Chapter V

A Random Survey of
Different Programmes Implemented by
Panchayat Raj Institutions in
Bangalore Urban District for
Rural Development - Problems and
Suggessions.
 CHAPTER V

A Random Survey of Different Programmes

Implemented by Panchayat Raj Institutions in
Bangalore Urban District for Rural Development-
Problems and Suggessions.

This chapter is the central part of the thesis as it is a detailed

study of the programmes implemented by Bangalore Zilla Panchayat.

How far these programmes have been instrumental for rural
development? Which are these programmes? What is the response

of the people who come under these programmes? What are the

anomalies? And what are the remedies? What is the interaction

between the Government and Panchayat Raj Institutions? These

are some of the vital issues raised and discussed in this chapter.
To understand the intricacies of the rural development and to highlight

certain serious problems of the rural people, some basic issues

have been taken as a case study. Following are the programmes,
which have been thoroughly studied.

1. A Random survey of Jawahar Grama Samruddi Yojana in Anekal

Taluk of Bangalore Urban district. This programme deals with

housing problems for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

193
2. A Random survey of Ashreya Yojana in Hagadur village

panchayat in Bangalore Urban district. This programme deals

with housing problem.

3. A Random survey of Ambedkar Yojana dealing with housing

problems. This programme implemented in Bangalore Urban

District and the researcher has conducted a survey in

Gandhipura, Immadihalli, Nagondahalli, Bellandur and

Kariyammana Agrahara villages in Bangalore South taluk.

4. A Random survey of Jawahar Rojgar Yojana in Bellandur village

panchayat in Bangalore Urban District. This programme deals

with employment generation.

The information collected by the researcher is entirely based

on original data except the statistics. The data has been collected

by the Researcher with the help of informants by field visits to the

above said villages.

194
 The Researcher has chosen particularly Bangalore Urban

District due to following reasons:-

a) Bangalore district was one of the leading districts in the erstwhile

princely State of Mysore. It became the capital of the princely

state in the post rendition period (1881).

b) Bangalore district enjoyed the unique distinction of a place

being founded by the famous chieftain of the erstwhile

Vijayanagar empire namely, Kempe Gowda.

c) Being the capital city of Karnataka, Bangalore has made a

rapid industrial advancement.

d) The influx of rural population to Bangalore had led to remarkable

changes in the political, social and economic fronts. Its growth

and development is an interesting study.

e) The easy accessibility of the researcher to the development

in the district and as an eyewitness to its phenomenal growth

has evoked interest to choose this as a Research project.

195
A RANDOM SURVEY OF JAWAHAR GRAM SAMRIDHIYOJANA

IN ANEKAL TALUK UNDER BANGALORE URBAN ZILLA

PANCHAYAT

From 1.4.1999 the Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana came into

effect in place of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana. According to this scheme

in all the Gram Panachayats in the district, 22.5 per cent of the

amount in their annual budget has to be spent for construction on

the houses for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. It is

an individual beneficiary oriented programme for SC/ST in the district.

Works which can be taken up for the benefit of identified SC/STs

come under two groups 1} Economic Assets 2} Assets for improving

the quality of life.

Economic Assets

1) Development of allotted land in the case of allottees of ceiling

surplus land, bhoodan land and government land.

2) Social forestry works, such as fuel wood and fodder plantations

on private lands belong to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled

Tribes.

196
3) Agri-horticulture, floriculture, fruit tree plantation in the private

lands belonging to Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes.

4) Work sheds or infrastructure for any self-employment

programme.

5) Open wells and bore wells for irrigation.

6) Pond excavation, re-excavation with the primary supports for

pisciculture.

In Bangalore Urban District priority has been given for the

construction of houses for Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes under

individual beneficiary scheme. In each Gram Panchayat 22.5 per

cent of the amount in their total annual budget is being spent

for the construction of houses for Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes.

The Gram Panchayats are selecting individual beneficiaries for

constructing the houses. For each beneficiary they have sanctioned

Rs. 20,000 on installment basis. Installments were based on the

stages of the house construction, which was supervised by a Junior

Engineer and Secretary of the concerned Gram Panchayat. Grant

was free and no repayment. Selection of beneficiary was purely

197
based on below poverty line and she/he being an SC/ST. During

the year 1999-2000,110 beneficiaries were selected in Anekal Taluk

in Bangalore Urban District under this scheme.

Anekal Taluk located in Bangalore Urban District borders

between Karnataka and Tamilnadu. The area of taluk is 53,518 hectares.

There are 224 villages, 4 hoblis and 32 Village Panchayats.

The total population of the Taluk is 299,428 as per 2001 census.

Anekal rural population is 241,160 and Anekal urban population

is 58,268. SC population is 79,539 and ST population is 5,417.

The survey has been conducted in 11 Village Panchayats

{Nerige, Huskur, Mugalur, Sarjapura, Mayasandra, Hebbagodi,

Hennagara, Hulimangala, Haragadde, Byagadadevanahalli and

Makanahalli) covering 31 villages (Mugalur, Matnahalli, Mahal

Chowdenahalli, Mugalur, Thindlu, Sarjapura, Mayasandra, Hebbagodi,

Hennagare, Rajapura, Hulimangala, S.Bengipura, Koppagate

Hulimangala, Kumbaranahalli, Nayanahalli, Lingapura, Dyavasandra,

Haragadde, Kavaiahalli, Kammasandra Agrahara, Soppalli, Vaderahalli,

Byagada devanahaili, Markanahalli, A.Gollapalli, Gonigattapura,

Nerige, Kathriguppe, Janthagondanahalli and Harohalli).

198
 The following tables give information regarding the Scheme-

Housing project and the beneficiaries thereon: -

Table No. 1

Caste Details of Respondents and percentage

Name of the Caste Number Percentage

Adi Karnataka 40 71.5%

Adi Dravida 03 5.35%

Bhovi 07 12.5%

Lambani 02 3.5%

Koracha 03 5.35%

Beda 01 1.80%

Total 56 100%

199
 Table 1 shows the caste details of the respondents, of the

56 respondents from whom the random sample data collected 40

belonging to Adi Karnataka community, three beneficiaries belonging

to Adi Dravida community, seven beneficiaries belonging to Bhovi

community, two beneficiaries belonging to lambani community, three

belonging to Koracha community and one belongs to Beda community.

