Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
Tel. No. (045) 493-0182; Fax No. (045) 982-0110 Re-accredited
Level III by the
Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACUP), Inc.

Name: Sheena Belyn G. Alvarez

Year and Section: English-1B Group # 1

CONCEPTS OF SPEECH AND COMMUNICATION

Objectives:
1. Understand concepts related to speech, such as the nature and function of speech, the different
types of speech, and the objectives of speech in communication;
2. Recognize the concepts of communication;
3. Value the Importance of speech and communication.
Discussion Proper Speech- Its Nature and Functions
Speech is a God-given faculty that sets apart human beings from animals. The major medium of
communication of daily experiences is speech. Men communicate their thoughts, ideas, desires, and
feelings using intelligible words – by means of speech. The faculty of speech must be employed and
developed by human beings for mutual understanding and appreciation. The ability to articulate is
essential to emotional maturity, inner harmony, and balance. The speech reflects men’s countless
aspirations and frustrations, their proudest achievements, and ignoble failures. It would be very
difficult, if not impossible, for men to coordinate their activities without speech.
Speech is a vehicle for personality development, being the means of acquiring a pleasing and
acceptable personality. The way we articulate instantly reveals our background, training,
selfdiscipline, and education. The impression we make depends much on the ease and liveliness with
which we talk, how we advance or defend our convictions and principles, and how attractive our
voice is. Effective speech communication implies not only a well-modulated voice but an articulation
that is easily understood because the production of individual sounds and the selection of words are
accurate.
Speech is a way of self-expression without a brush or pen. It is essential to men’s growth and
eventually paves the way for their self-discovery. It is, thus, something that should be pursued to
perfection.
Types of Speech 1. Informative Speech
The purpose of this speech is to provide the audience with interesting and useful information.
Examples:
a. A college professor lecturing on a specific topic during a class.
b. A doctor talking to a group about ways to avoid heart disease.
2. Demonstrative Speech
It is a type of speech in which the speaker shows or demonstrates to the audience how to do
something or how something works.
Examples:
a. How to bake the Perfect Chocolate Chip Cookies
b. How to cook Adobo
3. Persuasive Speech
The speaker's main objective in this speech is to persuade the audience to accept a specific point
of view or take a specific action. It employs evidence, emotional appeals, and logic to construct an
argument and persuade the audience to agree with the speaker's position.
Examples:
a. A politician giving a campaign speech to convince voters to support their political platform.
b. A salesperson attempting to persuade potential customers to purchase a product.
4. Entertaining Speech
It is a type of speech that is designed to entertain the audience while also conveying information
or a message. It can include humor, storytelling, and other elements that engage and delight the
listeners, with the goal of leaving a lasting impression and making the experience enjoyable for
everyone.
Examples:
a. Stand-up comedy routine
b. A parody or satire on current events
Objectives of Speech
People communicate because of varied reasons. It could be personal, social, or utilitarian. From
the different theories which were held by authorities, three of these are widely supported. These are
in consonance with the fundamental objectives of speech.
1. We speak for self-expression.
We communicate our thoughts, feelings, and opinions to others by speaking. It enables us to
share our unique perspectives and experiences, as well as express ourselves in meaningful ways.
Through speech, we can also establish and assert our identity, as well as connect with others and
build relationships based on mutual understanding and respect.
2. We speak to communicate.
Speech is essential in our daily lives because it enables us to communicate our needs, wants, and
desires, as well as negotiate, persuade, and motivate others. In addition, we use speech to convey our
messages to others, understand their messages, and build relationships based on mutual
understanding and respect.
3. We speak to control human behavior.
Speech is a weapon by which human beings can be controlled. It is a substitute for physical force
which is demonstrated by our wish to argue or to persuade. It is a means by which the diverse
activities of men are coordinated with each other for the attainment of a common or reciprocal end.
In conclusion, men do not speak simply to relieve their feelings or to air their views but to awaken a
response in their fellows and to influence their attitudes and acts.
Communication
The word communication comes from the Latin word “communis” meaning commonness. It is a
process wherein knowledge, ideas, information, attitudes, feelings, and the like are transmitted.
Communication can be broadly defined as the exchange of ideas, messages, and information
between two or more people via a medium in such a way that the sender and receiver understand
the message in the same way, that is, they develop a common understanding of the message.
Communication is a two-way process by which information is exchanged between or among
individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, and behavior (Martinez 1).
Types of Communication 1. Verbal Communication
Verbal communication is the use of spoken words to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas. It
could be a simple conversation between friends, a meeting with your coworkers, or a presidential
speech. It can be formal or casual. It is an effective tool that accepts input from all aspects of the social
communication model and has an immediate impact.
Verbal communication also makes it easier for communicators to ensure understanding because
they can easily address objections and clear up any misunderstandings. You can also change the
message as you communicate based on feedback from your listeners. Spoken communication
provides numerous opportunities for interaction.
However, there are some disadvantages to using verbal communication. It's important to
remember that once words are spoken, they can't be taken back. As a result, certain aspects must be
considered whenever we use our voices and engage in verbal communication.

Aspects of Voice Usage Description

Volume Loudness or softness of voice.

Pitch How high or low is the voice is.

 Rate How fast or slow words are coming out of one’s mouth.

Quality How well voice is projected.

Pauses Small breaks in between necessary phrases and sentences.

Emphasis Stress on important words or phrases.

Variety Words and phrases used are varying (not using the same
words and phrases repeatedly).

When engaging in verbal communication, you also need to consider the following:

• Appropriateness of the language used to the environment or occasion (i.e., formal or

informal)
• Brevity or being more direct with words used. An effective speaker avoids fillers and
unnecessary expressions (e.g., “uhm”, “you know”, “like”, etc.)
• Clarity or the ability to clearly state you message and express your ideas and feelings.
• Ethics or carefully choosing words in consideration of gender, roles, ethnicity, preferences,
and status of the person or people you are talking to.
• Vividness or using words that vividly or creatively describe things or feelings to add color
and spice to communication.
• Pronunciation or the ability to combine vowels, consonants, syllables, and accents to
emphasize a specific word.
• Articulation or the process of forming meaningful oral symbols through the manipulation of
articulators— the tongue, soft and hard palates, teeth, gums, lips, and jaws.
• Dialects or differences in language.
Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey and
represent meanings. It is also described as the transfer of meaningful information from one person
to another by means other than written or spoken language. (Vaughan and Hogg, 1998)
Verbal message is important in communication, but how we communicate nonverbally is
equally, and sometimes more, important. What we say isn't always as important as how we say it,
especially when communicating feelings and attitudes. It is not very convincing if someone's words
do not match their nonverbal behaviors. We often mistrust words and instead rely on nonverbal
cues. For example, we may say we're "fine," but then avoid contact or interaction with other people.

Three Main Categories of Nonverbal Communication

The first one is what we refer to as Sign Language. This includes all codes in which numbers,
words, and punctuation signs have been replaced by gestures. Examples include American Sign
Language and British Sign Language. Action Language encompasses all movements that are not
solely used as signals. When you scratch your head when you're confused or cover your face when
you're embarrassed or ashamed. Nonverbal communication also includes all intentional and
unintentional displays of material things. This is referred to as Object Language. Consider how
people tend to buy and wear branded clothing to demonstrate their wealth.
Other forms of nonverbal communication are listed in the table below:
Type Description Example

Kinesics Refers to the study of hand, arm, body, • An employee straightens up his
and face movements as a form of back whenever his supervisor
communication; the most well-known passes by his workstation.
type of nonverbal communication. • The eye contact you make and
your facial expressions while
talking to someone.

