2.21 Speed Control of D. C.

Shunt Motor
Out of the three methods, let us study flux control method.
2.21.1 Flux Control

Start
Rheostat As indicated by the
speed equation,
the speed is
inversely proportional to the
A flux. The flux is dependent on the current
M F Supply
through the shunt field
flux can be controlled winding.
V Thus
A R rated
by adding a
rheostat (variable
with the shunt field resistance) in series
the Fig. 2.26. winding, as shown in
Fig. 2.26 Flux control of shunt motor
0.C.&Synchronous Machines
89 D. C. Motors
At the beginning the rheostat R is
N the
kept at minimum indicated as start in
Fig. 2.26. The supply voltage is at its rated
value. So current through shunt field
Winding is also at its rated value. Hence
the speed is also rated speed also called
normal speed. Then the resistance R is
Normal
speed increased due to which shunt field
sh rated current Ih decreases, decreasing the flux

Fig. 2.27 N Vs sh () for shunt motor produced. As N o

(1/¢), the speed of the
motor increases beyond its rated value.
Thus by this method, the speed control above rated value is possible. This is shown in
the Fig. 2.27, by speed against field current curve. The curve shows the inverse relation
between N and o as its nature is rectangular hyperbola.

It is mentioned that the rated values of electrical parameters should not be exceeded but
the speed which is mechanical parameter can be increased upto twice its rated value.

221.1.1 Advantages of Flux Control Method

1. It provides relatively smooth and easy control.
2. Speed control above rated speed is possible.
3. As the field winding resistance is high, the field current is small. Hence power loss
R ) in the external resistance is very small, which makes the method more
economical and efficient.
4. As the field current is smal1, the size of the rheostat required is small.
2.21.1.2 Disadvantages of Flux Control Method
1. The speed control below normal rated speed is not possible as flux can be increased
only upto its rated value.
2. As flux reduces, speed increases. But high speed affects the commutation making
motor operation unstable. So there is limit to the maximum speed above normal,
possible by this method.
2.21.2 Armature Voltage Control Method or Rheostatic Control
The speed is directly proportional to the voltage applied across the armature. As the
supply voltage is normally constant, the voltage across the armature can be controlled by
adding a variable resistance in series with the armature as shown in the Fig. 2.28.

N
Min Start
Normal
speed
R F Nrated
Max
Rh
sh Supply
V

Below
normal
V

Vrated
Fig. 2.28 Rheostatic control of shunt motor Fig. 2.29N Vs voltage across armature
 D.C. &Synchronous Machines 90 D. C. Motors
The field winding is excited by the normal voltage hence lsh 1S rated and constant inthi
method. Initially the rheostat position is minimum and rated voltage gets applied acrossthos
armature. So speed is also rated. For a given load, armature current is fixed. So when evi
extra
resistance is added in the armature circuit, l, remains same and there is voltage drop acrod
oss
the resistance added (, R).Hence voltage the
across armature decreases, decreasing th
speed below normal value. By varying this extra resistance, various speeds below rated
value can be obtained.
So for a constant load torque, the speed is directly proportional to the
voltage across the
armature. The relationship between speed and voltage across the armature is shown in
the
Fig. 2.29.
2.21.2.2 Advantages of Rheostatic Control
normal is possible.
1. Easv and smooth speed control below
starter.
divider arrangement, rheostat can be used
as a
2. potential
In
C.& Synchronous Machines 91 D. C. Motors
2.21.2.3 Disadvantages of Rheostatic Control
1, As the entire armature
current passes through the external resistance, there are
tremendous power losses.
2. As armature Current is
more than field current,
rheostat required is of large size ana
capacity.
3 Speed above rated is not possible by this method.
4. Due to large power losses, the method is expensive, wasteful and less efficient.
5. The method needs expensive heat
dissipation arrangements.
22 Speed Control of D. C. Series Motor
The flux produced by the winding depends on the m.m.f. i.e. magnetomotive force
which
hi is the current and the number of turns of the
product ot through which
winding
Went is passing. So flux can be changed either by changing the current by adding a
current is passing.
resistance orr
resistance o
by changing the number
number of turns of the winding. Let us study the various
methods
based on this principle.
2.22.1 Flux Control
The various methods of flux control in a d.c. series motor are explained below :