Table No. 2

Name of employment/ Number Percentage

occupation

Agriculture 03 5.38%

Agriculture labour/ coolis 38 67.85%

Industrial labour 10 17.85%

Others 05 8.92%

Total 56 100%

Out of 56 respondents who have benefited from the scheme

under study, there were three agriculturists, 38 were agricultural

labourers/coolis, 10 were industrial laborers one was a driver and

four were auto drivers.

200
 Table No. 3

Income category Number Percentage

(per month)

Up to Rs.600/- 28 50%

Rs.601/- to Rs.800/- 09 16.07%

Rs.801/> to Rs.1000/- 11 19.65%

Rs.1000/- and above 08 14.28%

Total 56 100%

201
 Table No. 4

Possession of Farm implements

Farm Assets Number

Irrigation pump sets Nil

Bullock cart 01

Plough 12

Do not have any asset 43

Table No. 4 shows that out of 56 respondents, one has bullock

cart, 12 had ploughs and 43 respondents did not have any asset

at all.

202
 Table No. 5

Possession of land

Possession of land Number Percentage

Who owned land 13 23.20%

Who did not own land 43 76.80%

Total 56 100%

Table No. 5 shows the details of possession of land by

respondents of the scheme. Out of 56 respondents only 13 owned

some land. 43 respondents owned no land.

203
 Table No. 6

Live stock Number Percentage

Bullocks 02 3.58%

Cows 19 33.93%

Sheep/Goats 08 14.29%

Poultry 07 12.50%

None 20 35.70%

Total 56 100%

Table No. 6 shows the possession of live stock details by

the respondents. Out of 56 respondents two have bullocks, 19

had cows, 8 had sheep/goats and 7 owned poultry. A majority

of the respondents 20 however owned no livestock.

204
 Table No. 7

Knowledge about the 22.5% Housing scheme for SC/ST

under JGSY

Source of information Number Percentage

about the scheme

Through Chairman of

Grama Panchayat 11 19.64%

Through Secretary of

Grama Panchayat 12 21.42%

Members of the

Grama Panchayat 30 53.58%

Others 03 5.36%

Total 56 100%

205
 The above table indicates the source of information about

the scheme. Out of 56 respondents 11 of them came to know about

the scheme through the Chairman of Gram Panchayat, 12 through

the Secretary of Gram Panchayat, 30 of them from the members

of Gram Panchayat and 3 from others such 2 from Taluk Panchayat

members and one from N.G.O.

Table No. 8

Experience with corruption

Experience with corruption Number Percentage

Faced corruption 03 5.36%

Did not experience corruption 53 94.64%

Total 56 100%

The above table indicates that only 3 out of 56 respondents

chosen for study said that they had bitter experience as victims

of corruption to get benefits of the scheme. As many as 53 respondents

206
stated that they did not encounter any kind of corruption at any

time.

Table No. 9

Nature of the House constructed by Respondents

Nature of house constructed Number Percentage

Pucca 32 57.14%

Semi Pucca 18 32.14%

Kutcha 06 10.72%

Total 56 100%

The above table gives details regarding the house constructed

by respondents. Of 56 respondents 32 had managed to construct

Pucca houses by raising additional resources of their own. 18 of

the beneficiaries could built kutcha houses.

207
 Table No. 10

Facilities in the Houses of the beneficiaries.

Nature Number Percentage

Drinking Water 45 80.35%

Toilet 31 55.40%

Electricity 40 71.40%

All the above 22 39.29%

Table No. 10 shows facilities available in house of 56

beneficiaries. Only 22 of the 56 respondents enjoy all the benefits

as said above.

208
 Table No. 11

Adequacy of Amount sanctioned

Adequacy of amount sanctioned Number Percentage

Sanctioned amount sufficient Nil Nil

Insufficient 56 100%

The above table indicates clearly that all the 56 beneficiaries

selected for the study were not satisfied with the quantum of money

sanctioned for building a house. All of them were unanimous in

expressing the view that the amount sanctioned must be increased.

It is to be noted here that the amount sanctioned is insufficient

even for a square of ordinary houses in the towns and cities.

209
 Table No. 12

Additional expenditures incurred by beneficiaries.

Quantum of additional Number Percentage

expenditure

Rs.2000/- to Rs.5000 31 55.35%

Rs.5001/- to Rs.8000/- 15 26.79%

Rs.8001/- to Rs. 10000/- 07 12.5%

Rs. 10000/- and above 03 5.36%

Total 56 100%

The above shows the quantum of additional expenditure incurred

by the respondents. According to this table there are 31 respondents

who incurred additional expenditure from Rs. 2000/- to Rs. 5000/-,

15 respondents incurred extra expenditure from Rs. 5001/- to

Rs. 8000/-, 7 respondents incurred additional expenditure Rs.8001/-

to Rs. 10000/- and 3 respondents incurred additional expenditure

above Rs. 1000/-. The additional expenditure according to the

respondents was met by their own savings.

210
 The random survey clearly shows that the amount sanctioned

was far from satisfactory. Generally the beneficiaries are of the

opinion (100%) that the amount is to be enhanced. There should

be vigilant control and proper supervision. While allotting the amount

and there on, there should not be any political pressure. In other

words there should be transparency.

PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS

Questions were posed to the concerned beneficiaries about

the housing scheme under JGSY for the benefit of SC/ST during

the data collection. A satisfactory response was obtained from the

majority of the respondents, as can be seen from the preceding

chapter.

SUGGESTIONS

1) Awareness about the scheme should be created:

Our study reveals all the 56 respondents in 35 village Panchayats

in Anekal Taluk were not aware of the house construction programme

under study. They came to know about the programme through

211
the Chairman or Secretary or Members of the Village Panchayat.

This shows majority of the SC/ST people do not know about the

programme. In publishing this programme, the authorities of the

village panchayats should take necessary and appropriate steps such

as pasting the notices in front of the walls of the Village Panchayat

office and also by beating drums (a method to attract attention)

oral information is to be given. This is much better than pasting

the notices as they are illiterate.

2) Beneficiaries should be selected carefully:

Choosing beneficiaries carefully is another important pre­

condition for the effective working of the system. Unless careful

attempts are made to choose those who belong to the poorest of

the poor or those who badly need it among the Scheduled Castes/

Scheduled Tribes, there is every chance of benefits being cornered

by others. Studies have brought out that the privileges and benefits

offered by the Government go to the undeserving among these

communities thereby depriving those who are genuinely poor.

