What is a data dictionary?

Data Dictionary is a central source of data in a data management system. Its main
function is to support the creation and management of data definitions. It has
details about

- What data is contained?

- What are the attributes of the data?

- What is the relationship existing between the various data elements

 What functions does a data dictionary perform?

In a data management system, the principal functions performed by the data

dictionary are

- Management of data definitions.

- Provision of information for evaluation.

- Support for s/w development.

- Support form documentation.

- Ensuring that the data definitions are flexible and up-to-date.

 What Are The Different Types Of Data Dictionary Objects?

Data Dictionary Objects:
o Tables
o Views
o Domain
o Data Element
o Type Groups
o Search Helps/Matchcode Objects
o Lock objects
o Structures
o Table Types.
 How Many Ways You Can Create Table?
Answer :
 User can create a Database table in two ways:
1.  Top-to-bottom approach: In this approach, first fields are defined and later
domain and data element are defined.
 o  Bottom-to-top approach: In this approach, first domain and data
element are defined and later fields are defined.
Can You Create A Table With Fields Not Referring To Data Elements?
 Yes.

What is the significance of Delivery Class?

- The delivery class controls the degree to which the SAP or the customer is
responsible for table maintenance.

- Whether SAP provides the table with or without contents.

- Determines the table type.

- Determines how the table behaves when it is first installed, at upgrade, when it is
transported, and when a client copy is performed.

What is a Data Class?

The Data class determines in which table space the table is stored when it is
created in the database.

6. What is a Size Category?

The Size category describes the probable space requirement of the table in the
database.

7. How many types of size categories and data classes are there?

There are five size categories (0-4) and 11 data classes only three of which
are appropriate for application tables:

APPL0 - Master data (data frequently accessed but rarely updated).

APPL1 - Transaction data (data that is changed frequently).

APPL2 - Organizational data (customizing data that is entered when system is

configured and then rarely changed).

The other two types are:

- USR
- USR1 – Intended for customer’s own developments.

 What Are The Different Types Of Locks?

Answer :
Read lock (shared lock):
 Protects read access to an object. The read lock allows other transactions read
access but not write access to the locked area of the table.

Write lock (exclusive lock):

Protects write access to an object. The write lock allows other transactions neither
read nor write access to the locked area of the table.

Enhanced write lock (exclusive lock without cumulation):

 Works like a write lock except that the enhanced write lock also protects from
further accesses from the same transaction.
. What are two methods of modifying SAP standard tables?
Ans:

1. Append Structures and

2. Customizing Includes.

Q23. How many tables can an append structure be assigned?.

Ans: One.

Q24. Can we include customizing include or an append structure with Pooled or

Cluster tables?
Ans: No.

Can you define a field without a data element?

Ans: Yes.  If you want to specify no data element and therefore no domain for a
field, you can enter data type and field length and a short text directly in the table
maintenance.

Q36. What are null values?

Ans: If the value of a field in a table is undefined or unknown, it is called a null value.

Q37. What is the difference between a structure and a table?

Ans: Structures are constructed the almost the same way as tables, the only
difference using that no database table is generated from them.

What is TABLE MAINTENANCE GENERATOR in Dictionary?

Ans: Table Maintenance Generator is a tool used to customize the tables created by
end users and can be changed as required, such as making an entry to that table,
deleting an entry etc.

Transaction Codes

SE54: Generate Table Maintenance Dialog

SE55: Table view maintenance DDIC call

SE56: Table view display DDIC call

SE57: Deletion of Table Maintenance

SM30: Maintenance Table Views:

Authorization Group : If the table needs to be maintained by only particular group
of people, then the Authorization group needs to be filled otherwise fill it as NC. To
maintain the authorization group refer to SU21.

Function group is the name to which the generated maintenance modules will
belong to.

Generally Function Group name can be same as table name.

