) 45c and E 0 ^atx - atz h e-j 3 2
4
V/m
2
9 .5 The expression for Evr is
p # 10 ^x - z h
(A) 0.23 E 0 ^atx + atz h e-j 3 2
4
V/m
2013 ON E M ARK
2
v ^rvh. The closed loop line integral A # (B) - E 0 ^atx + atz h e j 3 V/m
p # 10 z 4
^d # A
## vh : dsv over the closed surface bounded by the loop p # 10 ^x - z h
(C) 0.44 E 0 ^atx + atz h e-j 3 2
(A) 4
V/m
(B) ^d : A
### vh dv over the closed volume bounded by the loop 2
(C) ### ^d : Avhdv over the open volume bounded by the loop (D) E 0 ^atx + atz h e-j
p # 10 ^x + z h
4
2012 T WO M ARK S
9 .1 1 The magnetic field among the propagation direction inside a (A) 0.8 # 108 m/s (B) 1.2 # 108 m/s
rectangular waveguide with the cross-section shown in the figure is (C) 1.6 # 108 m/s (D) 3 # 108 m/s
Hz = 3 cos (2.094 # 102 x) cos (2.618 # 102 y) cos (6.283 # 1010 t - bz)
9 .1 6 The modes in a rectangular waveguide are denoted by TE mn where
TM mn
m and n are the eigen numbers along the larger and smaller di-
mensions of the waveguide respectively. Which one of the following
statements is TRUE?
(A) The TM 10 mode of the waveguide does not exist
(B) The TE 10 mode of the waveguide does not exist
The phase velocity v p of the wave inside the waveguide satisfies (C) The TM 10 and the TE 10 modes both exist and have the same
(A) v p > c (B) v p = c cut-off frequencies
(C) 0 < v p < c (D) v p = 0 (D) The TM 10 and the TM 01 modes both exist and have the same
cut-off frequencies
[S ] = >
0.9+90c 0.1+90cH
0.2+0c 0.9+90c
, then the network is
(A) lossless and reciprocal (B) lossless but not reciprocal
(C) not lossless but reciprocal (D) neither lossless nor reciprocal
(C) 35 dB (D) 45 dB
2007 ON E M ARK
x +y x + y2 H , the current density j and the electric flux density D are related
What current distribution leads to this field ? by
## c j + 2t m $ d t
##
[Hint : The algebra is trivial in cylindrical coordinates.] (A) H $ ds = 2D
t t
(A) J = B0 z c 2 1 2 m, r ! 0 (B) J =- B0 z c 2 2 2 m, r ! 0 S c
m0 x + y m0 x + y
t (B) #S H $ d l = ##S c j + 22Dt m $ dS
(C) J = 0, r ! 0 (D) J = B0 z c 2 1 2 m, r ! 0
m0 x + y
(C) ##S H $ dS = #C c j + 22Dt m $ d t
2008 ON E M ARK SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
9 .3 1 For a Hertz dipole antenna, the half power beam width (HPBW) in At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
the E -plane is form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
(A) 360c (B) 180c binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
(C) 90c (D) 45c
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9 .3 2 For static electric and magnetic fields in an inhomogeneous source-
free medium, which of the following represents the correct form of w w w.nodia .c o.in
Maxwell’s equations ?
(A) 4$ E = 0 , 4# B = 0 (B) 4$ E = 0 , 4$ B = 0 (D) #C H $ d l # = ##S c j + 22Dt m $ ds
(C) 4# E = 0 , 4# B = 0 (D) 4# E = 0 , 4$ B = 0 c
2007 T WO M ARK S
(A) > H
- 12 1
(B) =
1 0G
9 .3 6 In the design of a single mode step index optical fibre close to upper 2 0 1
cut-off, the single-mode operation is not preserved if 1
2 - 1
2
(A) radius as well as operating wavelength are halved
(C) > H (D) > H
(B) radius as well as operating wavelength are doubled - 13 2
3
1
4 - 43
2
3 - 1
3 - 3
4
1
4
(C) radius is halved and operating wavelength is doubled
(D) radius is doubled and operating wavelength is halved 9 .4 2 The parallel branches of a 2-wirw transmission line re terminated in
100W and 200W resistors as shown in the figure. The characteristic
9 .3 7 At 20 GHz, the gain of a parabolic dish antenna of 1 meter and 70%
impedance of the line is Z0 = 50W and each section has a length of
efficiency is l . The voltage reflection coefficient G at the input is
(A) 15 dB (B) 25 dB 4
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 220
(C) 2 (D) 3
2006 ON E M ARK
(C) 3atx + 3aty + 5atz (D) - 3atx + 3aty + 5atz Statement of Linked Answer Questions 9.46 & 9.47 :
9 .5 3 A mast antenna consisting of a 50 meter long vertical conductor Voltage standing wave pattern in a lossless transmission line with
operates over a perfectly conducting ground plane. It is base-fed at characteristic impedance 50 and a resistive load is shown in the
a frequency of 600 kHz. The radiation resistance of the antenna is figure.