212
 Though the authorities claim that the beneficiaries were selected

based on the poverty line, a few respondents however had reasons

to complain. According to them political pressure and other means

are used to identify beneficiaries.

Political influence in the choice of beneficiaries is common

in village Panchayat level. The higher authorities should take steps

to resist these attempts and ensure that the selection process is

fair and just.

3) Financial Allocation:

Another important suggestion of the programme deals with

financial allocations. The grant is meagre. The beneficiaries while

interviewed are of the opinion that the amount sanctioned is raised

to Rs. 50000/- from Rs.20000/-

4) Sincerity and Commitment of Officials:

For the successful implementation of any Government policy,

sincerity and commitment on the part of the administrative officials

is necessary. This is even more so in the case of protective

213
discrimination programmes, since there are serious doubts in the

minds of many about the efficiency and need for them. So the

Government Officials should maintain sincerity and implement this

policy whole-heartedly.

5) Corruption among Government Officials:

The corrupt officials are also responsible to come in the way

of choosing/selecting the right persons.

6) Elimination of political Pressures in choosing beneficiaries:

Another suggestion made by the respondents relates to the

elimination of political pressure to hand pick beneficiaries. In a
political system where politicians and officials have to work together
to achieve the objectives of the state. Politicians try to exert influence
the concerned officials in choosing beneficiaries on political grounds.
The trend however needs to be deplored and suitable measures
should be taken to remove it. To prevent this, the Adhyaksha of
the Zilla Panchayat or the executive officer of Taluk Panchayat has
to play a key role. They must instruct the members belonging to
various political parties to keep aloof and not to interfere. At the
same time officials must stand firm and resist all attempts to dictate

terms to them in the choice of beneficiaries.

214
A RANDOM SURVEY OF ASHREYA YOJANA UNDER HAGADUR

VILLAGE PANCHAYAT IN BANGALORE URBAN DISTRICT

The Karnataka Government launched Ashreya Yojana during

October 1991 to provide houses to the houseless persons and who

are below poverty line. People belonging to the economically weaker

sections and whose annual income is less than Rs.11,800/- p.a.

are eligible to get the benefit in the scheme in the ratio of 50%

SC/ST, 50% others (including Group ‘A’ 15%, Minorities 8%, Physically

handicapped 3% and ex-servicemen 1%). The beneficiaries must

have a vacant site measuring about 30’x40’.

In Bangalore Urban district priority has been given for the

construction of houses under Ashreya Scheme. The Ashreya

committee selects the beneficiaries based on the proceedings of

the Grama Sabha in each village panchayat. For each beneficiary

Rs. 20,000 as total cost of construction was paid. Housing department

provides Rs. 9,000. The Central Government has provided

Rs. 1,000/- as subsidy for the construction of sanitary toilets etc.

For SC/ST Rs. 10,000 as subsidy was provided by the Social

Welfare department. People belonging to other than SC/ST

215
community got Rs.10,000 as loan from HUDCO. The amount towards

construction of the houses was released in three installments at

different stages of construction based on the progress. E.O of the

Taluk Panchayat was monitoring the progress regularly. The CEO

of the Zilla Panchayat was in charge of the overall supervision.

During the year 2000-01,55 beneficiaries were selected in Hagadur

Panachayat of Bangalore Urban District under Ashreya Yojana.

Hagadur village panchayat in Bangalore South Taluk (today

it is Bangalore East) is a big panchayat. It is located at a distance

of 25 k.m. from the district headquarters.

The total population of the villages in this panchayat is 14,240

including 1,790 SC and 108 ST as per 2001 census. Agriculture

is the main occupation. The total area of this panchayat is 475.04

hectares.

The following tables give information regarding the scheme­

housing project under Ashreya and the beneficiaries there on:-

216
 Table No. 1

Caste wise details of respondents and percentage

Name of the caste Number Percentage

Scheduled Caste-AK/AD 10 28.57%

Scheduled Tribe 01 2.85%

Thigala 01 2.85%

Kuruba 02 5.75%

Balajiga 05 14.29%

Vokkaliga 12 34.25%

Reddy 01 2.85%

Dhobi 02 5.71%

Marati 01 2.85%

Total 35 100%

217
 The above table shows the caste details of the respondents.

Out of 35 respondents from whom the random sample data collected

10 belongs to SC, one each belongs to ST, Thigala, Reddy and

Marati community, two each belongs to Kuruba, dhobi, five belongs

to Balajiga and 12 belongs to Vokkaliga community.

Table No. 2

Nature of employment/occupation

Name of Number Percentage

employment/occupation

Agriculture 05 14.28%

Agriculture labour 09 25.70%

Cooli 12 34.30%

Industrial labour 02 5.71%

Self employment 06 17.15%

Driver 01 2.86%

Total 35 100%

218
 Out of 35 respondent who have benefited from the scheme

under study five were agriculturists, nine were agricultural laborers,

12 were coolis, two were industrial laborers, six were self employed

and one is a driver.

Table No. 3

Monthly income of the respondents.

Income category (P.M) Number Percentage

Up to Rs.600 14 40%

Rs.601 to Rs.800 12 34.29%

Rs.801 to Rs.1000 09 25.71%

Total 35 100%

Table no. 3 shows the income categories of the respondents

of the scheme.

219
 Table No. 4

Possession of livestock

Farm Assets Number Percentage

Bullocks 04 11.43%

Cows 11 31.42%

Sheep/Goat 02 5.70%

Poultry 03 8.60%

None 15 42.85%

Total 35 100%

Table no. 4 shows that out of 35 respondents, four has bullocks,

eleven have cows, two have sheep/goats, three have poultry and

fifteen respondents did not have any assets at all.

220
 Table No. 5

Possession of land by the respondents.

Possession of land Number Percentage

Who owned land 08 22.85%

Who do not own land 27 77.15%

Total 35 100%

Table No. 5 shows that out of 35 respondents only 8 respondents

have owned some land and other 27 owned no land.

221
 Table No. 6

Possession of farm implements

Farm Assets Number Percentage

Pump sets Nil Nil

Bullock carts 02 5.72%

Plough 10 28.57%

Do not have any assets 23 65.71%

Total 35 100%

Table No. 6 shows that out of 35 respondents two has bullock

carts, 10 had ploughs and 23 respondents did not have any assets

at all.