Maintenance screens:  Maintenance can be done in 2 ways

1. Maintenance and Overview both on one screen

2. Maintenance on one screen and Overview on another screen.

Modifications Available in Table Maintenance

Screen Alterations

Go To Environment -> Modification ->  Maintenance Screens

Table Maintenance Events

 What are Indexes in Data Dictionary?
Ans: We use indexes to speed up searching a table for data records that satisfy
certain search criteria.
The primary index contains the key fields of the table and a pointer to the non-key
fields of the table. The system creates the primary index automatically when the
table is created in the database.

You can also create further indexes on a table in the ABAP Dictionary. These are
called secondary indexes. This is necessary if the table is frequently accessed in a
way that does not take advantage of the sorting of the primary index for the access.

 How Many Types Of Tables Are There In Data Dictionary And What They?
Ans:

 Transparent table
 CLUSTER Cluster table
 POOL Pooled table

Q1. What Is Alv?

Ans: ALV (ABAP LIST VIEWER) Sap provides a set ofALV (ABAP LIST VIEWER)
function modules, which can be put into use to embellish the output of a report. This
set of ALV functions is used to enhance the readability and functionality of any report
output.

Or

ALV stands for ABAP List Viewer. ALV gives us a standard List format and user
interface to all our ABAP reports. ALV is created by a set of standard function
modules provided by SAP.

Q2. What Are The Uses Of Alv Reports?

Ans: Sorting of records

Filtering of records

Totals and Sub-totals

Download the report output to Excel/HTML

Changing the order of the columns in the report

Hide the unwanted columns from the report

Q3. What Is Field Catalog In Sap Alv?

Ans: We have the following three ways to build a field catalog.

Automatically through a Data Dictionary structure.

Manually in ABAP program.

Semi-automatically by combining the above two procedures.

Declare an internal table of type SLIS_T_FIELDCAT_ALV.

Call function module REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE.

Q4. What Is Slis In Alv And Standard Type Tables Of It?

Ans: SLIS is the type library for ALV grid.

If you'll use the ALV you have to add TYPE-POOLS : SLIS. command at the
beginning of your code.

SLIS_LAYOUT_ALV,

SLIS_T_FIELDCAT_ALV

SLIS_T_LISTHEADER,

SLIS_T_EVENT,

SLIS_SELFIELD.

Q5. How Do You Define Default Variant For Alv?

Ans: The user can programmatically set the initial (default) variant for list display.

The default variant can be found using the function module

'REUSE_ALV_VARIANT_DEFAULT_GET'.

Q6. What Is The Events Table In Alv?

Ans: A list of possible events is populated into an event table (I_EVENTS) when this
table is passed from the function module REUSE_ALV_EVENT_NAMES_GET. The
return table from this function module contains all the possible events.

Q7. What Are Layout Parameters Options Of Alv?

Ans: Display options:

 Exceptions
 Totals
 Interaction
 Detail screen
 Display variants (only for hierarchical-sequential lists)
 Color
 Other

Q8. What Is Sort Internal Table Options In Alv?

Ans: This internal table has the following fields:

 Sops:  Sort sequence.

 Fieldname:  Internal output table field name.
 Tab name : Only relevant for hierarchical-sequential lists. Name of the internal output
table.
 Up: 'X' = sort in ascending order.
 Down: 'X' = sort in descending order.
 Sub tot : 'X' = subtotal at group value change.
 Group: '* ' = new page at group value change ,'UL' = underline at group value
change.

Q9. What Is The Main Function Module Of Alv Report?

Ans: REUSE_ALV_GRID_DISPLAY

Q10. What Are The Export Parameters Of Alv Reports Function Modules?

Ans: E_EXIT_CAUSED_BY_CALLER: Delete list in

CALLBACK_USER_COMMAND

ES_EXIT_CAUSED_BY_USER: How the user left the list Tables

T_OUTTAB: Table with data to be displayed ---mandatory

Q11. What Is A Report?

Ans: There are 2 type of reports:
 1. Interactive report
2. Classic reports

In classic reports, we can see the output in single list where as in interactive reports
we can see the output in multiple lists.