Refers to the study of communication • Giving your friend a tap on the

through touch. back when he/she is feeling
Haptics lonely.
• Holding hands, hugging,
kissing, etc.

Proxemics Refers to the study of how space and • Giving up personal space in
distance influence communication. crowded public transportation
just to get to school on time.

Chronemics Refers to the study of how time affects • The CEO of the company can be
communication. late for a meeting but not the
employees.

Vocalics Refers to the vocalized but not verbal • Girls tend to use a higher-
aspects of nonverbal communication thannormal pitch when
(paralanguage) speaking with their crushes.

Nature of Communication
1. Communication is a process.
Communication as a process denotes a step-by-step activity that is essentially two-way and
requires the active participation of both the sender and the receiver. It is the act or process of
communicating with another person by using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or
exchange information. Communication is a dynamic process influenced by the communicator's mood
and thought processes.
2. Communication is much more of an ART than a science.
There is no right or wrong way to communicate, no set of absolute rules to follow, but there are
underlying principles that can help us communicate effectively.
3. Communication has a sender and receiver.
Communication occurs when two or more people act as the speaker or receiver of the message.
In other words, it is a two-way process of mutual understanding in which participants create and
share meaning as well as exchange (encode-decode) information, news, ideas, and feelings.
Communication, in general, is a means of connecting people or places.
4. Communication is verbal or non-verbal.
Communication can be in the form of spoken words (verbal) or actions (nonverbal) or both.
Communication is not all about sending or receiving facts in words. It does involve ideas and
emotions that are expressed through signs, symbols, and gestures.
5. Communication is inevitable.
Inevitability means communication is taking place even when someone does not want or intend
to communicate. This “does not want to communicate” feeling of someone actually does communicate
something. What does this mean? It simply means that you cannot avoid communicating. Why? The
truth is, we are communicating constantly because even when you do not want to communicate, you
are communicating.
6. Communication is irreversible.
This means that nothing you've said can ever be taken back. Irreversibility occurs the moment
you click the "OK" button on a social media comment or post, and it is too late to reverse it once many
people have reacted and commented on it. The same thing happens when you are angry and say
something hurtful or offensive to your adversary.
7. Communication is Unrepeatable.
Unrepeatability implies that a communication act can never be duplicated. We may say the same
thing several times, but the effect of what you said the second, third, or fourth time will be different
from the first time you said it.
Basic Functions of Communication 1. Control
It is the formal or informal exercise of restraint or direction. This is especially common among
members or acquaintances.
2. Social Interaction
Communication enables us to act and react to the behavior of those around us. We elicit reactions
from others by revealing our thoughts and feelings.
3. Emotional Expression
Communication allows for the release or unloading of emotions, which results in catharsis. It
makes it easier for people to express their feelings and emotions.
4. Motivation
The energy that influences a person's behavior in various ways as he pursues his goal or
objective. It encourages people to live better lives.
5. Information dissemination
It is the most basic function of communication that provides data and information for the
effective completion of tasks, solution of problems, and elimination of uncertainty.
7C's of Communication
The seven C's of communication are a set of guidelines that we should follow in all of our
communications. Their purpose is to ensure that the person with whom you're communicating
comprehends what you're saying.
1. Clear
Communication should be simple and easy to understand. Avoid using technical jargon or
complex vocabulary that may confuse the audience. Also, ensure that the message is organized and
logically structured. 2. Concise
Communication should be brief and to the point, with a focus on the most important details.
Remove any unnecessary information or details that could detract from the main message. You can
keep the audience's attention and make it easier for them to absorb and retain information by being
concise.
3. Concrete
Communication should be specific and use concrete examples and evidence to support the
message. To make your message more persuasive and convincing, use concrete facts and data rather
than vague or abstract language.
4. Correct
Communication should be accurate and error-free. Verify the information before presenting it to
the audience. This can help to avoid misunderstandings and maintain the credibility of the speaker.
5. Considerate
Communication should consider the audience's needs and perspectives. Respect the audience by
avoiding condescending or negative language and try to anticipate their questions or concerns. This
can help to establish rapport and trust with the audience.
6. Complete
Communication should include all of the information required for the audience to fully
comprehend the message. Ensure that the message is comprehensive and covers all relevant points.
Leaving out important details can lead to confusion and misinterpretation.
7. Courteous
Communication should be polite and professional, avoiding any negative or hostile tone. Show
respect for the audience by using a friendly and courteous tone, and avoid using language that may
offend or upset them. This can aid in the development of a positive and respectful communication
environment.
Generalization
Speech and communication are concepts that are interconnected, with speech serving as a tool
for communication. Speech is the act of producing articulate sounds with one's mouth to convey a
message, whereas communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, or thoughts
between individuals via a shared system of symbols, signs, or behavior. In other words, speech is
the means by which people participate in the communication process. Speech and communication
are important aspects of human life because they allow us to express ourselves and connect with
others. Furthermore, speech and communication have played a significant role in the development
of language, culture, and civilization.
References
Padilla, Bicomong, Dato-On, Rosario, & Sabornido. (n.d.). Speech for Effective Communication.
ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT LESSON 4: VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION.
(n.d.). University of Makati.
Bandiala. (2020). ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT. Department of Education.
(n.d.). The 7 C’s of Communication. WORLD OF WORK PROJECT. Retrieved January 31, 2023, from
https://worldofwork.io/2019/07/the-7-cs-of-communication/
 Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
Tel. No. (045) 493-0182; Fax No. (045) 982-0110
Re-accredited Level III by the
Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACUP), Inc.

Name: Lloyd Jacob G. Lagonilla

Year and Section: BSED ENGLISH - 1B
Group # 1

LEVELS OF CONTEXT OF COMMUNICATION

Objectives:
At the end of the discussion, it will be able to:
1. Discuss the five levels of communication.
2. Differentiate intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, & mass communication.
3. Express the importance of each level discussed.
Discussion Proper
Communication has multiple levels that vary depending on the situation and the people involved in
the discourse. Intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication are all levels of
communication contexts.
➢ Level 1: Intrapersonal Communication
Also referred to as self-talk or thinking. It refers to the various ways in which we
communicate with ourselves. We are both the sender and the receiver. Intrapersonal
communication can be beneficial or unfavorable, and it has a direct impact on how you
perceive and react to situations, as well as how you communicate with others.

We typically employ intrapersonal communication to organize our lives, act out

scenarios, and tell ourselves what to do or not do.

➢ Level 2: Interpersonal Communication

It is usually done by two people. The most common communication level encountered
in many settings. Each person alternates between being the sender and the receiver. It might
be intimate and personal, or formal and impersonal.
 Interpersonal communication somehow demonstrates the degree of closeness and
intimacy with which we communicate, or fail to communicate, with others determines how
our relationships develop, continue, or end.