222
 Table No. 7

Knowledge about Ashreya Scheme.

Source of information Number Percentage

Through the Chairman of V.P. 04 11.42%

Through Secretary of V.P. 02 5.70%

Through the members of V.P. 10 28.60%

Through T.P. Members 19 54.28%

Total 35 100%

The above table shows the source of information about the

scheme. Out of 35 respondents four beneficiaries came to know

about the scheme from the Chairman of Village Panchayat, two

of the beneficiaries came to know from the Secretary of V.P., ten

from the members of the V.P. and 19 from the Member of the Taluk

Panchayat.

223
 Table No. 8

Experience with corruption

Experience with corruption Number Percentage

Faced with corruption 04 11.43%

Did not experience corruption 31 88.57%

Total 35 100%

A glance at the above table shows that only four out of thirty

five respondents chosen for study said that they had bitter experience

as victims of corruption to get benefits of the scheme. As many

as 31 respondents stated that they did not encounter any kind of

corruption at any time.

224
 Table No. 9

Nature of houses constructed by the respondents.

Nature of houses constructed Number Percentage

Pucca 12 34.29%

Semi Pucca 16 45.71%

Kutcha 07 20%

Total 35 100%

The above table gives the details regarding the house

constructed by respondents. Out of 35 respondents 12 had managed

to construct Pucca houses by raising additional resources of their

own. 16 of the beneficiaries built semi pucca houses and 7 of

the beneficiaries could build kutcha houses.

225
 Table No. 10

Facilities in the houses of the beneficiaries

Nature Number Percentage

Drinking Water 27 77.14%

Toilet 30 85.71%

Electricity 24 68.57%

All the above 18 51.42%

The above table shows that out of 35 respondents only 18

of the respondents enjoy all the benefits as said above.

226
 Table No. 11

Adequacy of the amount sanctioned.

Adequacy of amount sanctioned Number Percentage

Sanctioned amount sufficient Nil Nil

Insufficient 35 100%

The above table shows clearly that all the 35 beneficiaries

selected for study were not satisfied with the quantum of money

sanctioned for building a house. All of them were unanimous in

expressing the view that the amount sanctioned must be increased.

227
 Table No. 12

Additional expenditure incurred by the beneficiaries.

Quantum of additional expenditure Number Percentage

Rs. 2,000 to Rs. 5,000 07 20%

Rs. 5,001 to Rs. 8,000 02 5.71%

Rs. 8,001 to Rs.10,000 14 40%

Rs. 10,001 and above 12 34.29%

Total 35 100%

Table No. 12 shows the quantum of additional expenditure

incurred by the respondents. According to the beneficiaries the

additional amount has been spent from their savings. According

to this table 7 respondents have incurred additional expenditure from

Rs. 2,000 to Rs. 5,000, 2 respondents incurred extra expenditure

from Rs. 5,001 to Rs. 8,000, 14 respondents incurred additional

expenditure Rs. 8,001 to Rs. 10,000 and 12 respondents incurred

expenditure above Rs. 10,001.

228
 Table No. 13

Suggestions about the scheme.

Suggestion Number Percentage

Amount must be raised 35 100%

More supervision needed 05 14.28%

There should be no

political influence in

selecting the beneficiaries 10 28.57%

The above table indicates the suggestions made by the

beneficiaries selected for the study regarding the Ashreya scheme.

All the 35 beneficiaries want the amount sanctioned to be increased.

5 of them felt the scheme needed more supervision, while 10 felt

there should not be any kind of political influence in selecting

beneficiaries.

229
 Table No. 14

Utilisation of amounts saved (Rent) by the beneficiaries

The rent saved has Number Percentage

been used for

Education 15 42.85%

Savings 06 17.14%

Infrastructure 04 11.42%

Medical expenses 08 22.85%

Don’t know 02 5.71%

The above table shows that 15 out of 35 respondents have

used the rent saved amount due to the allotment of the house has

been used for education, 6 beneficiaries used it for savings, 4 of

the beneficiaries used it for infrastructure development and 8 of

the beneficiaries for medical expenses.

230
 PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS

Questions were posed to the concerned beneficiaries about

the scheme during the data collection. A satisfactory response was

obtained from the majority of the respondents as can be seen from

the preceding chapter.

1. Our study reveals all the 35 respondents in 7 villages of Hagadur

Panchayat in Bangalore Urban district were all aware of the

scheme. They came to know about the scheme either from

the Panachayat functionaries or from the member of the Taluk

Panchayat. The Village Panchayat and Taluk Panchayat take

necessary steps to publish the details of the scheme in the

notice board of their offices and also by beating drums in

the villages about the scheme.

2. Selecting the beneficiaries by the Ashreya Committee on the

recommendations of Gram Sabhas avoided political influence

in the selection of the beneficiaries. The beneficiaries were

selected purely on poverty line. Though the officials claim

that beneficiaries were selected based on the poverty line,

231
 some of the respondents however complained about the political

influence while selecting the beneficiaries. The authorities

should take steps to ensure free and fair selection based

on poverty line only.

3. The SC/ST beneficiaries were given a free grant where as

for others only Rs.1,000 was given free and the balance of

Rs. 10,000 has to be repaid in installments. During the interview

all the beneficiaries stated that the loan as well as subsidy

has to be increased in order to purchase good quality materials

and finish the construction of houses completely. The concerned

authorities should take necessary steps to increase the grant.

4. Majority of the respondents said that they have not encountered

with corruption but 11.43% of the beneficiaries however

expressed that they had faced the corruption while selecting.

5. The Ashreya committee members generally affiliated to political

parties. They select the beneficiaries who are sympathisers

of the ruling party. This trend however needs to be deplored

and suitable measures should be taken to remove it.

232
RANDOM SURVEY OF AMBEDKAR YOJANA UNDER BANGALORE

ZILLA PANCHAYAT (BANGALORE URBAN D1STRICT-

BELLANDUR, GANDHIPURA, IMMADIHALLI AND

NAGONDAHALLI VILLAGES)

Ambedkar Yojana aimed at providing houses to houseless

Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe persons. The unit cost of

the house is Rs. 20,000. Social Welfare department provide

Rs.19,000 as grant and Rs. 1,000 as grant is provided by the

Government of India (RDPR) to build sanitary outlet. The selected

beneficiaries will get the amount in three installments based on the

stages of the house construction. Grant is free. There is no repayment

to Government. Selection of beneficiaries are purely based on below

poverty line and he/she should belong to SC/ST.