Q12. What Are Classical Reports?

Ans: These are the most simple reports. Programmers learn this one first. It is just
an output of data using the Write statement inside a loop.

Classical reports are normal reports. These reports are not having any sub reports.
IT IS HAVING ONLY ONE SCREEN/LIST FOR OUTPUT.

Events In Classical Reports:

INTIALIZATION: This event triggers before selection screen display.

AT-SELECTION-SCREEN: This event triggers after processing user input still

selection screen is in active mode.

START OF SELECTION: Start of selection screen triggers after processing selection

screen.

END-OF-SELECTION: It is for Logical Database Reporting.

Q13. What Are The Interactive Reports?

Ans: The user can Interact with the report. We can have a drill down into the report
data.

We can have a basic list (number starts from 0) and 20 secondary lists (1 to 21).

Events associated with Interactive Reports are:

AT LINE-SELECTION

AT USER-COMMAND

AT PF<key>

TOP-OF-PAGE DURING LINE-SELECTION.

HIDE statement holds the data to be displayed in the secondary list.

sy-lisel : contains data of the selected line.

sy-lsind : contains the level of report (from 0 to 21)

Interactive Report Events:

AT LINE-SELECTION : This Event triggers when we double click a line on the list,
when the event is triggered a new sub list is going to be generated. Under this event
what ever the statements that are been return will be displayed on newly generated
sub list.

AT PFn: For predefined function keys...

AT USER-COMMAND : It provides user functions keys.

TOP-OF-PAGE DURING LINE-SELECTION : Top of page event for secondary list.

Q14. How Many Types Of Tables Are There In Data Dictionary And What They?
Ans:

 Transparent table
 CLUSTER Cluster table
 POOL Pooled table

Q16. What Is A Table Maintenance Generator?

Ans: To allow users to maintain table using SM30 transaction you use Table
Maintenance generator.

Q17. What Is The Difference Between Client Dependent And Independent Tables?
Ans: If you have MANDT as the first field that is Client Dependant table otherwise it
is not. Usually most of the tables are client dependent. Only few like RFC
Connections table (RFCDES), Batch Jobs (TBTCO and TBTCP) are not client
dependant.

Q18. What Is The Difference Between At Selection Screen And At Selection Screen
Output?
Ans: AT SELECTION-SCREEN OUTPUT is like Process Before Output Event. This
would get triggered before screen is displayed. This can be used to make fields
invisible/visible based on selection.

AT SELECTION-SCREEN: This would be triggered if you hit anything (Enter, Drop-

Down, Help, Execute) after the selection screen is displayed.

Q19. What Is The Difference Between Clear, Refresh?

Ans: CLEAR: It clears any field, structure or Header line of internal table.

REFRESH: Deletes all entries of internal table.

Q20. In Alv's How Would You Get Default Values In The Selection Screen?
Ans: Create a variant in the ALV Report with whatever columns you would like to
see and set sort criteria and column widths and save as a default variant.

You could get the default variant by calling FM

REUSE_ALV_VARIANT_DEFAULT_GET

Q21. What Are The Steps To Create Custom Table?

Ans: Create all the Domains and Data elements as needed using Txn SE11.

Start creating the table using Tcode SE11.

Maintain Delivery Class (A-Application Table, C-Customizing, etc)

Enter all the fields (MANDT must be the first field) and appropriate data elements or
Built in Types for each field.

Make sure you select the Primary Key for this table.

Maintain the Technical Settings (Data class, Size, Buffering info)

Create Secondary indexes as needed

Activate the Table

Q22. How To Set Hotspot In Alv Reports For A Field?

Ans: In the Field Catalog table, you set the HOTSPOT property of the field to X.

Q23. What Is Use Of Reuse_alv_fieldcatalog_merge?

Ans: Using this function module, you can get the Field catalog for a given Internal
table or DD Structure. Once you get the Field catalog, you could change the
properties of each field.