➢ Level 3: Group Communication

It is a very dynamic procedure that engages small groups in dialogue. It usually
involves three to eight persons conversing. The larger the group, the more likely it is to break
off into smaller groups to facilitate communication.

Age, likes, dislikes, culture education, sex, and demographic characteristics are some
of the criteria used to understand group discussion participants. Group discussions can be
mutual at times or one-sided at others. However, the following are the various types of group
talks.

➢ Level 4: Public Communication

It refers to public talks that we give in front of large groups of people. Public
communication serves three primary functions: to entertain, persuade, and/or inform.

It differs from other types of engagement in that it needs more planning and
preparation from the speaker and includes less direct interaction. Audience members
continue to interact with the speaker mostly through nonverbal symbols, but there is less
give and take than in one-on-one talks.

➢ Level 5: Mass Communication

It refers to any form of media used to communicate with large groups of people.
Books, television, radios, films, social media, magazines, and newspapers are all examples of
mass media.

Mass communication is responsible for providing us with perspectives on events,

situations, and individuals from cultures other than our own. It allows us to learn about what
is going on in distant parts of the world and to understand the perspectives of people and
cultures with whom we have no direct touch.

What are the similarities and differences between Public and Mass Communication?

➢ SIMILARITIES
• One to Many Communication - The communication starts from a single source to
multiple recipients.
• Unequal Amount of Speaking - The main sender mostly talks leaving the receiver to
an uneven exchange.
• Not a One-Way Communication - The information is transferred in one direction
only, from the sender to the receiver. Having said that public and mass
communication posit limited verbal feedback, one way communication happens
without any facility or expectation of feedback from the receiver.

➢ DIFFERENCES
 • Public Communication - Sender focused and typically occurs when one person
conveys information to an audience.
• Mass Communication - Occurs when messages are sent to large audiences using
mass media.
Generalization
Communication is part of our everyday lives. We tacitly know how it happens over time. However, it
is not only limited to that knowledge. There is more to communication than simply using language to
speak to one another. Communication exists on several levels and in a variety of forms. Because of
this lesson, we found out its various contexts that were depicted into five levels: intrapersonal,
interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication. Each of these contexts have an influence on
the communication process.
References
Author. (2015, November 25). 1.3 Communication in Context. University of Minnesota Libraries
Publishing edition, 2015. This edition adapted from a work originally produced in 2010 by a publisher
who has requested that it not receive attribution.
https://open.lib.umn.edu/businesscommunication/chapter/1-3-communication-in-context/
Gordon, J, (2022, April 15). Context of Communication - Explained. (2022). The Business Professor,
LLC. https://thebusinessprofessor.com/en_US/communications-negotiations/communication-
context-the-recipient
Types and Levels of Communication — TDMUV. (2023). Tdmuv.com.
https://tdmuv.com/kafedra/internal/i_nurse/lectures_stud/BSN%20(4year)%20Program/Full%2
0time%20study/Second%20year/the%20art%20of%20speaking/%E2%84%96%2011.%20Types
%20and%20Levels%20of%20communication.htm
 Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
Tel. No. (045) 493-0182; Fax No. (045) 982-0110
Re-accredited Level III by the
Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACUP), Inc.

Name: Joyce Ann Tolentino

Year and Section: 1st year - 1-B
Group # 1

MODES OF COMMUNICATION

Objectives:
1. Recognize the different modes of communication.
2. Break down the differences between the five modes of communication and identify their examples.
3. Illustrate events in your life to foster the knowledge gained in this lesson.

Discussion Proper
With the advent of internet-based applications that enable information to appear on people's
devices, technology has significantly altered how individuals store information, which was formerly
written on paper. The civilization in which we live certainly disseminates information in a variety of
modes. The way we communicate with each other involves different processes called modes. These
modes are our means of communicating and creating meaning, just like reading, listening, speaking,
writing, and viewing. A mode serves a crucial role in our daily lives, allowing us to communicate well
and clearly with others. There are also different ways that texts can be presented; it depends on how
someone would like to communicate a message to a reader or listener. But what are these modes of
communication all about? How can we be sure that modes of communication have a significant role
in our lives?
According to the New London Group, there are five modes of communication these are the visual,
aural, gestural, linguistic and spatial mode. Visual mode, the visual mode refers to the images and
characters that people see. In this mode, meaning is conveyed through the use of pictures and other
symbols. It uses Images, videos, color, visual layout, design, font, size, formatting, symbols, graphic
organizers, and animations. For example, pictures, drawings, signs on the road, and other visual
things we see in our everyday lives. Signs, when we saw some signs on the road or in the street, we
already adapted the meaning of that particular sign because we already knew the meaning behind it.
For example, a no-smoking sign does not consist of words or written words, but we determine it’s
meaning by viewing or seeing it. Drawings or paintings—every drawing has a meaning; every artist
draws or paints a specific canvas for us to evaluate or determine the meaning of those canvases. And
lastly, just like drawings or paintings, pictures convey their meaning through the image itself.
Photographers do not just take photos for fun; they take photos to capture the hearts of the viewers
and enlighten them to the message of the pictures.
Aural mode is the second mode of communication. This mode focuses on the sounds, but not
primarily on the sound itself. Music, sound effects, ambient noises, silence, tone of voice in spoken
language, volume of sound, emphasis, and accent are all examples of aural modes. This mode of
communication sends messages via sounds and other sound devices. So it means that this mode not
only focuses on the music that we know, like music in our gadgets and songs, An aural mode, one that
relies almost entirely on sound, could be the recording of a public speech delivered orally to a live
audience, a radio address, or a podcast.
The Gestural mode refers to how movement is interpreted. Gesture modes include facial
expressions, hand gestures, body language, and interpersonal interaction. In this mode, meanings are
conveyed through body movements as you put across a particular message. This mode has a crucial
role in a daily conversation because with its help, we can communicate well and express our
emotions and feelings through body language, facial expressions, and emotions. It helps to provide
detailed information to the receiver of the messages. This mode is most likely to be used in theaters
and in conversations with your friends, family, or loved ones. This mode works better when we mix
it in linguistic, visual, aural, and sometimes spatial modes. In its simplest terms, gestural mode refers
to the way movement is interpreted.
The Linguistic mode refers to words that are written or spoken. The mode includes word choice,
written or spoken text delivery, word organization into sentences and paragraphs, and the
development and coherence of words and ideas. Linguistic is not always the most important mode in
a text; this depends on the other modes at work, the type of text, and other factors. This mode
requires a person to communicate using words and speak out loud the message that they are trying
to convey. This mode is also the most widely used because it can be read and heard on both paper
and radio. Examples of this mode in oral or spoken language are a daily conversation, singing songs,
telling a story, reading books and reporting in front of the class. This example is done through
speaking to convey messages. The other is written language; examples of this are letters, newspapers,
magazines, and academic essays. This example is done through a written or a lettered symbol to
create meaning or to communicate with the readers.
The Spatial mode, as its name suggests, deals with how objects are arranged in space. It involves
the arrangement of things as well as the proximity of people and things to one another. By training
the positions of people and objects, meanings are conveyed through the position of certain objects in
space. The best example of this mode is the chair and table arrangements. Consider how a teacher
might convey her views on learning through the design of her classroom. In this way, the
configuration of the desks and chairs can be "read" as conveying information about teaching and
learning.
Generalization
Communication is our key to expressing our emotions, feelings, and attitude to others; it is our
way to deliver all the messages that we want to convey to them. Communication serves as our best
friend to have a better life and explore things while living on this beautiful planet that God made. But
communication is not only relaying messages through voice and letters; whenever we communicate,
we use several processes called modes. These modes are ways of communicating and creating
meaning. This includes the processes or modes of reading, speaking, writing, listening, and viewing.
These modes have five modes: the visual mode, the aural mode, the gestural mode, the linguistic
mode, and the spatial mode. These five modes are used every time we communicate and create
meaning for particular things or events. For example, in visual mode, if we saw some pictures,
drawings, or paintings, we would communicate by knowing the meaning behind those canvases.
Aural mode, on the other hand, deals with sounds that we hear every day, for example, the sounds of
podcasts, music, and other sounds that we may encounter throughout the day. Gestural mode focuses
on the way movement is interpreted; it is commonly seen in a daily conversation for us to deliver the
messages clearly to the receiver. The fourth one is the linguistic mode; this mode is widely used
compared to the three modes mentioned above. This mode tackles written or oral communication,
and in my opinion, this mode is the most important mode because it sends messages clearly to others.
And lastly, the spatial mode this mode is a little bit confusing because it’s hard to understand. It refers
to the arrangement of elements in space. A good example of this is the arrangement of chairs and
tables in a classroom. This mode is quite hard, but if you have the courage to learn, anything is
possible. The mode of communication topic explores your mind on the things that are new and that
we can imagine existed. It tackles a significant topic that enlightens us about how communication
works and how communication applies in different modes. In my own perspective, this topic opens
my mind to think deeper and explore more about communications. The things that I taught that didn’t
have a meaning became meaningful as I started learning about this topic, and the learning that I
gained will last forever.
References
Campo, R. (November 2020). Multimodal Texts: https://youtu.be/9d6xfEgCJC4.
Capa, E. (2023). Overview of Speech Arts:
https://www.scribd.com/document/513761339/OVERVIEW-OF-SPEECH-ARTS.
Lumen English Composition. (2014). The Five Modes:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/englishcomp1/chapter/the-five-modes/.
Name: FERMIN, Bernadette Vivien A.
Year and Section: BSED English 1B
Group # 1

