Fluid Mechanics

10th session
 For a CV shown, we obtain:
Ex.1:
The pipe bend of Fig. has 𝜕
D1=27cm and D2= 13cm. When ෍ 𝑀0 = න (𝑟 × 𝑉)𝜌𝑑𝑉 + න 𝑟 × 𝑉 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
water at 20°C flows through 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆
the pipe at 4000 gal/min,
p1=194 kPa (gage). Compute σ 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑇𝐵 + 𝑟1 × 𝑃1 𝐴1 𝒋 + 𝑟2 × 𝑃2 𝐴2 (−𝒊) = 𝑚(𝑟
ሶ 2 × 𝑉2 - 𝑟1 × 𝑉1 )
the torque required at point B
to hold the bend
stationary. 𝑄 0.252 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚 𝑄 𝑚
𝑉2 = = 𝜋 = 19 𝑉1 = = 4.4
𝐴2 (4 )(0.132 ) 𝑠 𝐴1 𝑠

𝑇𝐵 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑟2 × 𝑉2 = 𝜌𝑄 (0.5𝒊 + 0.5𝒋) × (19𝒊) = −2400 𝑘 𝑁. 𝑚 (𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒)

 𝑌, 𝑦

Apply linear momentum Eq. for following non-inertial C.V.: 𝑋, 𝑥 𝐹𝑥

Ex.2:
A rocket is attached to a rigid 𝑑
horizontal rod hinged at the ෍ 𝐹Ԧ𝐶.𝑉. − ම 𝑎Ԧ 𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝜌𝑑∀= ම 𝑉 𝜌𝑑∀ + ඾ 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝜌𝑉𝑟 . 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
𝐶.𝑉. 𝑑𝑡 𝐶.𝑉. 𝑟𝑒𝑙
origin as in Fig.. Its initial mass is
𝑀0, and its exit properties are
𝑚ሶ and 𝑉𝑒 relative to the rocket. 𝑉𝑟 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 , 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 0;except of lower surface of C.V.⇒ 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 = −𝑉𝑒 𝑗Ƹ
Set up the differential equation ሷ
for rocket motion, and solve for 𝑎Ԧ 𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝑅 + 2𝜔 × 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 + 𝜔ሶ × 𝑟Ԧ + 𝜔 × 𝜔 × 𝑟Ԧ = 𝜔ሶ 𝑘෠ × 𝑅𝑖Ƹ + 𝜔𝑘෠ × 𝜔𝑘෠ × 𝑅𝑖Ƹ
the angular velocity ω(t) of the
rod. Neglect gravity, air drag, ⇒ 𝑎Ԧ 𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝑅 𝜔ሶ 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑅𝜔2 𝑖Ƹ
and the rod mass.
෍ 𝐹Ԧ𝐶.𝑉. − ම 𝑅𝜔ሶ 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑅𝜔2 𝑖Ƹ 𝜌𝑑∀= 0 − 𝑉𝑒 𝑚ሶ 𝑗Ƹ ⇒ 𝐹𝑥 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑚 𝑅𝜔ሶ 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑅𝜔2 𝑖Ƹ = −𝑉𝑒 𝑚ሶ 𝑗Ƹ
𝐶.𝑉.

⇒ 𝑚𝑅 𝜔ሶ = 𝑉𝑒 𝑚ሶ ⇒ 𝑚 = 𝑀0 − 𝑚𝑡,
ሶ 𝑉𝑒 = cte, 𝜔 𝑡=0 =0
𝑉𝑒 𝑚ሶ 𝑉𝑒 𝑚𝑡
ሶ
⇒ 𝜔ሶ = ⇒ 𝜔 = − ln 1 −
𝑅 𝑀0 − 𝑚𝑡
ሶ 𝑅 𝑀0
 𝑟