Ohms is
(A) 2p (B) p
2 2
5 5
(C) 4p
2
(D) 20p2
5
2005 ON E M ARK
9 .5 9 The value of the load resistance is
9 .5 4 The magnetic field intensity vector of a plane wave is given by
(A) 50 W (B) 200 W
H (x, y, z, t) = 10 sin (50000t + 0.004x + 30) aty
(C) 12.5 W (D) 0
where aty , denotes the unit vector in y direction. The wave is
propagating with a phase velocity. 9 .6 0 The reflection coefficient is given by
(A) 5 # 10 4 m/s (B) - 3 # 108 m/s (A) - 0.6 (B) - 1
(C) - 1.25 # 107 m/s (D) 3 # 108 m/s (C) 0.6 (D) 0
9 .5 5 Refractive index of glass is 1.5. Find the wavelength of a beam of SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
light with frequency of 1014 Hz in glass. Assume velocity of light is At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
3 # 108 m/s in vacuum form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
(A) 3 mm (B) 3 mm binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
(C) 2 mm (D) 1 mm Available Only at NODIA Online Store
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2005 T WO M ARK S w w w.nodia .c o.in
9 .5 6 Which one of the following does represent the electric field lines 9 .6 1 Many circles are drawn in a Smith Chart used for transmission line
for the mode in the cross-section of a hollow rectangular metallic
calculations. The circles shown in the figure represent
waveguide ?
2004 T WO M ARK S
2003 ON E M ARK
9 .7 1 The unit of 4# H is
(A) Ampere (B) Ampere/meter
(C) Ampere/meter 2 (D) Ampere-meter
(A) 10 V (B) 5 V
(C) 60 V (D) 60/7 V 9 .7 2 The depth of penetration of electromagnetic wave in a medium
having conductivity s at a frequency of 1 MHz is 25 cm. The depth
9 .6 6 In a microwave test bench, why is the microwave signal amplitude of penetration at a frequency of 4 MHz will be
modulated at 1 kHz (A) 6.25 dm (B) 12.50 cm
(C) 50.00 cm (D) 100.00 cm
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
by RK K a nodia
2003 T WO M ARK S
N ow in 3 Volum e
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store 9 .7 3 Medium 1 has the electrical permittivity e1 = 1.5e0 farad/m and
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free occupies the region to the left of x = 0 plane. Medium 2 has the
electrical permittivity e2 = 2.5e0 farad/m and occupies the region to
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in the right of x = 0 plane. If E1 in medium 1 is E1 = (2ux - 3uy + 1uz )
volt/m, then E2 in medium 2 is
(A) To increase the sensitivity of measurement
(A) (2.0ux - 7.5uy + 2.5uz ) volt/m
(B) To transmit the signal to a far-off place
(B) (2.0ux - 2.0uy + 0.6uz ) volt/m
(C) To study amplitude modulations
(C) (2.0ux - 3.0uy + 1.0uz ) volt/m
(D) Because crystal detector fails at microwave frequencies
(D) (2.0ux - 2.0uy + 0.6uz ) volt/m
9 .6 7 If E = (atx + jaty) e jkz - kwt and H = (k/wm) (aty + katx ) e jkz - jwt , the time- 9 .7 4 If the electric field intensity is given by E = (xux + yuy + zuz ) volt/m,
averaged Poynting vector is the potential difference between X (2, 0, 0) and Y (1, 2, 3) is
(A) null vector (B) (k/wm) atz (A) + 1 volt (B) - 1 volt
(C) (2k/wm) atz (D) (k/2wm) atz (C) + 5 volt (D) + 6 volt
9 .6 8 Consider an impedance Z = R + jX marked with point P in an 9 .7 5 A uniform plane wave traveling in air is incident on the plane
impedance Smith chart as shown in Fig. The movement from point boundary between air and another dielectric medium with er = 4 .
P along a constant resistance circle in the clockwise direction by an The reflection coefficient for the normal incidence, is
angle 45c is equivalent to (A) zero (B) 0.5+180c
(B) 0.333+0c (D) 0.333+180c
36p F/m)
36p F/m)
(A) 0 C/m 2 (B) 2 C/m 2
(A) (0.01 - j0.02) mho (B) (0.02 - j0.01) mho (C) 1.8 # 10 - 11 C/m 2 (D) 1.41 # 10 - 9 C/m 2
(C) (0.04 - j0.02) mho (D) (0.02 + j0) mho 9 .8 6 A person with receiver is 5 Km away from the transmitter. What
is the distance that this person must move further to detect a 3-dB
9 .7 8 A rectangular metal wave guide filled with a dielectric material of
decrease in signal strength
relative permittivity er = 4 has the inside dimensions 3.0 cm # 1.2
(A) 942 m (B) 2070 m
cm. The cut-off frequency for the dominant mode is
(A) 2.5 GHz (B) 5.0 GHz (C) 4978 m (D) 5320 m
(C) 10.0 GHz (D) 12.5 GHz SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
9 .7 9 Two identical antennas are placed in the q = p/2 plane as shown form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
in Fig. The elements have equal amplitude excitation with 180c
polarity difference, operating at wavelength l. The correct value
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
of the magnitude of the far-zone resultant electric field strength
normalized with that of a single element, both computed for f = 0 Click to Buy
, is w w w.nodia .c o.in
2001 ON E M ARK
2002 T WO M ARK S
2001 T WO M ARK S
jp/2 jwt - jkz
9 .8 3 A plane wave is characterized by E = (0.5xt + ye
t )e . This 9 .9 1 A material has conductivity of 10 - 2 mho/m and a relative permittivity
wave is of 4. The frequency at which the conduction current in the medium
(A) linearly polarized (B) circularly polarized is equal to the displacement current is
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 224
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store 9 .1 0 4 Indicate which one of the following will NOT exist in a rectangular
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free resonant cavity.