Review on the Communication Process

Objectives:

1. Define communication process and find out the its elements

2. Apply the communication process in our daily lives

Discussion Proper
Before we start our discussion, let us first define communication. According to Merriam Webster
Dictionary, it is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common
system of symbols, signs, or behavior.

Communication is vital to everyone because without communication we can’t communicate with one
another. It also builds relationships by allowing us to share our experiences and needs. Imagine if we
have a brilliant idea but we are not able to communicate and we don’t have the power to pass that
idea, we have strong desire but cannot express it. Our life would certainly be monotonous. Now, let
us proceed to our main topic for today is about COMMUNICATION
PROCESS.

What is the Communication Process?

It is a dynamic method where the sender first conceptualizes a message and sends it to a receiver
over a medium in return for which feedback from the receiver is expected and achieved over the
same medium. It is an ongoing process and requires an extreme understanding of the elements in it
to make it an effective one.It is a series of steps involved in successfully communicating an idea,
information, or message between a sender and receiver via a physical or virtual channel of
communication. It helps us construct and deliver our message to the best of our ability.
Communication process can help us ensure you construct and deliver our message to the best of our
ability. There are many different communication process models in history but we are using the
Shannon-Weaver model. This model or diagram is first to be published by Shannon Weaver model
and it was developed by Claude Shannon and was published with an introduction by Warren Weaver
in 1948.

Let us take a look at the 8 elements that are used to transmit information from sender to receiver
while following the communication process.

1. Sender- person who initiates the communication processes.

2. Message- a command, a request, a question, or simply a statement for a normal discussion
can be sent by the sender.
3. Encoding- message must be encoded by the sender in the form of images, words, or even
gestures.
4. Media or Channels of Communication- Once encoded, the message must be sent to the other
side via some kind of channel. This channel is the message's medium, and it can be anything
from email to phone calls.
5. Decoding- Once the message has arrived at the other end, it must be decoded. This is only
possible if the person on the other end is familiar with the signs used by the sender to
encode the message. For example, if the sender sends a message in English, the person on
the other end can only decode it if he or she knows English.
6. Receiver- The receiver is the person on the other end who receives the message and
decodes it in order to understand and continue with the communication processes.
7. Feedback- The receiver comprehends the message and provides feedback to the sender in
the process.
8. Noise- Noise is an inevitable component of communication processes. This primarily refers
to impediments to effective communication, such as phone network outages or other issues
that result in incorrect decoding of the message received by the receiver. There are four
types of noise: Psychological Noise(comes from within us), Physical
Noise(distracts us), Environmental Noise(Comes from our environment), and lastly,
Semantic Noise(created by the sender)

How does the communication process work?

● The sender would first develop an idea to be sent

● The sender will then encode the message
● The sender will then choose the channel of communication
● The message would then travel through the channel of communication
● The receiver will receive the message
● The receiver will then decode the message
● The receiver will share feedback if needed

Generalization

Communication is an important activity in life because it makes many things easier. But, once again,
if the communication process is inefficient, a lot of things can go wrong. There are several obstacles
that can obstruct communication. Communication can be easily and effectively accomplished with
the assistance of the aforementioned steps of effective communication processes. How important do
you think these processes are for our future as future educators?
References
Mehta, R. (n.d.). Communication Process - Definition, Elements and Importance. Digiaide.
Retrieved February 2, 2023, from https://digiaide.com/communication-process/
(n.d.). Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's most-trusted online dictionary.
Retrieved February 2, 2023, from

https://www.merriamwebster.com/
 Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
Tel. No. (045) 493-0182; Fax No. (045) 982-0110
Re-accredited Level III by the
Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACUP), Inc.

Name: Angeline T. Tabaquero

Year and Section: 1-B
Group # 1

REVIEW ON SPEECH SOUNDS

Speech Sound

Speech sounds are an important part of speech development, these are the
vocal sounds we use to make up the words of English language. Speech sounds are
produced to be transmitted and heard that is why saying the right sounds in the right
order is crucial because it will allows us to communicate effectively.

The scientific and systematic study of speech sounds is known as phonetics.

