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Part IV Theoretical definition of

stress, equality of cross-shear, factor
of safety
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Concept of stress

Let us consider a body subject

to external loads

Section the body, where

stresses are to be determined
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Force resolution
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Stress definition

Q: Which
Notational & Sign Conventions component of
stress???

Ans: τyx
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Stress tensor

“Stress cube”
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Stress identification

σxx

τxz τzy
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Equality of cross-shear
τyx

τxy
a
y

Applying moment equation about the center (A = cross-

sectional area)
2𝜏𝑦𝑥 × Δ𝐴 = 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 × Δ𝐴
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦
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Factor of safety

Every material has some maximum stress after which it will fail (usually denoted
by Ultimate stress)
Under normal conditions, the maximum stress a material will encounter is
significantly lower than the Ultimate stress.
The maximum stress a material will encounter is denoted by allowable stress

𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Factor of safety (FOS) =
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

 Factor of safety is incorporated to account for various uncertainties during real

life application
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Factor of safety considerations

Factor of safety considerations:

•uncertainty in material properties
•uncertainty of loadings
•uncertainty of analyses
•number of loading cycles
•types of failure
•maintenance requirements and deterioration effects
•importance of member to integrity of whole structure
•risk to life and property
•influence on machine function