(A) TE110 (B) TE 011
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in
(C) TM110 (D) TM111
2000 ON E M ARK
1998 ON E M ARK 9 .1 1 9 An antenna in free space receives 2 mW of power when the incident
9 .1 1 0 The intrinsic impedance of copper at high frequencies is electric field is 20 mV/m rms. The effective aperture of the antenna
(A) purely resistive is
(A) 0.005 m2
(B) purely inductive
(B) 0.05 m2
(C) complex with a capacitive component
(C) 1.885 m2
(D) complex with an inductive component
(D) 3.77 m2
9 .1 1 1 The Maxwell equation V # H = J + 2D is based on
2t 9 .1 2 0 The maximum usable frequency of an ionospheric layer at 60c
(A) Ampere’s law (B) Gauss’ law incidence and with 8 MHz critical frequency is
(C) Faraday’s law (D) Coulomb’s law (A) 16 MHz
(B) 16 MHz
9 .1 1 2 All transmission line sections shown in the figure is have a 3
characteristic impedance R 0 + j 0 . The input impedance Zin equals (C) 8 MHz
(D) 6.93 MHz
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(A) 2 R 0 (B) R 0 w w w.nodia .c o.in
3
(C) 3 R 0 (D) 2R 0 (B) due to rotation only
2
(C) due to transformer action only
1998 T WO M ARK S (D) due to both rotation and transformer action
9 .1 1 3 The time averages Poynting vector, in W/m2 , for a wave with 9 .1 2 2 The far field of an antenna varies with distance r as
Ev = 24e j (wt + bz) avy V/m in free space is (A) 1 (B) 12
r
(A) - 2.4 avz (B) 2.4 av r
p p z
(C) 13 (D) 1
(C) 4.8 avz (D) - 4.8 avz r r
p p
9 .1 1 4 The wavelength of a wave with propagation constant (0.1p + j0.2p) m-1 1997 ON E M ARK
is
2 m 9 .1 2 3 A transmission line of 50 W characteristic impedance is terminated
(A) (B) 10 m with a 100 W resistance. The minimum impedance measured on the
0.05
(C) 20 m (D) 30 m line is equal to
(A) 0 W
9 .1 1 5 The depth of penetration of wave in a lossy dielectric increases with (B) 25 W
increasing (C) 50 W
(A) conductivity (B) permeability
(D) 100 W
(C) wavelength (D) permittivity
9 .1 2 4 A rectangular air filled waveguide has cross section of 4 cm #10 cm
9 .1 1 6 The polarization of wave with electric field vector . The minimum frequency which can propagate in the waveguide is
Ev = E 0 e j^wt + bz h ^avx + avy h is (A) 0.75 GHz
(A) linear (B) elliptical
(B) 2.0 GHz
(C) left hand circular (D) right hand circular
(C) 2.5 GHz
9 .1 1 7 The vector H in the far field of an antenna satisfies (D) 3.0 GHz
(A) d $ Hv = 0 and d # Hv = 0 (B) d $ Hv ! 0 and d # Hv ! 0
9 .1 2 5 A parabolic dish antenna has a conical beam 2c wide, the directivity
(C) d $ Hv = 0 and d # Hv ! 0 (D) d $ Hv ! 0 and d # Hv = 0
of the antenna is approximately
9 .1 1 8 The radiation resistance of a circular loop of one turn is 0.01 W. The (A) 20 dB
radiation resistance of five turns of such a loop will be (B) 30 dB
(A) 0.002 W (B) 0.01 W (C) 40 dB
(C) 0.05 W (D) 0.25 W (D) 50 dB
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 226
1996 T WO M ARK S
c m1 e1 sin qi = c m2 e2 sin qt 2
(2)
...(1)
For the given interfaces, we have Again, we have the propagation vector of reflected wave as
m1 = m2 = 1 v v
avk = ax - az
e1 = 1, e2 = 4.5 2
So, from Eq. (1) or, k = x - z
sin qi = 4.5 sin 19.2 2
Substituting it in Eq. (2), we get
or, qi . 45c
Evr =- 0.23 Eo _- avx - avz i e-j 3 b 2 l
p # 10 x - z4
v
Now, the component of Ei can be obtained as
Evi = _Eox avx - Eoz avz i e-jbk
2
jp # 10 ^x - z h V
Evr = 0.23 o _avx + avz i e- 3 2
4
E m
(observed from the shown figure) 2
Since, the angle qi = 45c so,
9 .6 Option (C) is correct.
Eox = Eoz = Eo Electric field of the propagating wave in free space is given as
2
_ax - avz i e-jbk Ei = (8ax + 6ay + 5az ) e j (wt + 3x - 4y) V/m
Therefore, v
Ei = E o v
...(1) 2 So, it is clear that wave is propagating in the direction (- 3ax + 4ay)
.
Now, the wavelength of EM wave is Since, the wave is incident on a perfectly conducting slab at x = 0 .
l = 600 mm So, the reflection coefficient will be equal to - 1.
So, b = 2p = p # 10 4 i.e. Er = (- 1) Ei =- 8ax - 6ay - 5az
l
0 0
3
Again, the reflected wave will be as shown in figure.