Speech sound are also called phoneme and it is defined as the smallest part of spoken
language that makes difference in meaning. Remember that a phoneme and a letter are
two different things, phonemes are speech sounds while letters are use to represent a
sound (ex. the word book has four letters b, o, o, k, but has three phonemes /b/-/oo/-/k/).
The English alphabet has 26 letters that are used in different combinations to represent
between 42 and 44 different speech sounds, this includes 20 vowels sounds and 24
consonant sounds.
A E I O U are used to represent at least fourteen different single sound vowels
called monophthongs and at least five dual sound vowels called diphthongs.
Vowels are phonemes that are produced without any appreciable constriction or
blockage of airflow in the vocal tract. When we say a vowel sound there is nothing from
when the air leaves our lungs all the way up until the sound leaves our mouth that is
blocking the airflow, if there was a blockage say with our lips or with our tongue then we
would be producing a consonant sound. Vowels are made by moving the tongue,
sometimes we use our jaw. But tongue is mainly responsible for creating the different
vowel sounds so we consider that the primary articulator.
Here's a list of the 14 different monophthong vowels and the additional diphthong
vowels. /і/, /I/, /e/, / /, /æ/, /u/, /℧/, /o/, /ↄ/, /a/, /∧/, /ɚ/, /ɝ/ the diphthongs are /aɪ/,
ᵋ
/aʊ/, /ɔɪ/, /ɪə/, /oʊ/, monophthongs has only one vowel sound in a syllable and diphthong
/
is the combination of two vowel sounds together. We can describe vowels by labeling their
tongue height, their tongue advancement whether they're rounded or unrounded or
whether they're tense or lax.
Tense vowels can end stressed open syllables and lax vowels cannot. Rounded
refers to if the lips are rounded or if they're unrounded. Tongue heights refers to how high
or how low the tongue is in the mouth. Tongue advancement refers to how far forward or
how far backward the tongue is in the mouth. Tongue advancement can be divided into
how far front the tongue is how central and how far back. Tongue height can be divided
into how high the tongue is if it's mid position and how low the tongue is.
 Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
Tel. No. (045) 493-0182; Fax No. (045) 982-0110
Re-accredited Level III by the
Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACUP), Inc.

Name: Shiela Marie D. Asuncion

Year and Section: 1B
Group #1

REVIEW ON SPEECH SOUNDS

Objectives:
1. Review the three criteria in describing consonant sounds
2. Recognize and identify the Place of Articulation
3. Define and classify the Manner of Articulation

Discussion Proper

Have you given your mouth any thought? Thinking about it, it’s pretty incredible.
People have a large array of articulators— moving parts — that work together to
produce the sounds we use for language. The previous discussant tackled about what
is speech sounds and the vowel sounds. As you can recall, we already tackled this topic in
EL 100 last semester in the lesson phonetics and phonology. From the title of our report, review on
speech sounds, this topic is for you to recall and recognize speech sounds. On this section we will
talk about the three criteria in describing consonant sounds; voicing, place of articulation,
and manner of articulation.

Let us first briefly define the difference between vowel sounds and consonant sounds. We can
simply say that in consonants, there is some constriction of the airflow in the vocal tract whereas,
with vowels there is no constriction. Now that vowel sounds is already discussed, we will now
focused on consonant sounds.

Linguist use three criteria in describing consonant sounds which are voicing, place of articulation
and manner of articulation. Now let us talk about voicing, voicing for consonants has two types;
the voiced and voiceless.

Voiced (+v)- voiced sounds are sounds that make our vocal chords vibrate when produced like the
sound /z/. Try putting your hands where your vocal chords are and you will feel the vibration, any
sound that makes your vocal chords vibrate are voiced sound.
 Voiceless (-v)- Voiceless sounds are sounds produced from air passing through the mouth at
different points like the sound /s/. When producing this sound you won’t feel any vibration in your
vocal chords but you will feel the air passing through the mouth.

Just remember that voiced sounds make your vocal chords vibrate and voiceless sounds do not

Making English sounds is difficult if it is not your first language. Even though some words in our
native language have similar sounds in English, there’s still a chance that our first language does
not include all of the sounds of English. With that, we need to learn where and how the sounds of
English occur. The where of making sounds is the place of articulation and the how of making
sounds is called manner of articulation. Now let us first tackle the place of articulation.

Place of Articulation
- Refers to where the sound is made in the mouth

It is important to learn the place of articulation because you must know where to produce sounds
in order to pronounce them correctly. If the place of articulation is not correct, then the sounds you
are pronouncing is most likely incorrect too.

Bilabial
- Bi- means two and lips is labials, here the articulators are the two lips.

Sounds inluce: /p/ /b/ /m/

Example words with /p/ /b/ /m/ sound: /p/ pure, /b/ back, /m/ mad

Notice that when you produce these sounds, the contact is between your lower and upper lip.

Labio-Dental
- Formed with the bottom lip (labio-) and the top teeth (dentals). In labio-dental we use only our
lower lip and the upper front teeth to produce sounds.

Sound includes: /f/ /v/

Example words with /f/ /v/ sound: /f/ fro, and calf, /v/ vine, and have

Dental
- Formed by putting the tongue between (inter-) the teeth (dentals) In producing dental sounds, our
tongue must touch the upper teeth.

Sound includes: /ð/ / θ/

Example of word with /ð/ or the letter o with x above is the, and for /θ/ the one with horizontal line
inside is thick.

Alveolar
- Contact between the tongue and the alveolar ridge. The alveolar ridge is the gum live above the top
teeth.
 Sounds include: /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/, /l/

Example words with /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/, /l/ sound: /t/ tab, /d/ dip, /n/ no, /s/ suit,/z/
jazz, /l/ luck

Palatals
- Sounds produced when the tongue reaches the upper surface of the mouth.

Sounds Include: /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /tʃ/ /dʒ/ /j/

Example words with /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /tʃ/ /dʒ/ /j/ sound: /ʃ/ ship, /ʒ/ pleasure, /tʃ/ cheap, /dʒ/
jump, /j/ yogurt
Velar
- The back of our tongue is moving up and touching the soft palate.

Sounds include: /k/ /g/ /ŋ/

Eaxmple words with /k/ /g/ sound: /k/ curl, /g/ girl, /ŋ/ song

Glottal
- Glottal sounds are produce more through vocal chords than the mouth, the air is passing from the
windpipe through the vocal chord like in the sound /h/ in the word “hi”.

Manner of Articulation
- Refers to how the sounds are made

It is important to know how sounds are made so that you can pronounce sounds correctly and speak
more clearly. So we have here six different ways, or manner of articulation that we will discuss.

Stop
- When the airflow is stopped or blocked completely before being released. We build pressure of air
then release it, it is a sudden burst of air

Sounds includes: /p/ /b/ /d/ /t/ /k/

Examples words with /p/ /b/ /d/ /t/ /k/ sounds: /p/ pick /b/ bed /d/ dine /t/ team /k/ code

Fricative
- Air is blocked by a narrow passage formed by different parts of the mouth and tongue, but is not
completely stopped. To better undertand it try to imagine a river of water flowing, then there’s a
large rock in the center of the river. What will happen to the water? The flow of the water would
change because of the large rock, but the water would still flow around it. That is how you describe
fricative sound, there is a flowing river of air and you partially block it with your tongue, teeth or
lips.

Sounds include: /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /h/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /ð/ /θ/
 Example words with /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /h/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /ð/ /θ/ sound : /f/ fish /v/ van /s/ sun /z/ zip /h/ hello
/ʃ/ ship /ʒ/ vision /ð/ these /θ/ thin

Affricate
- These sounds are produced by combining a stop with a fricative. The air pressure is built up, like
in a stop, but instead of exploding out, the air flows through a little passage, like a fricative. So
affricates start with a stop then transitions into a fricative.

Sounds include: /ʧ/ /ʤ/

Example words with /ʧ/ /ʤ/ sound: /ʧ/ cheap and /ʤ/ rage.

Nasal
- Nasal sounds are produced when the oral passage is closed and the air passes via nasal chanel
instead.