FEATURES OF THE SCHEME

1. For each beneficiary the grant sanctioned was only Rs. 20,000
with out repayment.

2. The beneficiary should belong to SC/ST category.

233
3. The beneficiary should be economically backward and his

income should fall in the income limit fixed for the poverty

line.

4. The beneficiary should not have availed housing assistance

under any other scheme/department.

5. The selection of beneficiaries- In 1995, a survey of “site

less persons” and also “those who had their own site but
were houseless” was done and a list of such persons prepared.
Grama Sabhas are adding, genuinely eligible but left out names
to this list and also are deleting the names of those who
are in the list but are ineligible. Such lists prepared by Grama
Sabhas are being made available to Ashraya Samithis
constituted for every Assembly constituency. The Ashraya
Samithis select beneficiaries on the basis of such lists.

6. Size and design of the house: The built up area should

not be less than 20 sq.mtrs. There is no prescribed blue
print or design for this purpose. For construction of houses
alternative designs can be adopted to suit the local factors
like soil, climate locally available construction material, needs
of the beneficiaries, etc. The beneficiary can actively participate

234
 at every stage of construction in order to get a well-constructed

house with better and additional facilities.

7. The beneficiary should have a vacant site.

SUPERVISION OF IMPLEMENTATION

This programme was implemented through the Village

Panchayat. The technical supervision was the responsibility of the

Taluk Panchayat and DRDAs/ZPs.

At the Village level the entire work relating to co-ordination,

review, supervision and monitoring of the yojana was the

responsibility of the Village Panchayat.

At the district level the DRDAs/ZP and at the intermediate

level the Taluk Panchayat will have over all responsibility for guidance,

co-ordination, supervision, periodical reporting and monitoring the

implementation of the programme. The DRDAs/ZPs were also be

accountable to the State Government to ensure that the returns/

reports in respect of the works taken up for execution in the district

are furnished in time.

235
 During the year 1999-2000 and 2000-01, 12 beneficiaries

were chosen for random survey in Gandhipura, Immadihalli,

Nagondahalli and Bellandur villages in Bangalore South Taluk under

Bangalore Urban Zilla Panchayat.

Gandhipura, Immadihalli, Nagondahalli and Bellandur villages

in Bangalore South Taluk (presently it is Bangalore East Taluk).

Gandhipura, Immadihalli, Nagondahalli villages are located at a

distance of 25 k.m. from the district headquarters while Bellandur

is located at a distance of 15 k.m. from the taluk headquarters.

The total population of Gandhipura, Immadihalli and

Nagondahalli is 4778 and the total population of Bellandur village

is 3525 including SC 536 and ST 30.

The following tables give information regarding the scheme

and the beneficiaries there on.

236
 Table No. 1

Caste details of Respondents and percentage.

Name of the caste Number Percentage

Adi Karnataka 09 75%

Adi Dravida 03 25%

Total 12 100%

According to Table 1, of the 12 respondents who have received

the grant for construction under the scheme, 09 belong to Adi Karnataka

and 03 belong to Adi Dravida Communuity.

237
 Table No. 2

Nature of Employment/Occupation.

Nature of employment/Occupation Number Percentage

Agriculture 01 8.33%

Agricultural labour 06 50%

Industrial labour 04 33.34%

Others 01 8.33%

Total 12 100%

A glance at the above table shows that out of 12 respondents

who have got the grant under the scheme one is Agriculturist, 06

are Agriculture Labourers, and 04 were industrial labours. In others

category one was an Auto Driver.

238
 Table No. 3

Monthly income of the respondents.

Income category Number Percentage

Up to Rs. 600 02 16.65%

Rs. 601 to Rs. 800 06 50%

Rs. 801 to Rs. 1,000 03 25%

Rs. 1,001 and above 01 8.35%

Total 12 100%

Table 3 shows the income category of the respondents.

According to this table there are 02 respondents whose income

is up to Rs. 600 per month. There are 06 respondents whose income

is between Rs. 601 and Rs. 800 per month. There are 03 respondents

whose income is between Rs. 801 and Rs. 1,000 per month and

there is one respondent whose income is Rs. 1,001 and above.

239
 Table No. 4

Possession of farm implements.

Farm Assets Number Percentage

Irrigation Pump set 01 8.35%

Bullock cart 01 8.35%

Plough 08 66.65%

Do not have any 02 16.65%

Total 12 100%

The above table shows the details of possession of Farm

Assets by the respondents. Out of 12 chosen beneficiaries of the

scheme one owned irrigation pump set, one had a bullock cart,

8 had ploughs and 2 did not have any asset at all.

240
 Table No. 5

Possession of Land

Possession of Land Number Percentage

Who owned land 02 16.65%

Who do not owned land 10 83.35%

Total 12 100%

Table no. 5 shows the details of possession of land by the

respondents of the scheme. Out of 12 beneficiaries selected for

study only 2 owned some land and 10 out of 12 beneficiaries did

not possess any kind of land.

241
 Table No. 6

Possession of Livestock

Livestock Number Percentage

Bullocks 01 8.35%

Cows 03 25%

Sheep/Goat 02 16.65%

None 06 50%

Total 12 100%

A glance at the above table shows that out of 12 respondents,

one has bullocks, 3 had cows, 2 had sheep/goat and majority

of the respondents numbering 6 (50%) however owned no livestock.

242
 Table No. 7

Knowledge about the Ambedkar Scheme.

Source of information Number Percentage

Chairman of Village Panchayat 05 41.65%

Secretary of Village Panchayat 03 25%

Others 04 33.35%

Total 12 100%

Table 7 indicates the source of information. Out of 12

respondents, 5 of them came to know about the scheme from the

Chairman of Village Panchayat, 3 of the beneficiaries came to know

about the scheme from the Secretary of Village Panachayat and

4 of them came to know from other source i.e. Member of Taluk

Panachayat.

243
 Table No. 8

Experience with Corruption.

Experience with corruption Number Percentage

Faced corruption 00 0%

Did not face corruption 12 100%

Total 12 100%

The above table shows that all the 12 respondents expressed

the opinion that they did not encounter any kind of corruption at

any stage.

244
 Table No. 9

Nature of Houses constructed by respondents.