Q24. What Is Significance Of Hide?

Ans: In Interactive reports, HIDE statement stores the value of that field for that line.
If the user places the cursor on a line and click on something those values are
automatically populated to that hidden fields.

Q25. What Is The Difference Between Select Single And Select Up To One Row?
Ans: SELECT SINGLE can be used if you know the full key to select a record. If you
do not have the full Key to select and you are interested in one single row, you could
use SELECT UPTO 1 ROWS. If you use a SELECT SINGLE without a full key, you
would get a warning message in Extended Program checks.

If you have the full Key use SELECT SINGLE

If you do not have the full Key to select and you are interested in one single row, you
could use SELECT UPTO 1 ROWS..

Q26. What Is The Secondary Index?

Ans: There is an Index created by default for the Primary Key of the table and that is
called Primary Index. If you create, any other index that is called Secondary Index for
that table. Secondary Indexes are created to improve the performance of SELECT
statements.

Q27. How To Create Secondary Index?

Ans: Using SE11, Enter the table name and click on Change.

Click on Indexes and select fields and create a secondary index. Note: Always try to
include MANDT as the first field unless you have a reason..

Q28. How Do You Modify A Table?

Ans: You can modify a record using MODIFY statement or UPDATE Statement.
Q29. What Is An Abap Memory And Sap Memory And How To Use Them?
Ans: ABAP memory is a memory area that all ABAP programs within the same
internal session can access using the EXPORT and IMPORT statements.

SAP memory is a memory area to which all main sessions within a SAPgui have
access. You can use SAP memory either to pass data from one program to another
within a session, or to pass data from one session to another. Application programs
that use SAP memory must do so using SPA/GPA parameters (also known as
SET/GET parameters).

Q30. When The Top-of-page Event Does Get Triggered?

Ans: TOP-OF-PAGE event will be triggered when the first ULINE, WRITE or SKIP
statement occurs in a program.

Q31. What Is The Difference Between Skip And Reserve?

Ans: SKIP provides empty space between lines, while RESERVE executes a page
break on the current page if the number of lines between current line and the page
footer is less than the number specified in RESERVE statement.

Q32. What Is The Difference Between Skip And New-line?

Ans: SKIP generates a blank line, while the NEW-LINE causes the control to move
to next line.

Q33. Can We Set Page Headers To Details Lists?

Ans: Yes. Use TOP-OF-PAGE DURING LINE-SELECTION event.

Q34. What Are Oss Notes?

Ans: SAP provides support in the form of Notes also and this is called OSS. Can
check the link Sree provided.

Just for an example if you face any error in your system. Then there is error number
associated with the error. Then you can search for the OSS not for the error number,
and the note will give you possible solution to your problem.

Q35. What Is The Command To Be Used To Transfer The Data From One
Internal Table To Another Internal?
Ans: Move itab1 to itab2
We can use APPEND for copying data from one ITAB to another ITAB by keeping in
a loop. But it is not efficient. Instead we can use as follows:

ITAB1[]=ITAB2[].

Q36. How Can Validate Input Values In Selection Screen And Which Event Was
Fired?
Ans: At selection-screen is an event, which is used to validate the selection screen
input fields, if you want to validate the particular input field we use at selection-
screen on event.

AT SELECTION-SCREEN ON event is used to validate input.

Q37. What Is The Difference Between Data Element And Domain?

Ans: Data element is the collection of domain with short description, whereas
domain is collection of datatype and length.

Domain contains only technical attributes (data type , size) where as Data Element
contains Technical attribute as well as Semantic attributes(Field description).

Q38. What Is The Difference Between Internal Table With Header Line And
Without Header Line?
Ans: Internal table with header line is nothing but work area name as well as internal
table name is same, whereas internal table without header line is nothing but work
area name as well as internal table name is different.

FOR INTERNAL TABLE WITH HEADER we need not create work area. But not
advisable because the user may get confused what is work area and what is internal
table since they both will be having same names.