𝑍, 𝑧
Ex.3: For a CV shown, we have:
The wye joint in Fig. splits the 𝑑
pipe flow into equal amounts ෍ 𝑀0 − ම 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑎Ԧ 𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝜌𝑑∀= ම (𝑟Ԧ × 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 ) 𝜌𝑑∀ + ඾(𝑟Ԧ × 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 ) 𝜌𝑉𝑟 . 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
𝐶.𝑉. 𝑑𝑡 𝐶.𝑉.
Q/2, which exit, as shown, a
distance 𝑅0 from the axis. ሷ
Ԧ 𝑅 + 2𝜔 × 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 + 𝜔ሶ × 𝑟Ԧ + 𝜔 × 𝜔 × 𝑟Ԧ
𝑟Ԧ × 𝑎Ԧ 𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝑟× Ԧ 2𝜔 × 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 − 𝑟Ω2 𝑒𝑟
= 𝑟×
Neglect gravity and friction. Find
an expression for the torque T 𝑄 2
𝑄Ω𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
about the x axis required to keep = 2 𝑟𝑒𝑟 + 𝑧𝑒𝑧 ×[Ω𝑒𝑍 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑒𝑧 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑒𝑟 − 𝑟Ω 𝑒𝑟 ] = 𝑟𝑒𝑧 − 𝑧𝑒𝑟 − 2𝑟𝑧Ω2 𝑒𝜃
2𝐴 𝐴
the system rotating at angular
𝑄
velocity Ω. ඾ 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝜌𝑉𝑟 . 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜌 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑢𝑝 + 𝑟Ԧ𝑐 × 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 0
2 𝑐
𝑄Ω𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜌𝑄Ω𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐴𝑟
෍ 𝑀𝑧 − ම 𝑟 𝜌𝑑∀= 0 ⇒ 𝑇 = ම 𝑟 𝑑∀
𝐶.𝑉. 𝐴 𝐴 𝐶.𝑉.
𝑅0
𝐴 𝑅02 𝑟
ම 𝑟 𝑑∀= 2𝐴𝑟 න 𝑟𝑑𝑟 =
𝐶.𝑉. 0 sin 𝜃 2
𝑇 = 𝜌𝑄𝑅02 Ω = 𝑚𝑅
ሶ 02 Ω
Ex.4: 𝑇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = −𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝜃𝑖𝑛 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝜃𝑜𝑢𝑡
A simplified sketch of a 𝑊ሶ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝜔 −𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝜃𝑖𝑛 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝜃𝑜𝑢𝑡
hydraulic turbine runner is
shown in Fig.. Relative to the 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝑄 = 999 × 30 = 29970 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
rotating runner, water enters at 130 𝑟𝑎𝑑
section (1) at an angle of 100° 𝜔 = 2𝜋 × 𝑒ෝ𝑧 = 13.61 𝑒ෝ
from the tangential direction 60 𝑠 𝑧
and leaves at section (2) at an For inlet section or section (1):
angle of 50° from the tangential
𝑄 30
direction. The blade height at 𝑊𝑟 1 = − =− = −7.07 𝑚/𝑠
sections (1) and (2) is 0.45 m and 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 2𝜋 × 1.5 × 0.45
the volume flowrate through 𝑊𝑟 1
the turbine is 30 m3/s. The ⇒ 𝑊𝜃 1 = = 1.24𝑚/𝑠
runner speed is 130 rpm in the tan 80
direction shown. Determine the 𝑉1 = 𝑈1 + 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝜔 × 𝑟Ԧ + 𝑊1 = 13.61𝑒ෝ𝑧 × 1.5 𝑒ෝ𝑟 − 7.07 𝑒ෝ𝑟 + 1.24 𝑒ෞ𝜃
shaft power developed.
𝑉𝜃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝜃1 = 13.61 × 1.5 + 1.24 = 21.69 𝑚/𝑠
Ex.4:
A simplified sketch of a
hydraulic turbine runner is 𝑊ሶ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝜔 −𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝜃𝑖𝑛 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝜃𝑜𝑢𝑡
shown in Fig.. Relative to the 𝑟𝑎𝑑
rotating runner, water enters at 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑘𝑔/𝑠, 𝜔 = 13.61 𝑒ෝ𝑧
𝑠
section (1) at an angle of 100°
from the tangential direction For inlet section or section (1):𝑉𝜃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝜃1 = 21.69 𝑚/𝑠
and leaves at section (2) at an
For outlet section or section (2):
angle of 50° from the tangential
direction. The blade height at 𝑄 30 𝑊
sections (1) and (2) is 0.45 m and 𝑊𝑟 2 = − =− = −12.48 𝑚/𝑠 ⇒ 𝑊𝜃 2 = − 𝑟 2 = −10.47 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 2𝜋 × 0.85 × 0.45 tan 50
the volume flowrate through
the turbine is 30 m3/s. The 𝑉2 = 𝑈2 + 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝜔 × 𝑟Ԧ + 𝑊2 = 13.61𝑒ෝ𝑧 × 0.85 𝑒ෝ𝑟 − 12.48 𝑒ෝ𝑟 − 10.47 𝑒ෞ𝜃
runner speed is 130 rpm in the
direction shown. Determine the 𝑉𝜃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝜃2 = 13.61 × 0.85 − 10.47 = 1.1 𝑚/𝑠
shaft power developed. 𝑊ሶ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 13.61 −29970 1.5 × 21.69 + 29970 0.85 × 1.1 = −12889.4 𝑘𝑊