Sounds inlude: /m/, /n/, / ŋ/

Example words with /m/, /n/, / ŋ/ sound: /m/ mode /n/ neck / ŋ/ song.

Liquids
- Sounds produced by closing the mouth passage but at the same time allowing air to exit smoothly.
We let air stream on the sides of our tongue.

Sounds include: /l/ /r/

Example of words with /l/ /r/ sound: /l/ leg /r/ rock

Glides
- Sounds produced with the tongue in motion (or “gliding”) to or from the position of a vowel or
sometimes called semi-vowels. We move our mouth constantly from a articulation to a vowel
sounds.

Sounds include: /w/ /j/

Example words with /w/ /j/ sound: /w/ we and /j/ you

Generalization
Proper articulation of phonemes is vital for students to successfully read and pronounce words
clearly. The place of articulation is the where of making sounds and the manner of articulation is
the how of making sounds. Indeed, learning the place and manner of articulation is crucial because
we must know how and where to produce sounds in order to produce them correctly. Lastly,
learning speech sound is vital, especially to those whose first language is not English or to those
English learners as it improves fluency to recognize and accurately pronounce that will help them
build their comprehension skills and to communicate effectively.
References

Aslam, M & Kak, A. (2011, October 26). Speech Sounds: Consonants (Chapter 2) - Introduction
to English Phonetics and Phonology. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/introduction-to-
english-phonetics-and-phonology/speech-sounds-
consonants/5FB82C0D32D213190A1E84CCD1CBFFD9
Kochem et al., (2022, October 9). Oral Communication for Non-Native Speakers of English.
https://iastate.pressbooks.pub/oralcommunication/chapter/consonants/
Rahman, U. (2020). Places of Articulation.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346490318_Places_of_Articulation
Ashworth, E., (2014, September 12). Phonetics [Video]. YouTube.
https://youtu.be/mOd3iDQLnKE
Fall. (2000, September 25). Place of Articulation.
https://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/138/sec3/poa-big.htm
Trujillo, F .(n.d). English Phonetics and Phonology.
https://www.ugr.es/~ftsaez/fonetica/production_speech.pdf
Reading Rockets. (n.d). Sounds of Speech: In Depth.
https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading101-course/modules/sounds-speech/sounds-
speech-depth
Giordano, A. (2019, April 10) Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation.
https://www.studywithandrea.com/learn-english/english-lesson-manner-of-articulation-and-place-
of-articulation/
 Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
Tel. No. (045) 493-0182; Fax No. (045) 982-0110
Re-accredited Level III by the
Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACUP), Inc.

Name: Cristela Joy R. Dela Peña

Year and Section: 1B
Group #: 1

Focus on the Suprasegmentals as Tools for Speech and Theater-

Stress, Pitch, Volume, Enunciation

Objectives:
1. To acquire a thorough understanding of Suprasegmentals
2. To share ideas on how these tools can be used in speech
3. To expand the knowledge of using the Stress, Pitch, Volume and Enunciation

Discussion Proper
Suprasegmentals are reversed to a phonological property of more than one sound segment.
Simply put, Suprasegmentals are speech techniques or focal effects that apply to multiple
segments. There is another term for Suprasegmentals, and that is non-segmental and prosodic
features.
Stress - the emphasis placed on a specific syllable or word. Longer English words than one
syllable usually alternate between stressed and unstressed syllables. Stressed syllables stand out
more than unstressed syllables. And what distinguishes them is that they are louder, longer, and
have a higher pitch than unstressed syllables. Stressed words are CONTENT words such as nouns,
principal verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The non-stressed words include determiners, auxiliary
verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns.
Volume - refers to how loud or soft your voice is when you speak or make a sound. It all comes
down to projection (projecting your voice), which is defined as the fullness or quantity of voice
and tone. It can also be defined as the volume of a sound produced by a speaker.
Speech volume is important whether you're delivering a message to a large group of people or
simply conversing with a friend.
Enunciation - the act of enunciating, announcing, proclaiming, or making known; open
attestation; and declaration, whether countable or uncountable, and whether singular or plural
enunciations. It is time to speak up or say something significant. It is either the mode of utterance
or the mode of pronunciation, especially in terms of fullness, distinctness, or articulation.
Singers, actors and public speakers recognize the value of enunciation and fostering
understanding through clear speaking. Many of us, even native speakers, make common
enunciation mistakes.

• Speaking too quickly

• Dropping consonants
• Using slang
• Muttering
• Mumbling
People with excellent enunciation (also known as diction) are likely to end up broadcasters,
announcers, actors, or in other jobs that require public speaking. Politicians need to have good
enunciation. People who mumble or speak too quickly have poor enunciation: it's hard to
understand them, becausee their words slur together.
Proper enunciation is essential for the audience to understand what the person is saying during
speech. The act of pronouncing words is known as Enunciation. Your words should be clear and
distinct if you have good enunciation. What you're saying is understandable to you’re audience.
Enunciation is basically, Clarity.
Pitch - It is raising or lowering the voice on a particular word. It is also called the tone of sound.
During speech it is continuously changing and there is no steady state which is throughout its
syllable in normal conversation, It always goes up and down. Just like when you're singing, the
notes go up and down and that is how pitch affects our speech.
For example, probably the best-known tone language is Mandarin which has five different tones.

• level high- [mā]- "mother"

• mid rise- [má]- "linen"
• fall rise- [mâ]- "horse"
• high fall [mà]- "scold"
• neutral- [ma]- "end of a question"
Looking at these 5 words, you can see that they contain the same segments, but it's the tones that
distinguish their meaning.
Thus the two words spelled "anden" can be pronounced [ɑ́nden] "the duck" or [ɑ̀nden] "the
spirit".
Above we noted that when words are combined into utterances, lexical stresses can move or
change. The same is true of lexical tone.
Generalization
Suprasegmental sound information, also known as prosody, exists above the level of the segment.
Furthermore, many languages use the tools for speech and theater that I mentioned earlier, which
is important when we're doing speech because it allows listeners to understand what we say as
speakers and avoid being misunderstood, as well as to provide discourse-level information, and
some languages also use them to change word meanings.
References
Anderson, C. (2018)."3.7 suprasegmentals". Pressbooks.pub.
https://pressbooks.pub/essentialsoflinguistics/chapter/3-8-suprasegmentals/
Edgar, L. (2022). "The importance of enunciation". Decoda Literacy Solutions.
https://decoda.ca/the-importance-of-enunciation/
Richard, O. (2009). "An introduction to english phonetics”. Edinburgh University Press.
Tyracle. (2015). "Volume in Speech”. Tyraclefynn.
https://tyraclefynn.wordpress.com/2015/02/19/volume-in
speech%F0%9F%92%AC%E2%9D%A4%EF%B8%8F/
 Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
Tel. No. (045) 493-0182; Fax No. (045) 982-0110
Re-accredited Level III by the
Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACUP), Inc.

Name: Luna, Andrew O.

Year and Section: BSED Eng1B
Group # 1

Speech Art: Suprasegmental as Tools for Intonation, Juncture, Rhythm, and Length

Objectives:

1. To examine the different suprasegmental features of speech.

2. To differentiate the suprasegmental features of speech like intonation, juncture, rate of

speech, and length.