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 228
l = (2m + 1) l
4
= 1 ;
2p
F (q, f) sin qdq dfE
2p For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
4p 0 0# #
St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
= 1 ; cos 4 q sin qdqdfE
2p p/2
4p 0 # # 0
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
= 1 ;2p b- cos q lE = 1 # 2p :- 0 + 1 D
5 p/2 9 .1 3 Option (B) is correct.
4p 5 0
4p 5 Assuming the cross section of the wire on x -y plane as shown in
= 1 # 2p = 1 figure.
4p 5 10
D = 1 = 10
10
or, D (in dB) = 10 log 10 = 10 dB
9 .1 0 Option (C) is correct.
Since Z0 = Z1 Z 2
100 = 50 # 200
This is quarter wave matching. The length would be odd multiple
of l/4 .
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 229
Since, the hole is drilled along the length of wire. So, it can be also RL = R 0 (since voltage maxima is formed at the load)
s
assumed that the drilled portion carriers current density of - J . RL = 50 = 10 W
5
Now, for the wire without hole, magnetic field intensity at point P
will be given as 9 .1 9 Option (D) is correct.
Hf1 (2pR) = J (pR2) SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
Hf1 (2pR) = JR
2 form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
Since, point o is at origin. So, in vector form
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
H1 = J (xax + yay) Available Only at NODIA Online Store
2
Again only due to the hole magnetic field intensity will be given as. Click to Buy
(Hf2) (2pr) =- J (pr 2) w w w.nodia .c o.in
Hf2 = - Jr From the expressions of Ev & Hv , we can write,
2
Again, if we take Ol at origin then in vector form b = 280 p
2p = 280 p & l = 1
H2 = - J (xlax + ylay) or
l 140
2
v
Zw = E = p = 120 p
where xl and yl denotes point ‘P ’ in the new co-ordinate system. E
Wave impedance,
Now the relation between two co-ordinate system will be. Hv 3 er
x = xl + d again, f = 14 GHz
y = yl 8
Now l = C = 3 # 10 9 = 3
So, H2 = - J [(x - d) ax + yay] er f er 14 # 10 140 er
2 3 1
or =
So, total magnetic field intensity = H1 + H2 = J dax 140 er 140
2
or er = 9
So, magnetic field inside the hole will depend only on ‘d ’.
= 120p = E p = 120p
Ep
Option (C) is correct. Now
9 .1 4 3 9
Power radiated from any source is constant.
9 .2 0 Option (C) is correct.
9 .1 5 Option (C) is correct. For a lossless network
We have d = 2 mm and f = 10 GHz S11 2 + S21 2 = 1
Phase difference = 2p d = p ; For the given scattering matrix
l 4
S11 = 0.2 0c , S12 = 0.9 90c
or = l = 8d = 8 # 2 mm = 16 mm
S21 = 0.9 90c , S22 = 0.1 90c
v = fl = 10 # 109 # 16 # 10-3
Here, (0.2) 2 + (0.9) 2 ! 1 (not lossless)
= 1.6 # 108 m/ sec Reciprocity :
9 .1 6 Option (A) is correct. S12 = S21 = 0.9 90c (Reciprocal)
TM11 is the lowest order mode of all the TMmn modes.
9 .2 1 Option (D) is correct.
9 .1 7 Option (A) is correct. For distortion less transmission line characteristics impedance
From boundary condition
Z0 = R
Bn1 = Bn2 G
Attenuation constant
m1 Hx1 = m2 Hx2
a = RG
or Hx2 = Hx1 = 1.5
2 So, a = R = 0.1 = 0.002
Z0 50
or Hx2 = 1.5utx 9 .2 2 Option (C) is correct.
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 230
Av = xyatx + x 2 aty
v = dxatx + dyaty
dl Zo = 30 W, ZL = 0 (short)
# Av : dl tan bl = tan b 2p : l l = 1
v = # (xyatx + x 2 aty) : (dxatx + dyaty)
C C l 8
= # (xydx + x 2 dy)
C Z in = jZo tan bl = 30j
Circuit is shown below.
= #1/
2/ 3
xdx +
1/ 3
#2/ 3xdx + #1
3 4 dy + #3
1 1 dy
3 3 3 3
= 1 : 4 - 1 D + 3 : 1 - 4 D + 4 [3 - 1 ] + 1 [ 1 - 3 ] = 1
2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
9 .2 4 Option (A) is correct.
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
by RK K a nodia
N ow in 3 Volum e Reflection coefficient
60 + 3j - 60
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store t = ZL - Zo = = 1
ZL + Zo 60 + 3j + 60 17
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free 1+ t
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in VSWR = = 1 + 17 = 1.64
1- t 1 - 17
In the given problem 9 .2 6 Option (D) is correct.
Due to 1 A current wire in x - y plane, magnetic field be at origin
will be in x direction.
Due to 1 A current wire in y - z plane, magnetic field be at origin
will be in z direction.
Thus x and z component is non-zero at origin.
9 .2 7 Option (A) is correct.