Nature of Houses constructed Number Percentage

Pucca 08 66.65%

Semi pucca 04 33.35%

Total 12 100%

The above table gives the details regarding the houses

constructed by the respondents. Of the 12 respondents 8 had managed

to build pucca houses by raising additional income out of their own

savings and 4 of them managed to build only semi pucca houses.

245
 Table No. 10

Facilities in the houses of the respondents.

Nature of facility Number Percentage

Drinking Water 05 41.65%

Toilets 08 66.65%

Electricity 07 58.35%

All the above 06 50%

A glance at the table 10 gives the details of the facilities

available in the houses of respondents. Out of 12 respondents,

05 have drinking water, 08 have toilets, and 07 have electricity in

their houses and 50% of the respondents have drinking water,

toilets and electricity in their houses.

246
 Table No. 11

Adequacy of the amount sanctioned under the scheme.

Adequacy of the amount sanctioned Number Percentage

Sufficient Nil Nil

Amount insufficient 12 100%

Total 12 100%

The above table indicates very clearly that none of the 12

beneficiaries selected for study was satisfied with the quantum of

money sanctioned under the scheme for building a house. All of

them were unanimous in expressing the view that the amount

sanctioned must be increased.

247
 Table No. 12

Additional expenditure incurred by the respondents.

Quantum of Additional expenditure Number Percentage

Rs. 2,000 to Rs. 5,000 04 33.35%

Rs. 5,001 to Rs. 8,000 05 41.65%

Rs. 8,001 to Rs. 10,000 02 16.65%

Rs. 10,001 and above 01 8.35%

Total 12 100%

Table 12 shows the quantum of additional expenditure incurred

by the respondents. According to the table there are 4 respondents

who have incurred additional expenditure from Rs. 2,000 to Rs. 5,000;

05 respondents incurred extra expenditure from Rs. 5,001 to Rs. 8,000,

02 respondents had incurred an extra expenditure of Rs. 8,001 to

Rs. 10,000 and 1 respondent had spent additional expenditure of

Rs. 10,001 and above.

248
 Table No. 13

Suggestion about the scheme by the chosen beneficiaries

Suggestion Number Percentage

Amount must be increased 12 100%

More supervision needed 06 50%

There should be no political interference 06 50%

The above table indicates the suggestions made by the

respondents selected for study regarding the Ambedkar Yojana. All

12 respondents felt that the sanctioned amount must be increased.

06 of the respondents felt that more supervision is needed and

06 of them felt that there should not be any political interference

in selecting the beneficiaries.

249
 PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS

The study is aimed at investigating and studying the house

construction programme under Ambedkar Yojana specially meant

for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To find out the type of the house construction programme

under Ambedkar Yojana.

2. To study the impact of the House construction programme

on beneficiaries.

3. To identify the obstacles in the implementation of house

construction.

The study in the form of field investigation was conducted

in 5 villages in Bangalore South Taluk under Bangalore Urban Zilla

Panchayat. The beneficiaries in these villages were interviewed on

the basis of questionnaire prepared keeping in mind the view of

the objectives of the study. Satisfactory response was obtained

from the majority of respondents, as can be seen from the proceeding

chapter.

250
SUGGESTIONS

1. Awareness should be created among SC/ST about the

Scheme;

Majority of the respondents were not aware of the house

construction scheme under Ambedkar Yojana. All of them came

to know about the programme only through Chairman of the Village

Panchayat or Secretary or the member of Taluk Panchayat. This

shows that they are not aware of the programme by themselves.

Steps should be taken to give wide publicity among SC/ST population

and also the details of the scheme should be explained clearly by

pasting notices in prominent places in the villages or by beating

drums in the villages. An awareness is very essential to get the

benefit from this programme.

2. Selection of the Beneficiaries should be made without

any political influence:

Choosing beneficiaries carefully is another important condition

for the effective working of the system. Selection should be made

purely on the basis of economic backwardness as prescribed by

251
the Government.Some of the respondents however explained that

some of the beneficiaries have been selected based on the political

affiliations. The authorities should take necessary action to resist

these attempts and ensure that the selection process is fair and

just.

3. Financial Assistance:

Another important finding is that ail the beneficiaries felt that

the grant that is sanctioned, Rs. 20,000 for each beneficiary must

be increased so as to serve the purpose for which it is intended.

During the interview all the beneficiaries stated that the amount

sanctioned must of raised to Rs. 50,000 from Rs. 20,000 so that

they can purchase good quality material and finish the construction

of houses completely. The concerned authorities should take steps

to increase the grant amount as demanded by the beneficiaries.

4. Corruption Involved in the Scheme:

All respondents said that there is no corruption. But few

of them spoke about Political influence while selecting the beneficiaries

under the scheme. Officials must stand firm and resist all attempts

to dictate terms to them in the choice of beneficiaries by the political

authorities.

252
A RANDOM SURVEY OF JAWAHAR ROZGAR YOJANA (JRY)

IN BELLANDUR VILLAGE PANCHAYAT UNDER BANGALORE

URBAN DISTRICT

The incidence of poverty in the rural areas is more. This

is due to unemployment and under employment. To eradicate or

lessen this VI five year plan provided for “National Rural Employment

Guarantee Programme (NREP) in 1980 and ‘ Rural Landless

Employment Guarantee Programme” (RLEGP) in 1983. Merging

the above said two schemes a new scheme was launched on 1st

April 1989 called as Jawahar RozgarYojana. The two main objectives

of the JRY are (i) to generate gainful employment for the unemployed

and under employed persons in the rural areas and (ii) to create

sustained employment by strengthening the rural economic

infrastructure and providing assets in favour of the rural poor.

Preference is given to SCs and STs and freed bonded labourers

for employment under this scheme. Employment can be generated

by using JRY resources in the following fields.

253
1. Planting of mulberry trees.

2. Chawki rearing sheds and reeling sheds for sericulture.

3. Poultry sheds.

4. Handloom sheds.

5. Work sheds for food processing.

6. Retail outlets of district supply and marketing societies and

7. Raw materials, go downs and common work sheds for DWCRA

groups.

8. Employment can also be generated on private land belonging

to small and marginal farmers.