3. To develop the correctness of pronunciation when speaking.

Discussion Proper

Prosodic or prosody means study of all the elements of language that contribute
toward acoustic and rhythmic effects, while speech is the power of speaking; it is the form of
communication in spoken language. There are two types of speech: segmental and
suprasegmental. Segmental are the individual units of speech, these are consonants, vowels,
and diphthongs. While suprasegmental are speech features that accompany consonants and
vowels. Suprasegmental is made up of two words: the prefix "beyond" and the word
segment.

Suprasegmental or prosodic features of speech are the stress, pitch, intonation,

juncture, volume, enunciation, rate of speech, and length. But I will only focus to rate of
speech, juncture, intonation, and length.
1. Intonation - the variation of pitch in the spoken language. There are two basic
intonation patterns: the rising-falling intonation and the rising intonation.
a) Rising-Falling Intonation (2-3-1 Pattern) - start with the normal pitch (2), then
go up on the accented syllable (3), and then go down (1) on the last syllable in
the sentence. There are two types of the 2-3-1 pattern: the shift and the glide.
In shift, the voice is raised on the stressed syllable and goes down on the other
remaining syllables in the sentence. While in glide, the stressed syllable is the
last syllable in the sentence and there is movement within the syllable.

3
3

2
2
1
1
GLIDE
SHIFT

b) Rising Intonation (2-3-3 Pattern) – the voice starts with the normal pitch, then
goes up on the accented syllable and remains up till the end of the sentence.
This pattern is used for questions that are answerable by yes or no.
c) Falling Intonation – describes how the voice falls on the final stressed syllable
of a phrase or a group of words. It is very common in wh- questions.
2. Juncture – the interruption or break in continuous flow of speech. It is also called as
“pauses in speech.” We use slant line (/) to indicate short pause, two slant lines (//)
for long pause, and octothorpe (#) for stop and period. For examples:
a.) Mother / thought Dad / was already home. #
b.) Mother thought / Dad was already home. #

In the first sentence, it is the mother who was already home. While in second, it is
the father who was already home.

c.) James / the player / had an accident. #

d.) James / the player had an accident. #

In first sentence, James is a player, and he had an accident. While in second,

someone is informing James that the player had an accident.
 Uses of Pause:

❖ It builds up suspense and emphasize the word or sentence that follows.

❖ Gives listeners time to assimilate the word particularly for dramatic effects.
❖ Increase the impact of feeling projected.
❖ Breaks the continuity of thought that makes the listeners bored.
3. Length – is the time it takes to pronounce a phoneme. It is how long will you
pronounce the vowel in the sentence.
4. Rate of Speech – the speed of speaking in words per minute from slow to fast. The
important words are lengthened; unimportant words are shortened.

Generalization

The English language is a broad language. It has special features that make it a unique
from other languages. The suprasegmental/prosodic features of speech are stress, length,
rate of speech, enunciation, volume, pitch, intonation, and juncture.

References:

Aze Linguistics. (2021, September 8). Suprasegmental

Features. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9yNLL9Q6Do

Jean Charlene Cariaga. (2021, January 30). Prosodic Features of

Speech. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6l7wDcdtRA

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Suprasegmental | Definition,

Features, Examples, & Facts. Encyclopedia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/suprasegmental
 Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
Tel. No. (045) 493-0182; Fax No. (045) 982-0110
Re-accredited Level III by the
Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACUP), Inc.

Name: Mariano, Jann Mikyla S.