Rectangular and cylindrical waveguide doesn’t support TEM modes
Reflection coefficient and have cut off frequency.
h - h1 Coaxial cable support TEM wave and doesn’t have cut off frequency.
t = 2 = 400p - 120p =- 1
h2 + h 1 40p + 120p 2 9 .2 8 Option (B) is correct.
t is negative So magnetic field component does not change its We have V = 4# A ...(1)
direction Direction of incident magnetic field By Stokes theorem
atE # atH = atK
atZ # atH = aty
# A $ dl = ## (4 # A) $ ds ...(2)
2 2
Zi1 = Z01 = 100 = 200W Reflection coefficient
ZL1 50
h2 - h1
2 2
G=
Zi2 = Z02 = 100 = 200W h2 + h1
ZL2 50
Substituting values for h1 and h2 we have
ZL3 = Zi1 Zi2 = 200W 200W = 100W
mo mo
-
t = eo er eo
= 1- er = 1 - 9 since
Zi = Z02 2
= 50 = 25W
mo
eo er + mo
eo 1+ er 1+ 9
ZL3 100 er = 9
9 .3 0 Option (C) is correct. =- 0.5
c 2 xm
We have Bv = B0 x a - y a ...(1)
y Option (C) is correct.
x + y2 x2 + y2 9 .3 6
To convert in cylindrical substituting In single mode optical fibre, the frequency of limiting mode increases
as radius decreases
x = r cos f and y = r sin f
ax = cos far - sin faf Hence r \ 1
f
and ay = sin far + cos faf So. if radius is doubled, the frequency of propagating mode gets
In (1) we have halved, while in option (D) it is increased by two times.
Bv = Bv0 af 9 .3 7 Option (D) is correct.
v Bv a
Now Hv = B = 0 f constant
m0 m0 SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
Jv = 4# Hv = 0 since H is constant At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
9 .3 1 Option (C) is correct. form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
The beam-width of Hertizian dipole is 180c and its half power beam- binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
width is 90c. Available Only at NODIA Online Store
4# E =- B l = c = 3 # 10 9 = 3
f 20 # 10 200
4# Ht = D + J Gain Gp = hp2 ` D j = 0.7 # p2 c 13 m = 30705.4
2 2
4$ B = 0 = 44.87 dB
` a j +`b j
l
fc = c m 2 n 2
2 9 .3 9 Option (D) is correct.
For TE11 mode,
4# H = J + 2 D Maxwell Equations
3 # 1010
` 4 j + ` 3 j = 6.25 GHz
fc = 1 2 1 2 2t
2
## 4# H $ ds = ## `J + 22Dt j .ds Integral form
9 .3 4 Option (D) is correct. s s
ZL + iZo tan (bl)
Zin = Zo
Zo + iZL tan (bl)
# H $ dl = ## `J + 22Dt j .ds Stokes Theorem
s
For ZL = 0 , Zin = iZo tan (bl) 9 .4 0 Option (A) is correct.
wm p
2 `2j 0
H sin ` 2px j sin (wt - bz) yt
The wavelength is 2
E =
8 h a
l = c = 3 # 109 = 0.1 m or 10 cm
f 3 # 10 This is TE mode and we know that
mpy
Ey \ sin ` mpx j cos `
b j
bl = 2p l = 2p # 1 = p
l 10 5 a
Thus Zin = iZo tan p Thus m = 2 and n = 0 and mode is TE20
5
9 .4 1 Option (C) is correct.
Thus Zin is inductive because Zo tan p is positive The 2-port scattering parameter matrix is
5
S ==
S21 S22 G
9 .3 5 Option (C) is correct. S11 S12
m
We have h =
e
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 232
2 2 We have 10 log G = 10 dB
Zin2 = Zo2 = 50 = 12.5
ZL2 200 or G = 10
Now ZL = Zin1 Zin2 Now gain G = Prad
Pin
25 12.5 = 25
3
or 10 = Prad
(50) 2 1W
Zs = = 300
25/3 or Prad = 10 Watts
9 .4 9 Option (A) is correct.
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion mo mo
h2 - h1 eo er - eo
by RK K a nodia G= =
h2 + h1 mo
eo er + mo
eo
N ow in 3 Volum e = 1 + er = 1 - 4 =- 1
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store 1 + er 1+ 4 3
The transmitted power is
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in Pt = (1 - G2) Pi = 1 - 1 = 8
9 9
or Pt = 8
G = ZS - Zo = 300 - 50 = 5 Pi 9
ZS + Zo 300 + 50 7
9 .5 0 Option (D) is correct.
9 .4 3 Option (D) is correct.
sin q = 1 = 1
= c 5 3 m + c 5 m = c 10 m
2 2 2
We have H =
2 Hx2 + Hy2 er 2
ho ho ho
or q = 45c = p
E 2 ho H 2
h
= o c 10 m = 50 4
2
For free space P = =
2ho 2 2 ho ho The configuration is shown below. Here A is point source.
watts
2 Ravg = 1 Re [E # H*]
2
Here b = 2p , d = l and a = 90c
l 4 E # H* = (atx + jaty) e jkz - jwt # k (- jatx + aty) e-jkz + jwt
2p l p wm
sin q +
Thus A = cos c l 4 2
m = cos ` sin q + j
p p
2 4 2 = atz ; k - (- j) (j) k E = 0
wm wm
The option (A) satisfy this equation.