Employment can be generated for the persons below the poverty

line in case of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes and freed

bonded labourers and allottees of ceiling surplus land for example

Bhoodan land, waste land by means of construction etc. The list

of such works is as follows”

254
a) Construction of houses for individual member along with

development of infrastructure facilities.

b) Development of allotted land.

c) Social forestry works, such as, fuel wood and fodder plantations

on lands owned by individuals.

d) Minor irrigation wells and group wells.

e) Drinking water wells.

Under JRY resources employment can be generated by means

of undertaking the following social forestry works:

a) Minor irrigation works such as construction of community

irrigation wells, construction of intermediary and main drains

and field channels etc., and their improvements, deepening

etc.

b) Flood protection, drainage and water logging works.

255
c) Construction/renovation of village tanks for providing water

for human use or cattle use or for irrigation or pisciculture.

d) Irrigation wells and fields channels on individual holdings of

members of SC/ST and allottees of ceiling surplus land, bhoodan

land and Government lands.

e) Construction of institutional sanitary latrines in rural areas and

institutional rural sanitation work like drains/soakage pits near

hand-pumps/stand posts on community/institution basis.

f) Construction of houses for individual members of SC/ST and

freed bonded labourers.

g) Construction of rural roads subject to prescribed standards

and specifications and in accordance with the MNP criteria.

h) Land development and reclamation of wasteland or degraded

land with special emphasis on ecological improvement in hill

and desert areas.

i) Augmenting existing groundwater resources through micro­

level ecological planning involving aforestation, soil and moisture

conservation and water management.

256
j) Construction of community worksheds for target group
beneficiaries, community centre, panchayat ghars, DWCRA

centres, market yards in areas with concentration of population

of weaker sections etc.

k) Works of a purely social and community nature such as,

dispensaries, panchayat ghars, community centres, creches,

anganwadis, balwadis etc.

l) The primary school buildings will be constructed only in those

revenue villages, which have sanctioned schools without

buildings of their own. The building will have two large rooms

of approximately 30 sq. metres each with a deep verandah

and lavatories/urinals separately for boys and girls in a separate

corner. If any construction work is proposed to add to expand

the existing school buildings, it would be limited to bridging

the gap between the existing building and the two-room building

envisaged under these guidelines.

m) Construction of buildings for the Jana Shikshan Nilayams ;

257
 The benefits of social forestry can directly accrue to the rural

poor through the scheme of tree patta under which the tree planting

permit holder/tree patta holder shall be entitled to usufruct of the

trees. The usufruct rights under the tree planting permit/tree patta

shall include the rights to gather dead branches, take twigs and

lopping of the branches, harvest produce such as fruits, flowers,

seeds, leaves, tapings etc., carry on tree based activity like bee

keeping, moga/tuasar silk worm rearing, lac production etc., coppicing

of trees, hypothetic ate the trees to financial institutions for loans

by deposit of tree planting permit/tree patta with the financial institutions

and devolution of the tree planting permit patta on death of the

patta holder. The cost of saplings to be planted and the wages

for the labour put in tree-permit/tree patta holder by planting the

saplings and also the cost of maintenance of such plantations up

to the time the trees are able to survive may be met from the

JRY funds. The expenditure for this sponsored programme is to

be shared by both the Centre and the State on 80% and 20%

respectively. Further within the state, the district allocation is shared

between the Zilla Panchayats and Village Panchayats on 20% and

80% basis respectively.

258
EXPECTATION

Through the devolution of this programme to Village Panchayats,

the Government expects the benefits of this programme directly

reaching the people significantly higher than in the past. This Yojana

for the first time will place in the hand of Village Panchayats all

over the country adequate funds to implement their own employment

schemes. The devolution of finances to the panchayats will enable

them to administer the programmes themselves and save on the

cost of administration by the paid staff.

The implementation of the programme is also expected to

be more open, more transparent than ever before. A unique feature

of the Yojana is that beneficiaries will know how much remuneration

they would get and how many days of work is being given.

Each village covered by the JRY will know how much money is

allotted and the schemes that are being or have been financed.

259
RESERVATION FOR WOMEN

30% of the employment generated was reserved for women

who have remained economically dependent on the men fold for

ages, adding to their misery. One of the objectives of the Yojana

was to generate work for 50 to 100 days in a year near the place

of residence so as to make at least one member of every rural

family being engaged in work.

The main works taken up under JRY in Bellandur Village

Panchayat in Bangalore Urban District were formation of roads,

construction of bridges, bus shelters, class rooms, sanitary works,

community irrigation wells, soil conservation works etc.

Bellandur village panchayat in Bangalore Urban District consists

of 5 villages namely Bellandur, Deverabisanahalli, Ambalipura,

Kariyammana Agrahara and Haralur. The panchayat is located at

a distance of 15 k.m. from the taluk headquarters. (Bangalore South-

today it is Bangalore East).

The total population of the villages in the panchayat is 7776

including SC 1681 and ST 36 as per 2001 census. Agriculture is

the main occupation. The total area of this panchayat is 763.25

hectares.

260
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The random study refers to JRY in Bellandur Village Panachayat

in Bangalore Urban district during 1995-96 and 1996-97. The survey

is based on the data provided by the beneficiaries on the performance

of the scheme, which can be said more or less true. The objective

of the study is to find out:

1) The awareness of the beneficiaries about JRY.

2) To examine the role of Rural Development programme in the

development of the villages.

3) To assess the socio-economic conditions of the people in

the area under study.

4) To determine what extent the scheme benefit the economically

weaker sections in the area under study.

The following tables gives the information regarding the

Scheme - JRY - beneficiaries there on.

261
 Table No. 1

Caste wise details of the respondents and percentage

Name of the caste Number Percentage

Scheduled caste 10 62.5%

Scheduled Tribe 02 12.5%

Others 04 25%

Total 16 100%

The above table shows that the caste wise distribution of

the respondents. A glance at the table shows that 62.5% of the

total respondents belonging to Scheduled Caste, 12.5% of the total

respondents belonging to Scheduled Tribes and the remaining 25%

of the respondents belonging to other castes.

262
 Table No. 2

Age and sex relationship.

Age Male Female Total Percentage

0-15 01 Nil 01 6.25%

16-30 02 01 03 18.75%

31-45 04 04 08 50%

46-60 02 01 03 18.75%

61 and above 01 Nil 01 6.25%

The above mentioned table help in ascertaining the work forces

and the consumption units of the family. One notice that out of

16 beneficiaries, one is below 15 years of age, 03 out of 16 beneficiaries

were in the age group of 16-30, 8 beneficiaries are in the age

group of 31-45, 3 beneficiaries are in the age group of 46-60 and

1 is on age group of 61 and above.

