Writing Guides and Strategies for

Review of Related
Literature and Studies
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
4th Quarter Lesson 1
Ms. Jhade Jen A. Jacinto, LPT
Activity 1 (Performance Task 1):
Writing Guides and Strategies for Review of Related Literature and Studies (100 pts.)
RESEARCH WORK. Gather three related studies to your research from 3rd Quarter Activities (Research
Topic/Title & Statement of the Problem) and supply the required information below. Write your
answer in a separate sheet. (25 points each source)
Research Title: ________________________________________________________________
Statement of the Problem: ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________?
______________________________________________________________________?
______________________________________________________________________?

SOURCE 1: Look for relevant information/findings from the related source. (Copy the original test
and paste/write in the box.)
Activity 1 (Performance Task 1):
Writing Guides and Strategies for Review of Related Literature and Studies (100 pts.)
Paraphrase the information you wrote in the box. (Use APA System in citing source). Write your
answer in the space provided.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Reference in APA Style: _________________________________________________________________

SOURCE 2: Look for relevant information/findings from the related source. (Copy the original test
and paste/write in the box.)
Activity 1 (Performance Task 1):
Writing Guides and Strategies for Review of Related Literature and Studies (100 pts.)
Paraphrase the information you wrote in the box. (Use APA System in citing source). Write your
answer in the space provided.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Reference in APA Style: _________________________________________________________________

SOURCE 3: Look for relevant information/findings from the related source. (Copy the original test
and paste/write in the box.)
Activity 1 (Performance Task 1):
Writing Guides and Strategies for Review of Related Literature and Studies (100 pts.)
Paraphrase the information you wrote in the box. (Use APA System in citing source). Write your
answer in the space provided.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Reference in APA Style: _________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY: Combine the paraphrased statements you have written from the draft
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents and discusses the gathered information from various readings of journals, books, articles
and electronic sources that helped in understanding the topic. This is divided by subtopics and synthesis at the end.

Source 1
Paraphrased Statement
Source 2
Paraphrased Statement
Source 3
Paraphrased Statement
 Chapter Review of Related
II
Literature and Studies
This chapter contains information gathered from books, journals,
other periodicals, online sources, and varied unpublished materials that
provided the researcher with the exhaustive review of the topic and the
necessary background knowledge to pursue the study.
This chapter should be intensive and discussed scholarly.
It is important for a researcher to have a comprehensive and relevant
body of supporting materials to his research work. The related literature
and studies are needed to provide insight into the theoretical/conceptual
background of the study.
 Related Literature
01 Any published work in the form of books, periodicals,
and journals that has the same topic as the researcher’s
study.

Related Studies
02 Any published scientific study that investigates the
subject matter and/or its variables (research paper,
thesis, dissertation, or other scientific paper) that has
the same topic as the researcher’s study.
Purpose of Review of Related Literature and Studies
Basis for the
assumptions of
the research
The primary purpose for
reviewing the literature is to
gain a broad background
or understanding of the
information available
related to a problem.
Support Findings
in Chapter IV
Support and/or negate
the results of the study
after gathering the
references and data from
Chapter III (Research
Methodology).
 It aims to summarize and
synthesize the arguments and
ideas of existing knowledge in a
particular field without adding any
new contributions. Being built on
existing knowledge they help the
researcher to even turn the wheels
of the topic of research.
 Format in Writing RRL
In writing the Review of Related Literature and
Studies, we can follow specific formats.
APA style (“author-date” format) is universally
acknowledged because of its simple format. This is
the style that we will also use in writing RRL.
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjBMY3HggCpCEpa2VIXXM1udk9kcknahX
Based from the video reference, let’s recall…

What are the steps to follow in

writing a literature review?

1. Search for relevant literature

2. Evaluate and select sources
3. Identify themes, debates, and gaps
4. Outline your literature review's structure
5. Write it
Steps in Writing RRL / RRS

V erify
I nvestigate
C ompare
K eep
S trategize
Step 1: VERIFY
Identify your topic/title, its variables
and your research questions
❏ First, make sure you understand the
nature of your study. Check the
Research Title and Statement of the
Problem you have written from Chapter 1.