Thus Ravg = 1 Re [E # H*] = 0
9 .5 9 Option (C) is correct. 2
From the diagram, VSWR is 9 .6 8 Option (A) is correct.
s = Vmax = 4 = 4 Suppose at point P impedance is
Vmin 1
Z = r + j (- 1)
When minima is at load ZO = s.ZL
If we move in constant resistance circle from point P in clockwise
or ZL = Zo = 50 = 12.5W direction by an angle 45c, the reactance magnitude increase. Let us
s 4
9 .6 0 Option (A) is correct. consider a point Q at 45c from point P in clockwise direction. It’s
The reflection coefficient is impedance is
Z1 = r - 0.5j
G = ZL - ZO = 12.5 - 50 =- 0.6
ZL + ZO 125. + 50
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 234
or G =1
3 = - 1 = 0.333+180c
3
Pref
Thus = G2= 1 9 .7 6 Option (B) is correct.
Pinc 9
We have E (z, t) = 10 cos (2p # 107 t - 0.1pz)
or Pref = Pinc where w = 2p # 107 t
9
i.e. 11.11% of incident power is reflected. b = 0.1p
u = w = 2p # 10 = 2 # 108 m/s
7
9 .7 1 Option (C) is correct. Phase Velocity
b 0.1p
By Maxwells equations
9 .7 7 Option (A) is correct.
4# H = 2D + J The fig of transmission line is as shown below.
2t
Thus 4# H has unit of current density J that is A/m2 [Z + jZo tan bl]
We know that Zin = Zo L
[Zo + jZL tan bl]
9 .7 2 Option (B) is correct.
For line 1, l = l and b = 2p , ZL1 = 100W
We know that d \ 1 2 l
f
d2 = f1 For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
Thus
d1 f2 St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
d2 = 1 ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
25 4
or d2 = 1 # 25 = 12.5 cm
4 [ZL + jZo tan p]
Thus Zin1 = Zo = ZL = 100W
9 .7 3 Option (C) is correct. [Zo + jZL tan p]
We have E1 = 2ux - 3uy + 1uz For line 2, l = l and b = 2p , ZL2 = 0 (short circuit)
8 l
E1t = - 3uy + uy and E1n = 2ux [0 + jZo tan p4 ]
Since for dielectric material at the boundary, tangential component Thus Zin2 = Zo = jZo = j50W
[Zo + 0]
of electric field are equal
Y = 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 0.01 - j0.02
E1t =- 3uy + uy = E2t (x = 0 plane) Zin1 Zin2 100 j50
E1n = 2ux
At the boundary the for normal component of electric field are
D1n = D2n
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 235
= 0.5e- 2 2p # eo er 4peo er 4
Ey
or f = 45 # 106 = 45 MHz
Ex
Since ! 1, it is elliptically polarized. Option (B) is correct.
Ey 9 .9 2
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 236
VSWR = 1 + G or er = 2
1-G
9 .9 9 Option (C) is correct.
or 3 = 1+G
` a j +`b j
1-G vp m 2 n 2
Cutoff frequency fc =
2
or G = 0.5
Pr = G2 = 0.25 For rectangular waveguide dominant mode is TE01
Now v 8
Pi Thus fc = p = 3 # 10- 2 = 15 # 109 For air
2a 2 # 10
Thus 25% of incident power is reflected. vp = 3 # 108
9 .9 3 Option (A) is correct.
= 15 GHz
We have l = 492 m
Option (B) is correct.
= 124 m . l
9 .1 0 0
and height of antenna
4 Phase Velocity b = 2p = w me
It is a quarter wave monopole antenna and radiation resistance is l
25 W. or l = 2p
w me
9 .9 4 Option (C) is correct.
The array factor is Thus l \ 1
y = bd cos q + d e
` 40 # 2 j d = (2.4)
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free 3 2
9 .9 5 Option (B) is correct. this potential is due to both monopole & dipole.
Zo = ZOC .ZSC = 100 # 25 = 10 # 5 = 50W 9 .1 0 3 Option (D) is correct.
9 .9 6 Option (C) is correct. In TE mode Ez = 0 , at all points within the wave guide. It implies
As the impedance of perfect conductor is zero, electric field is that electric field vector is always perpendicular to the waveguide
minimum and magnetic field is maximum at the boundary. axis. This is not possible in semi-infine parallel plate wave guide.
9 .9 7 Option (B) is correct. 9 .1 0 4 Option (A) is correct.
BW \ 1 9 .1 0 5 Option (C) is correct.
(Diameter) A scalar wave equation must satisfy following relation
As diameter increases Bandwidth decreases. For m ore GAT E Re sourc e s, M ock Te st a nd
9 .9 8 Option (C) is correct. St udy m at e ria l join t he c om m unit y
The fig is as shown below :
ht t p://w w w.fa c e book .c om /gat e e c 2 0 1 4
2 2 E - m 22 2 E = 0 ...(1)
2t 2 2z 2
Where m = w (Velocity)
b
Basically w is the multiply factor of t and b is multiply factor of
As per snell law z or x or y .
sin qt = 1 In option (A) E = 50e j (wt - 3z)
sin qi er m =w=w
sin 30c = 1 b 3
or
sin 45c er We can see that equations in option (C) does not satisfy equation
1
2
= 1 (1)
1
2
er
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 237
So h =
jwm
=
wm
45c Rr = 8 hp3 :ND2 S D
s s 3 l
2
Impedance will be complex with an inductive component. Rx \ N N " no. of turns
9 .1 1 1 Option (A) is correct. So, Rr 2 = N 2 # Rr 1
This equation is based on ampere’s law as we can see = (5) 2 # 0.01 = 0.25 W
#l H $ dl = I enclosed (ampere's law) 9 .1 1 9 Option (C) is correct.