263
 Table No. 3

Educational level of the respondents

Educational level Number Percentage

Illiterates 11 68.75%

Primary education 04 25%

Secondary education 01 6.25%

Total 16 100%

The above table shows the literacy of the respondents. A

glance at the table shows that 68.75% of the respondents were

illiterate, 25% of the respondents had just primary level of education

and 6.25% of the respondents had secondary level of education.

264
 Table No. 4

Source of information about the scheme.

Source of information about the scheme Number Percentage

Through Chairman of Grama Panchayat 05 31.25%

Through Secretary of Grama Panchayat 02 12.5%

Through members of Grama Panchayat 01 6.25%

Others 08 50%

The above table shows the source of information.

Out of 16 respondents 5 of them came to know about the scheme

from the Chairman of the Grama Panchayat, 02 of them through

the Secretary of the Grama Panachayat, and 01 of them from

the Members of the Grama Panchayat and 8 of them from others

like the members of the Taluk Panchayat, and Members of the Zilla

Panchayat and N.G.O’s etc.

265
 Table No. 5

This table gives the information as how this programme (JRY)

has benefited in increasing their income.

Increasing income due to JRY

Caste Number

Yes No

S.C 10 08 02

S.T 02 01 01

Others 04 01 03

Total 16 10 06

266
 Table No. 6

Opinion about the scheme.

Caste Number Satisfied Not satisfied

S.C. 10 09 01

S.T 02 02 Nil

Others 04 03 01

Total 16 14 02

The above table shows that 14 out of the 16 respondents

were satisfied with the scheme, only 02 out of 16 were not satisfied

about the scheme.

267
PROBLEMS

The random survey with respondents shows that all

of them without exception were aware of the programme, which

was implemented during the years 1995-96 and 1996-97 to supplement

their income. Many of them could not give the exact nomenclature

of the Programme but when we mentioned the features of the

scheme they had no difficulty in recalling the scheme.

As for participation, the respondents admitted that they have

participated in the programme. No precise information was available

as how long they participated. The figures provided by each one

was not exact/precise and exceeded more than 200 days.

A majority of the respondents were of the opinion

that the program had helped in augmenting the household income.

Few respondents however felt otherwise and stated that it did not

help much because the programme was of short duration and did

not last longer.

268
OBSERVATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

1) The employment scheme under JRY seems to be rather

limited in nature:

The scheme contemplated by the Government relate to the

construction activity involving roads, buildings and drainage.

The study reveals that the beneficiaries got 20 to 25 days

of work in a month; 60 per cent of them claim to have

secured 20 days, where as 40 percent of them claim to have

secured 25 days of work a month on the average.

2) JRY solution to the problem of unemployment is of a

temporary nature:

The scheme was a temporary measure and a more permanent

and enduring solution needs to be formed to tackle the enormous

problem of rural unemployment.

3) The beneficiaries should be selected on the basis of poverty

line.

269
4) The Central Government at the time of formulation of JRY

provided and elaborate system of monitoring the program at

the village level. The term used in JRY guidelines is social
audit. This provision has not been implemented.

5) The JRY scheme, whose main objective is to provide

employment to those who otherwise cannot make their living,
has set certain procedures for - recruiting persons for the
scheme etc. It puts this responsibility on the Grama Panchayats.
But the study reveals that to a great extent such procedures
are not followed at all for diverse reasons. The village
panchayats are expected to give wide publicity in the villages
coming under their administrative jurisdiction about availability
of work, its nature and place. Further, they are expected
to prepare and update the lists of such eligible beneficiaries
in their offices. And out of such lists they need to employ
persons for JRY works. Again, the works under JRY are
to be executed by respective Village Panchayats. But in regard
to publicity aspect, the Village Panchayats do not seem to
have played their expected role. Most of the recipients of
the benefit claim to have received the information not through
their Village Panchayats but through some contractors who

are operating in the area.

270
6) JRY and its scheme of implementation places a heavy

responsibility on the Panchayats and the Presidents. The

introduction of JRY should have been preceded by adequate

training programmes and familiarisation courses for members

of village panchayats, so as to acquaint them with the nature

and magnitude of the problem.

7) A lofty objective of is the elimination of middlemen and

contractors in the schemes and works of JRY.

8) The problem of underemployment has not been seriously

considered under JRY

9) All the beneficiaries are aware of the program and the condition

of wage payment.

10) The participation of SC/ST household is even more suggesting

that members of these castes have benefited more from this

programme.

11) All the respondents welcome the scheme and they speak

of its utility on the ground that it provides succor, specially

271
 to those who are at the bottom of the poverty line. But they
hold that wage aspects are not remunerative. The discussions
with the beneficiaries brought two more points:

a) in certain cases there was a mismatch between the

wages and the nature of work e.g. in the construction
of buildings, it is not possible to get skilled masons
by offering Rs.25/- or Rs.30/- when the opportunity
cost is Rs.50/- a day in villages and

b) the food component of JRY farce, since it does not

reach those to whom it is meant. The PRI functionaries
often find it difficult to adhere to the wage component
(60 percent) and (40 per cent) non-wage component
norm while using the funds owing to local peculiarities
of the works.

12) The Village Panchayats have not taken up the responsibility

of preparing the lists of eligible beneficiaries and executing
the JRY works through the Panchayats; instead, the entire
program centers round the some private contractors. In a
way it has encouraged the practice of contract labour.

272
13) Since most of the works are done by the contractors

who have their band of labourers who move from village

to village, very often the locals are ignored.

14) There seems to be no penal clauses in the scheme to hold

the erring officials or elected functionaries responsible and

accountable.

15) The investigators at the most can link up the man days created,

amount expended but they cannot say anything about the

quality of work turned out.

It is to be noted that the JRY is a means to a better planning

of development activities by the local communities and they’re elected

representatives. This purpose will be lost by extensive bureaucratic

control. The role of Government requires to be gradually reduced.

The arrangement for technical and professional consultancy should

be increased. The rules of audit must be changed and the committee

involved in planning of local schemes. This will result in the rural

people developing confidence in themselves and looking forward

to ways and means for helping themselves, rather than depending

on the Government for every thing.

273