❏ Start by creating a list of keywords

related to your research question.
Include each of the key concepts or
variables you’re interested in, and list any
synonyms and related terms. You can add
to this list if you discover new keywords in
the process of your literature search.
Step 2: INVESTIGATE
Search for relevant literature
and studies
❏ Use your keywords to begin searching for
sources. Some useful databases to search for
journals and articles include:

Google Scholar
JSTOR
EBSCO
Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
EconLit (economics)
Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)
Step 2: INVESTIGATE
Search for relevant literature
and studies
❏ You can use boolean operators to help
narrow down your search:

AND: to find sources that contain more than

one keyword (e.g. social media AND body image
AND generation Z)
OR: to find sources that contain one of a
range of synonyms (e.g. generation Z OR teenagers
OR adolescents)
NOT / -: to exclude results containing certain
terms (e.g. apple NOT fruit)
Step 2: INVESTIGATE

Search for relevant literature and studies

FINDING
RELEVANT ACTUAL NOTE-TAKING
MATERIALS READING Relevant information
The researcher must search should be written using
The researcher must
for relevant references. the researcher’s own
be proficient in the words. This practice is
Samples of sources for different types of
references are libraries, useful in synthesizing
reading. ideas from multiple
schools, and the
internet. references.
Actual Reading
Elementary Reading Systematic Skimming
only involves recognizing quickly gleaning information
letters, numbers, sounds, and from a reference
the literal meaning of the
sentence

Analytic Reading Comparative Reading

● asks questions about the
● compares one reference to
articles
another
● summarize the main points of
● determine the similarities
the article as well as the other
and differences
contents
Step 2: INVESTIGATE
Search for relevant literature
and studies
❏ Read the abstract to find out whether an
article is relevant to your question. When
you find a useful book or article, you can
check the bibliography to find other
relevant sources.

❏ To identify the most important publications

on your topic, take note of recurring
citations. If the same authors, books or
articles keep appearing in your reading,
make sure to seek them out.
Step 3: COMPARE
Evaluate and select sources
❏ You probably won’t be able to read absolutely
everything that has been written on the
topic—you’ll have to evaluate which sources
are most relevant to your questions.

❏ Make sure the sources you use are credible,

and make sure you read any landmark
studies and major theories in your field of
research.

❏ You can find out how many times an article

has been cited on Google Scholar—a high
citation count means the article has been
influential in the field, and should certainly be
included in your literature review.
Step 3: COMPARE
Evaluate and select sources

For each publication, ask yourself:

1. What question or problem is the author addressing?

2. What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
3. What are the key theories, models and methods? Does the research
use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
4. What are the results and conclusions of the study?
5. How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it
confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
6. How does the publication contribute to your understanding of the
topic? What are its key insights and arguments?
7. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?
Step 4: KEEP
Compile relevant references
related to your study
❏ As you read, you should also begin the
writing process. Take notes that you can
later incorporate into the text of your
literature review.
❏ It is important to keep track of your sources
with citations to avoid plagiarism.
❏ It can be helpful to make an annotated
bibliography, where you compile full citation
information and write a paragraph of
summary and analysis for each source. This
helps you remember what you read and
saves time later in the process.
Step 5: STRATEGIZE
Organize and write your literature
review’s argument and structure
❏ Identify themes, debates, pivotal
publications and gaps
❏ You may select an outline to follow:
➔ Chronological
➔ Thematic
➔ Methodological
➔ Theoretical
❏ Like any other academic text, your literature
review should have an introduction, a main
body, and a conclusion.
❏ What you include in each depends on the
objective of your literature review.
 Note Taking
process of getting the ideas and
incorporating it in a document,
presentation and/or composition
using quotation marks
the answers are “word
by word” emphasized presenting only the key
and presented with no
points found in a
alterations done particular document/text

Quotation Verbatim Summary

Paraphrasing
restating ideas from an original
source using the researchers’
own words but not altering the
real content and context of the
message conveyed
Precis
a short explanation is
added to support the ideas
from the original source
Note-Taking
Quoting
Q ❏ Use the exact words from the
original information source
❏ Show clearly that it is a direct
quote – use “quotation
marks” Paraphrasing
P
Summarising ❏ Change the structure

S ❏ Change the structure and

and words of the
original information
words of the original source
information source ❏ Keep the same meaning
❏ Keep the same meaning ❏ Reference
❏ Only include the main
points
 1. Write the source reference
in your notes.
2. Read the original,
pen-in-hand to underline
Paraphrasing key words and make notes
on your photocopy or
Techniques 3.
print-out.
Close the page.
4. Jot down the main ideas
roughly and quickly.
5. Check with the original that
you have retained the main
sense of it.
6. Edit and proofread.
How do I put it in my own words?