We have
or #l H $ dl = #s Jds Power Re ceived
Aperture Area =
Applying curl theorem Polynting vector of incident wave
#s (4 # H) $ ds = #s Jds A =W
P
4# H = J 2
P = E h0 = 120p is intrinsic impedance
then it is modified to h0
of space
4# H = J + 2D Based on continuity equation
2t
So A
9 .1 1 2 Option (A) is correct. -6 -6
= 2 # 10 = 2 # 10
# 120 # 3.14
c h0 m
9 .1 1 3 Option (B) is correct. E2 (20 # 10-3) 2
9 .1 1 4 Option (B) is correct.
-6
Propagation constant = 2 # 10 # 12 -# 3.14 = 1.884 m2
400 # 10 6
r = a + ib = 0.1p + j0.2p
Option (B) is correct.
b = 2p = 0.2p
9 .1 2 0
here
l Maximum usable frequency
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 238
fo
fm = 1
sin Ae or = 10-2 f 1 = 10 MHz
p # 10 # 10 # m s
6
fm = 8MHz = 8 = 16 MHz -3
c 2 m ms = 10
sin 60c 3 3 or
p
9 .1 2 1 Option (D) is correct. Now phase velocity at another frequency
When a moving circuit is put in a time varying magnetic field educed f 2 = 1000 MHz is
emf have two components. One for time variation of B and other
4pf 2
turn motion of circuit in B . V =
ms
Option (A) is correct. -3
ms = 10 in above equation
9 .1 2 2
Put
p
Far field \ 1
r V
9 .1 2 3 Option (B) is correct. 4 # p # 1000 # 10 # p - 6 106 m/ sec
6
= #
Z in min = Z 0 10-3
S
9 .1 2 8 Option (A) is correct.
where S = standing wave ratio
Input impedance of a lossless transmission line is given by
1 + GL
Z + jZ 0 tan bl
Zin = Z 0 ; L
Z 0 + jZL tan bl E
S =
1 - GL
GL = reflection coefficient where Z 0 = Charateristic impedance of line
ZL = Load impedance
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion
by RK K a nodia b = 2p l = length
l
N ow in 3 Volum e so here bl = 2p l = p
l 4 2
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store
ZL = 0 (Short circuited)
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free
and Z 0 = 50 W
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in
0 + j50 tan p/2
Zin = 50 =
50 + j0 tan p/2G
so =3
GL = ZL - Z 0 = 100 - 50 = 50 = 1
ZL + Z 0 100 + 50 150 3 Thus infinite impedance, and current will be zero.
T X Ei
9 .1 2 7 Option (A) is correct. 9 .1 3 3 Option (B) is correct.
We know that skin depth is given by We have maximum usable frequency formulae as
s = 1 = 1 # 10-2 m f0
pf1 ms fm =
sin Ae
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 239
6
20 # 106 = 10 # 10
sin Ae
sin Ae = 1
2
Ae = 30c
9 .1 3 4 Option (C) is correct.
9 .1 3 5 Option (A) is correct.
Skin depth d= 1
pfms
Putting the given value
d= 1
3.14 # 1 # 109 # 4p # 10-7 # 106
= 15.9 mm
Click to Buy
w w w.nodia .c o.in
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 240
UNIT 10 1 0 .8
(C)
9 ^9n - 1h
8
+n (D)
9 ^9n - 1h
8
+ n2
2012 T WO M ARK S 1 0 .2 2 The question below consists of a pair of related words followed by
1 0 .1 6 One of the legacies of the Roman legions was discipline. In the four pairs of words. Select the pair that best expresses the relations
legious, military law prevailed and discipline was brutal. Discipline in the original pair :
on the battlefield kept units obedient, intact and fighting, even when Gladiator : Arena
the odds and conditions were against them. (A) dancer : stage (B) commuter : train
Which one of the following statements best sums up the meaning (C) teacher : classroom (D) lawyer : courtroom
of the above passage ?
(A) Through regimentation was the main reason for the efficiency
1 0 .2 3 Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to
of the Roman legions even in adverse circumstances. complete the following sentence :
Under ethical guidelines recently adopted by the Indian Medical
(B) The legions were treated inhumanly as if the men were animals
Association, human genes are to be manipulated only to correct
(C) Disciplines was the armies inheritance from their seniors diseases for which...................treatments are unsatisfactory.
(D) The harsh discipline to which the legions were subjected to led (A) similar (B) most
to the odds and conditions being against them. (C) uncommon (D) available
1 0 .1 7 Raju has 14 currency notes in his pocket consisting of only Rs. 20 1 0 .2 4 Choose the word from the from the options given below that is most
notes and Rs. 10 notes. The total money values of the notes is Rs. opposite in meaning to the given word :
230. The number of Rs. 10 notes that Raju has is Frequency
(A) 5 (B) 6 (A) periodicity (B) rarity
(C) 9 (D) 10
SPECI AL EDI TI ON ( STUDY M ATERI AL FORM )
1 0 .1 8 There are eight bags of rice looking alike, seven of which have At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
equal weight and one is slightly heavier. The weighing balance is form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
of unlimited capacity. Using this balance, the minimum number of
weighings required to identify the heavier bag is
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 8
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w w w.nodia .c o.in
1 0 .1 9 The data given in the following table summarizes the monthly
budget of an average household. (C) gradualness (D) persistency
Category Amount (Rs.) 1 0 .2 5 Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to
complete the following sentence :
Food 4000
It was her view that the country’s had been ............. by foreign
Clothing 1200 techno-crafts, so that to invite them to come back would be coun-
Rent 2000 ter-productive.
