Pangasinan National High School

Lingayen, Pangasinan
Grade 10 STE
ADVANCED CHEMISTRY

Organic Compound

Lesson Proper

Organic Chemistry – is the study of compounds containing the element carbon.

Hydrocarbon – an organic compound containing only hydrogen and carbon
(the primary source of hydrocarbons is petroleum that is crude oil)
Hydrocarbon Derivatives – an organic compound derived from a hydrocarbon containing carbon, hydrogen and another
element such as O, N, H, S, P or the Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)
Saturated Hydrocarbons – a hydrocarbon containing only single bond between carbon atoms.
(this class of hydrocarbon is called Alkanes)
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – a hydrocarbon containing a double bond or triple bond between two carbon atoms. (Alkenes
& Alkynes)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons – a hydrocarbon having a Benzene ring.
Benzene Ring – is made of six carbon atoms bonded to each other in the form of circle.

Alkanes – a saturated hydrocarbons having only single bond, no multiple bonds.

Alkenes – a unsaturated hydrocarbons, class of compound have at least one double bond.
Alkynes - a unsaturated hydrocarbons, class of compound have at least one triple bond.

Example:

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Aromatic

Example of Different Structural Formula

1.) Skeletal Structural Formula : C3 H8 2.) Expanded Structural Formula: 3.) Condensed Structural
Formula:

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3

Example of Different Types of Chains

1.) Straight Chains 2.) Branched Chains 3.) Ring Chains

1
Common Name System:

a.) Straight chain Alkanes → n – Alkanes (normal or straight chain)

Example: CH3 CH2 CH3 propane
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 n – butane
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 n – pentane
n – Butane; n – refer to normal, meaning straight chain, no branching.

b.) Isoalkanes – hydrocarbons with a methyl group connected to the second to the last carbon.

Example: CH3 – CH - CH3

| Isobutane
CH3 → methyl

CH3 – CH - CH2 - CH3 Isopentane

|
CH3

CH3 – CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 Isohexane

|
CH3
c.) Neoalkanes – Hydrocarbons with 2 methyl groups attached to the second to the last carbon

Example:

CH3
CH3 – C – CH3 Neopentane
CH3

CH3
CH3 – C – CH2 – CH3 Neohexane
CH3
Alkyl and Aryl Substituent Groups:

When hydrocarbon atom is removed from an Alkane, the result is an Alkyl group (R-).
The name of Alkyl group is formed by substituting a “-yl” suffix for the “-ane” suffix

Example:

1.) CH4 → CH3

Methane Methyl
I I
–C– C–
I I

2.) C3H8 → C3H7

Propane Propyl or Isopropyl

I I I I I I I I I
–C–C–C– –C–C–C –C–C–C–
I I I I I I I I

CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH CH3

2
Aryl Group (Ar - ) – an aromatic group with a hydrogen atom removed.

Some common Alkyl Group

Name Group

Methyl CH3
Ethyl C2 H 5 or CH2 CH3
Propyl C3 H 7 or CH2 CH2 CH3
Isopropyl CH3 CH CH3
Butyl C4 H 9 or CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

Structural Isomers:
Branching, however is common for a carbon chain. Moreover, if branching occurs, a different compound results.
Two compounds having the same molecular formula but different molecular structures are called Structural Isomers.
The same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties such as boiling point and melting point because
the arrangement of the atoms in their molecules is different.
All Alkanes containing 4 or more carbon atoms form Structural Isomers. The predicted number of possible isomers increases
rapidly as the number of carbon atoms in the molecule increases.

Guidelines:
1.) Draw a continuous chain of carbon atoms.
2.) To construct a different Isomers, draw a continuous chain of atoms containing one less carbon.
Attach to either of the inner atoms in the chain. Continue to move the carbon atom to other locations in the chain until all
possible isomers have been drawn, avoid duplication.
3.) For an additional Isomers, draw a continuous chain of atoms with two less carbons. Attach the two carbons to other
position.
4.) Continue shortening the chain.

Example:
1.) Butane C4 H10

a.) I I I I
–C–C–C–C– CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 Butane or (n – Butane)
I I I I

b.) I I I
–C–C–C– CH3 CH CH3 Isobutane
I I I I
–C– CH3
I

2.) Pentane C5H12

a.) I I I I I
–C–C–C–C–C– CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 Pentane or (n – pentane)
I I I I I

b.) I I I I I
–C–C–C–C–C– CH3 CH2 CH CH3 Isopentane
I I I I I I
–C– CH3
I

c.) I
–C– CH3
I I I I
–C–C–C– CH3 – C – CH3 Isopentane
I I I I
–C– CH3
I`

Reference:
Concepts and Chemistry Connections by Charles N. Corwin