Fluid Mechanics

8th session
 Assume: Incompressible flow
Ex.1:
The V-shaped tank in Fig has For the following C.V., apply mass conservation:
width b into the paper and is
filled from the inlet pipe at 𝑑𝑚𝐶.𝑉. 𝑑∀𝐶.𝑉.
= 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 ⇒ =𝑄
volume flow Q. Derive 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
expressions for (a) the rate of
change dh/dt and (b) the time 𝑏ℎ2
required for the surface to rise 𝑑 tan 20
𝑏ℎ2 𝑑∀𝐶.𝑉. 2ℎ𝑏 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑄 tan 20
from h1 to h2. ∀𝐶.𝑉. = ⇒ = = =𝑄⇒ =
tan 20 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 tan 20 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2ℎ𝑏

𝑏ℎ2
𝑑 tan 20
𝑏ℎ2 ℎ2 𝑏
=𝑄⇒ ቚ = 𝑄𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡 = ℎ22 − ℎ12
𝑑𝑡 tan 20 ℎ1 Qtan 20

Ex.2:
The water jet in Fig. strikes
normal to a fixed plate.
Neglect gravity and friction, and
compute the force F in
newtons required to hold the
plate fixed.
Assume: Uniform jet flow
For a fixed CV shown, apply steady x-dir. linear momentum:
𝑉𝐶.𝑉. = 0
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = ඾ 𝑣𝑥 𝜌𝑣.
Ԧ 𝑛ො ⇒ −𝐹 = −𝑚ሶ 𝑗 𝑢𝑗 = −𝜌𝐴𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝑉𝑗
𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴𝑗 𝑉𝑗2 = 998 × 𝜋 × 0.052 × 82 = 500𝑁
 out

in
Assume: Uniform jet flow
For a fixed CV shown, apply steady x-dir. linear momentum:
Ex.3: 𝑉𝐶.𝑉. = 0
In Fig. the vane turns the water
jet completely around. Find an ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = ඾ 𝑣𝑥 𝜌𝑣.
Ԧ 𝑛ො ⇒ −𝐹0 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑖𝑛
expression for the maximum jet
velocity V0 if the maximum
possible support force is F0. By using continuity law:
𝑚ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝐴0 𝑉0 ⇒ 𝐴0 𝑉0 = 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
Apply Bernoulli eq. between inlet and outlet (neglect hydrostatic term):
1 2 1 2
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ⇒ 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
2 2
𝐹0
−𝐹0 = 𝑚ሶ −𝑉0 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑉0 → 𝐹0 = 2𝜌0 𝐴0 𝑉02 ⇒ 𝑉0 = 𝜋
2 𝜌0 4 𝐷02
 We have open jet, so:
𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑎 = 15 2 ∶ 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑝1 = 38 − 15 = 23 2
Ex.4: 𝑖𝑛
The horizontal nozzle in Fig. Assume: Uniform jet flow
has D1 12 in and D2 6 in, with 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
inlet pressure p1 38 lbf/in^2 For a fixed CV shown, apply mass conservation: 𝑝2 = 0 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔
absolute and V2 56 ft/s. For 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝜌𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝜌𝐴2 𝑉2 𝑝1 = 23 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔
water at 20°C, compute the 𝑉2
horizontal force provided by 𝑓𝑡
𝑉1 = 14 𝑉1
the flange bolts to hold the 𝑠
nozzle fixed. Apply steady x-dir. linear momentum:
𝑉𝐶.𝑉. = 0

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = ඾ 𝑣𝑥 𝜌𝑣.
Ԧ 𝑛ො ⇒ −𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 + 𝑝1 𝐴1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑢2 − 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑢1 = 𝑚(𝑉
ሶ 2 − 𝑉1 )

𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 = 1700𝑙𝑏𝑓
 Compute pressure difference between 1 and 2:
𝑃1 + 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ − 𝛾𝑚𝑒𝑟. ℎ = 𝑃2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝛾𝑚𝑒𝑟. − 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 132800 − 9790 0.58 = 71340𝑃𝑎
Assume: Uniform jet flow
Ex.5: 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
For the pipe-flow-reducing For a fixed CV shown, apply mass conservation: 𝑃2
section of Fig., D1=8 cm, D2=5 𝑃1
cm, and p2=1 atm. All fluids are 𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝑉2
at 20°C. If V1=5 m/s and the 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 𝑉1
manometer reading is h=58 cm,
𝜋 𝑚 𝜋 𝑚 𝑚
estimate the total force resisted 0.08𝑚 2 5 = 0.05𝑚 2 𝑉2 → 𝑉2 = 12.8
by the flange bolts. 4 𝑠 4 𝑠 𝑠
Apply steady x-dir. linear momentum:
𝑉𝐶.𝑉. = 0

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = ඾ 𝑣𝑥 𝜌𝑣.
Ԧ 𝑛ො ⇒ −𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 + 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 𝐴1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑢2 − 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑢1 = 𝑚(𝑉
ሶ 2 − 𝑉1 )

𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 = 163𝑁
Ex.6:
The water tank in Fig. stands on
a frictionless cart and feeds a jet
of diameter 4 cm and velocity 8
m/s, which is deflected 60° by a
vane. Compute the tension in
the supporting cable.
Assume: Uniform jet flow
For a fixed CV shown, apply steady x-dir. linear momentum:
𝑉𝐶.𝑉. = 0
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = ඾ 𝑣𝑥 𝜌𝑣.
Ԧ 𝑛ො ⇒ 𝑇 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝜋 2
𝑇 = 998 0.04 82 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 = 40 𝑁
4
 Assume: Uniform flow
Ex.7: For a fixed CV shown, apply mass conservation:
A river of width b and depth h1
passes over a submerged 𝑉𝐶.𝑉. = 0
obstacle, or “drowned weir,” in 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 ⇒ 𝑏ℎ1 𝑉1 = 𝑏ℎ2 𝑉2
Fig. , emerging at a new flow
condition (V2, h2). Neglect Apply steady x-dir. linear momentum:
atmospheric pressure, and 𝐹𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑒
assume that the water pressure ℎ1 ℎ2
is hydrostatic at both sections 1 ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = ඾ 𝑣𝑥 𝜌𝑣.
Ԧ 𝑛ො ⇒ −𝐹𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑒 + 𝜌𝑔 ℎ 𝑏 − 𝜌𝑔 ℎ 𝑏 = (𝜌ℎ1 𝑏𝑉1 )(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
and 2. Derive an expression for 2 1 2 2
the force exerted by the river
on the obstacle in terms of V1, 1 ℎ1
h1, h2, b, ρ, and g. Neglect 𝐹𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜌𝑔𝑏 ℎ12 − ℎ22 − 𝜌ℎ1 𝑏𝑉12 −1
2 ℎ2
water friction on the river
bottom.