Savings 1500 (A) identified (B) ascertained
Other Expenses 1800 (C) exacerbated (D) analysed
2011 ON E M ARK
The distance covered during four laps of the journey are listed in
1 0 .2 1 There are two candidates P and Q in an election. During the the table below
campaign, 40% of voter promised to vote for P , and rest for Q
Lap Distance (km) Average speed (km/hour)
. However, on the day of election 15% of the voters went back on
their promise to vote for P and instead voted for Q . 25% of the P 15 15
voter went back on their promise to vote for Q and instead voted Q 75 45
for P . Suppose, P lost by 2 votes, then what was the total number R 40 75
of voters ?
S 10 10
(A) 100 (B) 110
From the given data, we can conclude that the fuel consumed per
(C) 90 (D) 95 kilometre was least during the lap
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 242
(A) P (B) Q 1 0 .3 4 Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to
(C) R (D) S complete the following sentence :
His rather casual remarks on politics..................his lack of serious-
1 0 .2 7 The horse has played a little known but very important role in the ness about the subject.
field of medicine. Horses were injected with toxins of disease until (A) masked (B) belied
their blood build up immunities. Then a serum was made from their (C) betrayed (D) suppressed
blood. Serums to fight with diphteria and tetanus were developed
this way. 1 0 .3 5 25 persons are in a room 15 of them play hockey, 17 of them play
It can be inferred from the passage, that horses were football and 10 of them play hockey and football. Then the number
(A) given immunity to diseases of persons playing neither hockey nor football is
(B) generally quite immune to diseases (A) 2 (B) 17
(C) given medicines to fight toxins (C) 13 (D) 3
(D) given diphtheria and tetanus serums
2010 T WO M ARK S
1 0 .2 8 The sum of n terms of the series 4 + 44 + 444 + ........
(A) (4/81) [10n + 1 - 9n - 1] (B) (4/81) [10n - 1 - 9n - 1] 1 0 .3 6 Modern warfare has changed from large scale clashes of armies to
(C) (4/81) [10n + 1 - 9n - 10] (D) (4/81) [10n - 9n - 10] suppression of civilian populations. Chemical agents that do their
work silently appear to be suited to such warfare ; and regretfully,
1 0 .2 9 Given that f (y) = y /y, and q is any non-zero real number, the their exist people in military establishments who think that chemical
value of f (q) - f (- q) is agents are useful fools for their cause.
Which of the following statements best sums up the meaning of
GAT E Ele c t ronic s & Com m unic at ion the above passage ?
by RK K a nodia (A) Modern warfare has resulted in civil strife.
N ow in 3 Volum e (B) Chemical agents are useful in modern warfare.
Purchase Online at maximum discount from online store (C) Use of chemical agents in ware fare would be undesirable.
and get POSTAL and Online Test Series Free (D) People in military establishments like to use chemical agents in
visit w w w.nodia .c o.in war.
SOLU T I ON S S2 =
9 ^9 - 1h
8
+ 22 = 94
S3
9 ^93 - 1h
= + 32 = 828
8
1 0 .8 Option (D) is correct.
1 0 .1 Option (D) is correct Nationalism in India is heterogeneous
Two and two make four
1 0 .9 Option (B) is correct.
1 0 .2 Option (C) is correct. Given, the quadratic equation
You can always given me a ring whenever you need. Because a friend
is need is a friend indeed 3x2 + 2x + P ^P - 1h = 0
It will have the roots with opposite sign if
Option (C) is correct.
P ^P - 1h < 0
1 0 .3
(negative). Only (C) can bring the same meaning. 1 0 .3 3 Option (D) is correct.
1 0 .2 6 Option (B) is correct. Here conserve is most appropriate word.
Since fuel consumption/litre is asked and not total fuel consumed, 1 0 .3 4 Option (C) is correct.
only average speed is relevant. Maximum efficiency comes at 45 km/ Betrayed means reveal unintentionally that is most appropriate.
hr, So least fuel consumer per litre in lap Q 1 0 .3 5 Option (D) is correct.
1 0 .2 7 Option (B) is correct. Number of people who play hockey n (A) = 15
Option B fits the sentence, as they built up immunities which helped Number of people who play football n (B) = 17
humans create serums from their blood. Persons who play both hockey and football n (A + B) = 10
1 0 .2 8 Option (C) is correct. Persons who play either hockey or football or both :
4 + 44 + 444 + .............. 4 (1 + 11 + 111 + .......) n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B)
= 4 (9 + 99 + 999 + ............) = 15 + 17 - 10 = 22
9
Thus people who play neither hockey nor football = 25 - 22 = 3
1 0 .3 6 Option (D) is correct.
= 4 [(10 - 1) + (100 - 1) + ........] Option (C) is correct.
9 1 0 .3 7
Option (B) is correct. (5) Using 2, 4, 4 we have 3244, 3424, 3442 i.e. 3! = 3 no.
1 0 .3 2 2!
A worker may by unemployed. Like in same relation a sleeper may (6) Using 3, 3, 4 we have 3334, 3343, 3433 i.e. 3! = 3 no.
be unaware. 2!
GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia Page 246