Year and Section: 1st year - BSED English 1B
Group #1

PUBLIC SPEAKING

Objectives:
1. Understand public speaking and its norms.
2. Identify the variations and parallels between conversation and public speech.
3. Enhance and bolster pupils' public speaking skills and self-confidence.
Discussion Proper
Public Speaking
Public speaking is a speech or verbal communication made to a live audience. Although
spontaneous speeches are frequent, the occasion is typically formal or orchestrated and can be a
turning point in one's career.
The Power of Public Speaking
All professions, including accountants and architects, instructors and technicians,
scientists and stockbrokers, recognize the value of such a competence. When choosing who to hire
and promote, companies consistently prioritize communication skills above technical expertise—
even in highly specialized industries like civil and mechanical engineering. Since excellent
communication skills are so highly valued, employers are more frequently asking recent college
graduates to present during their job interviews.
The requirement for public speaking hasn't diminished despite the emergence of the
Internet and other modern technology. In order to remain effective, you must have "the ability to
stand on your feet, either on a one-to-one basis or before a group, and deliver a speech that is
credible and relatable," says businessman Midge Costanza. "There are more avenues to reach
people than ever before, but there is no substitute for face to face communication."
 In community life, the same holds true. One essential tool for civic engagement is public
speaking. It is a means of expressing your opinions and making a difference in social concerns. It
has the capacity to—and frequently does—have an impact on issues that people care deeply about.
What most of us want to do in life is to make a contribution, to influence the world in some tiny
manner, and that is the essential phrase here: "make a difference." Speaking in front of an
audience gives you the chance to change something that is very important to you.
The Tradition of Public Speaking
It is not unexpected that public speaking has been taught and researched for thousands of
years given its significance. Nearly every culture has a word that is a close counterpart to the
English word "orator" to describe someone who is particularly skilled at public speaking. The
earliest papyrus text on effective communication was created in Egypt about 4500 years ago.
Ancient China, Africa, India, the Aztecs, and other pre-European cultures of North and South
America all placed a great value on elocution.
Public speaking was essential to education and public participation in ancient Greece and
Rome. It was also thoroughly researched. Many of the ideas in Aristotle's Rhetoric, which was
written in the third century BCE and is still regarded as the most significant work on the topic,
are still used by speakers and writers today. The renowned Roman orator Cicero, who spent weeks
writing about speechmaking in general, utilized his speeches to promote liberty.
Applying those techniques and approaches in your classroom talks is your immediate
goal. But what you learn will still be useful even after we graduate from college. The fundamentals
of public speaking have a long history and have been supported by a sizable body of research. You
will become more efficient in your own presentations and in listening to other people's talks the
more you are aware of the guiding principles.
Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation
1. Organizing your thoughts logically.
2. Tailoring your message to your audience.
3. Telling a story for a maximum impact.
4. Adapting to listener feedback.
Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation
1. Public speaking is more highly structured. It typically places the speaker under stringent time
restrictions. Most of the time, the circumstance forbids listeners from interjecting with queries
or comments. The presentation itself must help the speaker achieve their goals. The speaker
must consider questions that the audience might have as they listen to the speech and address
them. As a result, compared to regular conversation, public speaking requires far more thorough
planning and preparation.
2. Public speaking requires more formal language. In public speeches, slang, jargon, and poor
language are rarely appropriate. Audiences typically respond negatively to speakers who don't
enhance and polish their vocabulary when trying to address an audience. For example, when
Van Jones addresses a congressional committee, he does not say, "We've damn well got to stop
the greedy creeps who pollute low-income communities just to make a few more bucks." A
speech ought to be unique.
3. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery. Most individuals chat gently, insert
stock phrases like "like" and "you know," have a relaxed posture, and utilize vocalized pauses
(such as "uh," "er," and "um") when speaking informally. However, effective public speakers
modulate their voices such that everyone in the audience can hear them. They adopt a more
upright stance. They avoid verbal and bodily habits that can be disruptive.
Developing Confidence
Stage fright is one of the main issues that students in speaking classes struggle with. We
might as well address the problem head-on. Many people who normally speak with ease in a
variety of social contexts get nervous at the thought of giving a speech in front of an audience.
stage fright – the anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience.
NERVOUSNESS IS NORMAL
You are not alone if you have anxiety before giving a speech. Stage fear has affected some
of history's greatest public speakers, including Abraham Lincoln, Margaret Sanger, and Winston
Churchill. Oprah Winfrey, Conan O'Brien, and Jay Leno have all admitted to feeling nervous
before speaking in front of a crowd, echoing the words of the great Roman orator Cicero: "I
become pale at the commencement of a speech and quiver in every limb and in my spirit." Early
in his career, Leonardo DiCaprio wished he would not win the Academy Award for which he had
been nominated because he was so anxious about giving an acceptance speech.
In reality, most people experience anxiety before performing a significant public task.
Athletes become anxious before a big game, actors get anxious before a play, and politicians get
anxious before a campaign speech. Those who are successful have figured out how to capitalize
on their anxiety.
Speechmaking entails a lot of the same things. The majority of seasoned speakers suffer
stage fright before speaking, but their anxiety is a sign that they are becoming "psyched up" for a
strong performance. In other words, feeling anxious at the beginning of the speech is completely
acceptable and even desired. As it would in any stressful scenario, your body is reacting by
releasing more adrenaline.
adrenaline – a hormone that the body releases when under psychological or physical stress.
Your hands shake, your knees knock, your skin perspires, and your pulse races due to this
sudden rush of adrenaline. Each public speaker encounters some of these responses. The issue is:
How can you manage your anxiety so that it serves you rather than against you?
DEALING WITH NERVOUSNESS
Instead of attempting to completely get rid of stage fear, try to
turning it from a destructive force into what one professional refers to as "positive nervousness"—
a zesty, exuberant, vivacious mood with a small edge. Even though there's still anxiety, it feels
different. It no longer makes you a victim; rather, it gives you life. You have power over it.
Positive nervousness is controllable anxiety that supports a speaker's presentation.
Six (6) Ways to Turn Nervousness from a Negative Force into a Positive One
1. Acquire Speaking Experience. The first step has already been taken by you. You're taking
a public speaking course where you'll learn how to make speeches and get practice in front of an
audience. Because you were in each setting for the first time and were unfamiliar with it, you
were undoubtedly anxious. The circumstance stopped being dangerous once you got used to it.
The main cause of stage fright for the majority of students is anxiety about the future. Speech
making will become less intimidating as you gain experience and more speeches under your belt.
2. Prepare. Choosing speech subjects you are passionate about and then putting so much effort
into your preparation will help you become more confident. According to the general rule of
thumb, each minute of speaking time requires one to two hours of preparation. Depending on
the amount of research required for the speech, this number may be higher.
3. Think positively. Most of the time, the power of positive thinking is what gives us
confidence. You can typically do everything you set your mind to. On the other hand, if you
forecast catastrophe and gloom, you almost always get that. Compared to presenters who think
positively, those who have negative thoughts about themselves and their speaking experience
are considerably more likely to develop stage fright.
4. Use the Power of Visualization. Positivity and visualization go hand in hand. Athletes,
musicians, actors, presenters, and others use it to improve their performances under pressure.
Visualization - is the process by which a speaker sees themselves confidently delivering a
presentation.
5. Know that Most Nervousness is Not Visible. If you feel uncomfortable and insecure, it
can be difficult to communicate with poise and confidence. The fact that only a portion of the
anguish you experience internally manifests itself externally is one of the most important truths
you will learn as your speech class progresses. Although you may be experiencing a thousand
shocks from your nerves, the audience only has access to a few of them.
6. Do not expect perfection. Knowing that there is no such thing as a perfect speech may
also be helpful. No one needs to know if you temporarily lose your position, switch around a few
phrases, or neglect to halt when you should. When such situations arise, simply carry on as if
nothing occurred. One of the main causes of people's anxiety over speaking incorrectly is their
perception of public speaking as a performance rather than a method of communication. They
believe that every typo or awkward gesture will be used against them as the audience evaluates
them on a scale of perfect performance. A speaker's charm can occasionally be increased by a
few mistakes since they make them seem more genuine.
Generalization
Public speaking is a speech or verbal communication made to a live audience. Although
spontaneous speeches are frequent, the occasion is typically formal or orchestrated and can be a
turning point in one's career.
All professions, including accountants and architects, instructors and technicians,
scientists and stockbrokers, recognize the value of such a competence. When choosing who to hire
and promote, companies consistently prioritize communication skills above technical expertise—
even in highly specialized industries like civil and mechanical engineering. Since excellent
communication skills are so highly valued, employers are more frequently asking recent college
graduates to present during their job interviews.
 The requirement for public speaking hasn't diminished despite the emergence of the
Internet and other modern technology. In order to remain effective, you must have "the ability to
stand on your feet, either on a one-to-one basis or before a group, and deliver a speech that is
credible and relatable," says businessman Midge Costanza. "There are more avenues to reach
people than ever before, but there is no substitute for face to face communication."
In community life, the same holds true. One essential tool for civic engagement is public
speaking. It is a means of expressing your opinions and making a difference in social concerns. It
has the capacity to—and frequently does—have an impact on issues that people care deeply about.
What most of us want to do in life is to make a contribution, to influence the world in some tiny
manner, and that is the essential phrase here: "make a difference." Speaking in front of an
audience gives you the chance to change something that is very important to you.
References
Lucas, S. (2008). The art of public speaking. 10th ed. USA: McGraw-Hill.
file:///C:/Users/Hp/Downloads/TheArtofPublicSpeaking_10002825.pdf
McCroskey, J. (2006). An introduction to rhetorical communication: A western
rhetorical perspective. 9th ed. UK: Routledge.
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315663791/introduction-
rhetorical-communication-james-mccroskey
 Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
Tel. No. (045) 493-0182; Fax No. (045) 982-0110
Re-accredited Level III by the
Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACUP), Inc.

Name: Ong, John Carlo

Year and Section: BSED English 1B
Group #1

PUBLIC SPEAKING & CRITICAL THINKING

Objectives:
1. Discuss critical thinking in public speaking
2. State the things we need to do in public speaking
3. Assess and bolster pupils' public speaking skills and self-confidence.
Discussion Proper
Public Speaking & Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking is a focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationship
among ideas, soundness of evidence and difference in facts and opinions.
Public Speaking in Multicultural World
The U.S. has always been a diverse society. By the end of the 19th century, so many people from
so many lands have come to the U.S that novelist Herman Melville exclaimed, "You cannot spill a
drop of American blood without spilling the blood of the whole world".
Things to do in Public Speaking

• AVOID ETHNOCENTRISM AS A LISTENER OR SPEAKER.

• BE SENSITIVE WITH OTHER PEOPLE'S BELIEFS.
• RESPECT EVERYONE REGARDLESS OF THEIR NATION, COLOR OR RACE.