Q39. Which Is The First Event That Is Triggered In A Report?

Ans: Load of program is the first triggering event in the classical reports, where as
abaper point of view initialization is the first triggering event.

LOAD-OF-PROGRAM which gets triggered internally in the SAP system, then the
event INITIALIZATION gets trigger.

Q40. What Is Binary Search?

Ans: Binary search is a searching algorithm in which the whole data in spitted into
two parts and searching is started from one of the part. In normal search data is
searched linearly from top to bottom which is less efficient than binary search.

Binary search is used to get the more data from internal table instead of linear
search ,and binary search is the faster and efficient .

Q41. While Printing, 10 Columns Are Printing In First Page And The Next 4 Cols
In Next Page, How Do U Resolve This To Accommodate All The 14 Columns In A
Single Page?
Ans: ot line size .. increase line-count

line-size means width of line

line-count means no. of lines per page.

Q42. What Events Are Mandatory In Reports?

Ans: Report dont need any event to execute the output.It we we put start-of-
selection there is no compulsory to use end-of-selection. End-of-selection is used
when we want to execute some output even when some exception occurs to skip
start-of-selection.

There is no mandatory event in the report program. however, if we don't explicitly

write any event, system implicitly starts with start of selection event.In case of
database selection, it is a good practice of use end-of-selection event.

Q43. What Is The Transaction Code Sm 31?

Ans:

SM31 is a new version of the t-code SM30.

SM30 - Call view maintenance & views for SAP tables.

SM31 - used for maintenance for SAP tables.

Q44. What Are Text Elements?

Ans: Text elements makes program easier to maintain program texts in different
languages. These are used for maintaining list headers, selection texts in programs.
Q45. Explain Check Table And Value Table?
Ans: Check table works at table level and value table works at domain level.

Check table is nothing but master table that u will create with valid set of values.

Value table it provides the list of values and it will automatically proposed as a check
table while creating foreign key relationship.

Q46. How Many Types Of Standard Internal Tables?

Ans:

STANDARD TABLE: The key is, by default, set to NON-UNIQUE. You may not use
the UNIQUE addition.

SORTED TABLE: Unlike standard tables, sorted table have no default setting for the
uniqueness attribute. If you do not specify either UNIQUE or NON-UNIQUE, the
system defines a generic table type, where uniqueness is irrelevant. You can use
generic types to specify the type of generic subroutine parameters.

HASHED TABLE: Hashed tables have no default setting. You must use the
UNIQUE addition with hashed tables. You may not use NON-UNIQUE.

Q47. What Is Refreshing In Internal Table?

Ans: 'Refresh' is the keyword which clears the contents of an internal table body.

Q48. What Is The Difference Between Collect And Sum?

Ans: COLLECT allows you to create unique or summarized datasets. The system
first tries to find a table entry corresponding to the table key. The key values are
taken either from the header line of the internal table itab, or from the explicitly-
specified work area.

If the system finds an entry, the numeric fields that are not part of the table key (see
ABAP number types) are added to the sum total of the existing entries. If it does not
find an entry, the system creates a new entry instead.

Q49. What Are The Ways Of Creating Tables?

Ans: There are two ways to create table

1. Top-down approach
 2. Bottom-up approach

Q50. What Is The Significance Of A Stacked List?

Ans: The secondary list is also called the stacked list and it will be shown on the
entire screen if we don’t write its coordinates of the command window.

Q51. When It’s The Right Time To Utilize The Command Get Cursor In
Interactive Lists?
Ans: The command GET CURSOR will be utilized when the hidden information is
not enough for tracing the selected line.

Q52. How Do We Describe Start –of-selection And End-of-selection?

Ans: The start and the finish of the main processing logic, which is default for every
ABAP/4 application; the statements from START-OF-SELECTION to END-OF-
SELECTION are executed automatically, there is no requirement for having END-
OF-SELECTION. Every procedural statement in ABAP applications are dependent
by default on the START-OF-SELECTION.