2.22.1.1 Field Divertor Method

In this method the series field winding is shunted by a variable resistance (R) known as
field divertor. The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 2.34 (a).
Due to the parallel path of R, by adjusting the value of R,, any amount of current can be
diverted through the divertor. Hence current through the field winding can be adjusted as
per the requirement. Due to this, the flux gets controlled and hence the speed of the motor
gets controlled.

By this method the speed of the motor can be controlled above rated value, The speed
armature current characteristics with change in R, isshown in the Fig. 2.34 (b).

Speed
N

A s R, is decreasing
Roe R
Supply
V
volts
RaM - Without Rx

0 a
(a) Field diverter (6) Speed-current characteristics

Fig. 2.34

2.22.1.2 Armature Divertor Method

This method is used for the motor which requireconstantload torquel An armature of
ne motor is shunted with an external variable resistance (R,) as shown in the Fig. 2.35. This
resistance R, is called armature divertor.
D.C. & Synchronous Machines 94 D. C. Motor

Any amount of armature current can be diverted

Rse through the divertor. Due to this, armature current
reduces. But as Toc o I and load torque is constant,the
A Supply flux is to be increased. So motor reacts by drawing
R V more current from the supply. So current thraugh
M Ra
Ra volts field winding increases, so flux increases and speed of
the motor reduces. The method is used to control the
speed below the normal value.
Fig. 2.35 Armature divertor
2.22.2 Rheostatic Control
In this method, variable resistance (R,) is inserted in series with the motor circuit. As
a

this resistance is inserted, the voltage drop across this resistance (, R) occurs. This reduces
across the
the voltage armature. As speed is directly proportional to the voltage across the
armature, the speed reduces. The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 2.38(a). As entire current
asses through R^ there is large power loss. The speed-armature current characteristics
pa
With change in R, are shown in the Fig. 2.38 (b).

Rx
PoV-E
1PV4
Supply
V
volts
M
-Without Rx
Speed
With Rx
Rse
Current

(a) Fig. 2.38 (b)

 2.23 Ward - Leonard System of Speed Control
thern this system isS mmOt
When itis desired to havewide and very sensitive speed control
generally used. The system as shown in the Fig.2.43.
is

ide Very Aenait ave pe oatrol

wW
0000
O000
M2 G M

Fig. 2.43
As shown in the Fig. 2.43 M, is the main motor whose speed control is required. The
field windtng of this motor is permanently connected to d.c. supply whereas armature is
supplied with variable voltage so that motor can run at any desired speed. To provide this
variable voltage, motor generator set is usd. It consists of either a.c. or d.c. motor directly
coupled to a generator. This motor runs at an approximately constant speed.
 D. C. Motors
D.C. & Synchronous Machines 99

The output of generator G is fed to motor M,. The fiéld circuit of this generator 1s
eparately excited from the available d.c. supply through a reversing switch and a potential
sep
divider so that its excitation can be varied from zero to maximum in both the directions.
Thus generator output voltage will be varied from zero to maximum value. By reversing the
direction of thefield current of G with the help of reversing switch, polarity of the generated

voltage will be reversed and thus change in direction of motor M, also will be achieved.
As this method can
give unlimited speed control in either directions, this system is
this is
commonly employed for elevators, hotsts and main drive in 3tee mtsyAIsó system
áre
ideal in applications where frequent starting, stopping and reversals required.As the
generator voltage can be raised gradually from zero, the motor starts up smoothly without
any extra starting equipment. Although this system is advantageous as it is giving wide
range of speeds it requires two extra machines which involves high capital cost)