G3 - SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AND PROCESSES

-Sedimentary come from latin word meaning “ SEDIMENTUM” means “to settle”.
-Sedimentary rocks are created by the accumulation of already existing rocks or fragments of extinct organisms on the Earth's
surface.
-Several gorgeous landscapes of the desert southwest are made up of these rocks, which frequently have characteristic layering or
bedding.

*HOW SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORM?

WEATHERING - Process of rocks being broken down.
EROSION - The movement or transportation sediments.
DEPOSITION  - Sediments are dropped off into a new place.
COMPACTION - Sediments are compressed or squeezed together.
CEMENTATION - Bonding or sticking together of the sediments.

*CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.

1. TEXTURE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CLASTIC - Made of grains, which are broken pieces of previously existing rocks that have been packed together with pore-like gaps.
NON-CLASTIC - It means that the grains form an interlocking network similar to igneous rocks with crystalline texture.
-Form from chemical reaction mostly in ocean.

2. STRUCTURE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - Structures and patterns that sediments take while they are deposited and lithified.

*BEDDING - The most fundamental sedimentary structure

-The most obvious sign of sedimentary rock is individual layers, or beds, of sediment placed on top of one another.
-.A bed is a separate object from the beds above and below in some way
-Differences in the process of sedimentation can lead to different types of bedding.w in some way.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEDINGS:

Parallel bedding - can be created by the currents that carry sediment or by the deposition of sediment in still bodies of water, where
the sediment particles fall through the water column to rest at the bottom.

Cross bedding - is the result of sediment being deposited in bed forms that moved like waves close to the sediment-fluid interface.
These conditions are found in sand blown by the wind and in streams.
(TABULAR, WEDGE SHAPE, TROUGH SHAPE)

Graded bedding - is similar to parallel bedding, with the exception that the bed's grain size gradually decreases from the bottom to
the top. Currents in which sediment is partially carried in suspension rather than being transported along the bed are the cause of
this gradual change in grain size.

*COLOR
-The color of sedimentary rocks is often diagnostic of the geochemical environment at the time of formation.
-Shades of red or brown indicate formation of the sediment in an environment with abundant free oxygen. Under these conditions,
iron exists in the ferric, or oxidized, state.
-all amount of ferric iron is sufficient to impart a reddish or yellowish color to the deposit.
-Sediments that accumulated in environments lacking oxygen are usually darker in color.
-The somber gray and green shades of these rocks are attributed to the presence of iron in the ferrous, or reduced, state.

1. Sedimentary comes from latin word meaning " To Settle"? (SEDIMENTUM)

2. It is the 20% of all types of sedimentary rocks called?(SANDSTONE)
3-4.What are the 2 thick part of microscopic marine organism? (FORAMINIFERA, COCCOLITHOPHORES)
5.    This is the most fundamental sedimentary structure. (BEDDING)
6.    This is the process of rocks being broken down. (WEATHERING)

G4 - METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Metamorphic rocks started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous,
sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form.

*METAMORPHISM
Metamorphism is a metamorphic process that changes preexisting rocks into new forms because of increases in temperature,
pressure, and chemically active fluids.

HOW METAMORPHIC ROCKS FORM?

1. CONTACT METAMORPHISM
2. REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
3. DYNAMIC METAMORPHISM

*TEXTURE OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

1. FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS - Foliation forms when pressure squeezes the flat or elongate minerals within a rock so they
become aligned.

SLATE - Slate is formed by a metamorphosis of clay, shale and volcanic ash that results to a fine-grained foliated rock, resulting in
unique slate textures.
-Variable colors – black, blue, green, red, brown and buff.
-Parent Rock: Shale, Mudstone, and siltstone

PHYLLITE - Phyllite is formed by relatively low-grade metamorphic conditions in the lower part of the greenschist facies.
-Phyllite is often found as black to gray, or light greenish gray in color.
-Parent Rock: Shale, Mudstone, and Siltstone

SCHIST - This type of rock is formed through tremendous heat and pressure.
-Schist is often found as Silver to Gray
-Parent Rock: Shale, Mudstone, and Siltstone

GNEISS - Gneiss forms at higher temperatures and pressures than schist.

-Variable Colors: Can be mostly dark, or mostly light.
-Parent Rock: Granites and Shale

2. NON-FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS - Non-foliated metamorphic rocks do not have a platy or sheet-like structure.

MARBLE - Marble forms when a pre-existing limestone rock is heated to such extreme temperatures that the minerals grow larger
and fuse together.
- Marble can be many colors, including: White, pink, yellow, brown, green or black.
- Parent Rock: Limestone and Dolostone

QUARTZITE - Quartzite is a metamorphic rock formed when quartz-rich sandstone or chert has been exposed to high temperatures
and pressures
- Quartzite is often found as white to grey
- Parent Rock: Quartz sandstone

ANTHRACITE - Anthracite, specifically, is formed when bituminous coal undergoes very low-grade metamorphism and structural
deformation.
-Anthracite also known as “hard coal” is often found as black and shiny
-Parent Rock: Bituminous Coal

1-2 Give the two texture of Metamorphic Rocks (FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCK, NON METAMORPHIC ROCK)
3-5 What are the all types of Metamorphism (CONTACT, REGONAL, DYNAMIC
6-8 Name the three kinds of Tectonic Plate Boundaries. (DIVERGENT, CONVERGENT, TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARIES)
9. It occurs when the three kinds of Tectonic Plate Boundaries happened (DYNAMIC METAMORPHISM)
10. It occurs when rocks are buried deep in the crust (REGIONAL METHAMORPHISM)