01 02 03
Avoid complex Keep the sentence State the
language. structures simple. information clearly.
5 Main Strategies to develop your skills in paraphrasing
1. Find synonyms for keywords
Look at a dictionary or thesaurus to find a word that means the same
as the word or phrase you wish to substitute, for example:
● “huge” instead of “very large”
● “tertiary institutions” instead of “universities”
● “approximately five hundred” instead of “It is estimated that
no fewer than five hundred”

● When choosing synonyms, pay attention to their usage as not all synonyms are
still in practice.
● For example, a synonym for “brought something into existence” is “begat”.
However, outside religious discussion, no one uses that word anymore.
● First identify the nouns or noun phrases in a passage, then find a synonym for
each. If you only substitute synonyms, the passage will look similar to the original
passage. Therefore, solely using synonyms is insufficient to paraphrase correctly.
5 Main Strategies to develop your skills in paraphrasing

2. Vary the sentence patterns

This second strategy requires you to change the expression
used in the sentence.
● Original: Technology can cause disasters.
● Change to: Technological disasters are possible.
● Better still: Technological misfortunes/accidents are
possible.

❏ The third example above has different sentence-level expression

AND uses synonyms.
5 Main Strategies to develop your skills in paraphrasing
3. Change or reverse the order of ideas
❏ Used on its own, reversing the order of ideas is not sufficient
for good paraphrasing, and would still constitute plagiarism.

❏ You need to change the sentence-level expression AND

substitute synonyms, as in the third dot point below.
● Original: Technology can improve the quality of life if we
plan carefully for the future.
● Reversal only: If we plan carefully for the future,
technology can improve the quality of life.
● Better: Carefully forward planning can ensure that
technology will meet our future needs.
5 Main Strategies to develop your skills in paraphrasing
3. Change or reverse the order of ideas
❏ You may use Active and Passive voice interchangeably based
on the original text.
5 Main Strategies to develop your skills in paraphrasing
4. Breaking long sentences into shorter ones
❏ While the aim of paraphrasing is to incorporate someone else’s
idea into your work, you must respect the fact that it is
someone else’s idea. Not acknowledging your sources is
considered academic misconduct, and you may be accused of
plagiarism. Therefore, ensure you cite the original source when
paraphrasing.

❏ The technique of making long sentences short is not

acceptable paraphrasing on its own. Combining it with
synonym substitution and reversal of ideas is necessary. Nouns
and noun phrases are underlined in the following slide.
5 Main Strategies to develop your skills in paraphrasing
5. Making abstract ideas more concrete (simplification)
❏ This method of paraphrasing involves making complex ideas
simpler or more concrete.

● Original: This model provides a microeconomic theoretic rationale for why

researchers have failed to find consistent evidence of the superiority of one
teaching technique over another in the production of learning in
economics (Becker, 1997, p. 9).
● Simplified version: This accounts for why theorists working in the area
found the following: a student that is taught with Method A is no better
prepared than if they are taught with Method B. The evidence does not
show that either A or B is better in terms of learning outcomes (Becker,
1997, p. 9).
 THANKS !
References:
● Federation University. (n.d.). Paraphrasing: The
Basics. https://studyskills.federation.edu.au/
● James Cook University. (n.d.) Quoting, Summarising
and Paraphrasing. https://learn.jcu.edu.au/
● McCombes, S. (2022). What Is a Literature Review |
Step-by-Step Guide & Examples. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-revie
w/

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 PR1 4TH QUARTER ACTIVITIES GUIDE:

Week 3: Research Design, Week 4: Data Gathering

Week 1-2: RRL / RRS Sample & Sampling Procedure Instrument
Individual Activity
* Week 2 is a bonus activity to give Individual Activity Group Activity
concentration on Week 1’s activity

Week 5: Data Analysis Week 6: Results and Week 7: Summary, Conclusions

Procedures Discussion and Recommendations
Group Activity Group Activity Group Activity
PR1 Grading System
50%
Written Works

50%
Performance Tasks
* Most of the activities in
4th Quarter will be PTs.
PR1 3rd Quarter Special Awards

Best in Research
Topic / Research
Title

Best in Statement
of the Problem
Best in Creative
Self-Introduction
4th Quarter Synchronous Classes New Set-Up
For the 4th Quarter of 2nd Semester (S.Y. 2021-2022), the instructor will be
sending recorded video discussions [starting from Week 2’s Lesson] prior to the
synchronous classes so you can watch it ahead at your most convenient time.
Before the synchronous classes, make sure that you have watched the recorded
lecture as we will have the following activities:

I. Short review based on the video lecture

II. Clarifications or Questions about the topic and activities
III. Graded Recitation (wherein a platform will be used for random calling):
a. Individual: Students will get a recitation point for him/herself only.
b. Groupings: Students will be assigned in random groups and each
member will contribute to the overall recitation points per session. Hence, each
student must review their notes and actively participate as it will affect the
performance of the group.
* Graded Recitation may be in form of a Live Quiz so make sure to come
prepared in our online classes! :)