Ex.5:
An axial flow gasoline pump
consists of a rotating row of
blades followed downstream by
a stationary row of blades . The
gasoline enters the rotor axially
with an absolute velocity of 3
m/s. The rotor blade inlet and
exit angles are 60 and 45 from
the axial direction. The pump
annulus passage cross-sectional
area is constant. Consider the
flow as being tangent to the
blades involved. How much
energy is added to each
kilogram of gasoline
𝑧
𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = − 𝑈𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝜃𝑖𝑛 + 𝑈𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝜃𝑜𝑢𝑡
For inlet section: 𝑉𝜃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝜃1 = 0
𝑉1 = 𝑈1 + 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 1 ⇒ 3𝑒ෝ𝑧 = 𝑈ෞ𝑒𝜃 + |𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 1 | cos 60 𝑒ෝ𝑧 − sin 60 𝑒ෞ𝜃
𝑚
⇒ |𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 1 | cos 60 = 3 ⇒ |𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 1 | = 6
𝑠
𝑚
⇒ 𝑈 = |𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 1 | 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60 𝑒ෞ𝜃 ⇒ 𝑈 = 3 3 𝑒ෞ𝜃
𝑠
For outlet section:
Continuity: 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ⇒ 𝜌𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙,𝑧 1 = 𝜌𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙,𝑧 2
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙,𝑧 2 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙,𝑧 1 = |𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 1 | cos 60 = 3 ⇒ 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙,𝜃 2 = −𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙,𝑧 2 tan 45 𝑒ෞ𝜃 = −3 𝑚/𝑠 𝑒ෞ𝜃
𝑉2 = 𝑈2 + 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 1 ⇒ 𝑉𝜃 2 𝑒ෞ𝜃 + 𝑉𝑧2 𝑒ෝ𝑧 = 3 3ෞ
𝑒𝜃 + 3𝑒ෝ𝑧 − 3 𝑒ෞ𝜃
⇒ 𝑉𝜃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝜃 2 = 3 3 − 3 = 2.2 𝑚/𝑠
⇒ 𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = − 𝑈𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝜃𝑖𝑛 + 𝑈𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝜃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0 + 3 3 × 2.2 = 11.4 𝑁. 𝑚/𝑘𝑔
 2
1

For an incomp. Flow with one inlet and one outlet:

Ex.6: 𝑃 𝑉2 𝑃 𝑉2
+ +𝑧 = + +𝑧 + ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 + ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
When the pump in Fig. 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡
draws 220 m3/h of water at
20°C from the reservoir, the
total friction head loss is 5 m. 𝑄 𝑚
𝑉2 = = 31.12
The flow discharges through a 𝐴2 𝑠
nozzle to the atmosphere 𝑚
Estimate the pump power 𝑉2 = 0
in kW delivered to the water. 𝑠

𝑃 𝑉2 𝑃 𝑉2
+ +𝑧 = + +𝑧 + ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 + ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝛾 2𝑔 1
𝛾 2𝑔 2

𝑉22
+ 𝑧2 = ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝑝 ℎ𝑝 = 56.4 𝑚
2𝑔

𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑝 = 33700 𝑊 = 33.7 𝑘𝑊

 2

For an incomp. Flow with one inlet and one outlet:

Ex.7:
Water at 20°C is pumped at 𝑃 𝑉2 𝑃 𝑉2
1500 gal/min from the lower to + +𝑧 = + +𝑧 + ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 + ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
the upper reservoir, as in Fig.. 1 2
Pipe friction losses are
approximated by ℎ𝑓 ≈ 27𝑉2 1500 𝑓𝑡 3
/(2𝑔), where V is the average 𝑄= = 3.34
448.8 𝑠
velocity in the pipe. If the pump
is 75 percent efficient, what 𝑄 𝑓𝑡 27𝑉 2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 17.0 ℎ𝑓 = = 121𝑓𝑡
horsepower is needed to drive 𝐴 𝑠 2𝑔
it?
𝑃 𝑉2 𝑃 𝑉2
+ +𝑧 = + +𝑧 + ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 + ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝛾 2𝑔 1
𝛾 2𝑔 2

ℎ𝑝 = 221 𝑓𝑡

𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑝 (62.4)(3.34)(221) 𝑓𝑡. 𝑙𝑏𝑓

𝑃= = = 61600 = 112 ℎ𝑝
𝜂 0.75 𝑠