Formation Evaluation

Introduction and classification

Formation Evaluation
LJ Formation Evaluation is the systematic way of recording the information required
to evaluate formation Characteristics of a well being drilled.

LJ Objective: To establish the existence of producible hydrocarbon reservoirs (oil &

gas).
Questions for Reservoir Engineers
LJ Presence of hydrocarbon (O&G) bearing formation?
LJ Location of potential reservoir?
LJ Amount of hydrocarbon in place ?
LJ Fluid flow potential?
LJ Recoverable reserves?
Formation Evaluation: Data Acquisition
Rock Type ( Sandstone, Carbonate, shales etc.)
Porosity
Fluid Saturation
Fluid Type ( Oil, water, gas)
Reservoir Structure
Permeability
Reservoir Pressure
Formation Evaluation: Different Methodology

Drill Direct and Indirect Methods

Stem

Testing Measure LJ Direct Methods

ment ¢ Mud logs
While ¢ Cutting and Core Analysis
Drilling ¢ DST and other methods
LJ Indirect Methods
Formation
¢ Wireline Logging and other
Evaluation methods
Mud
Logging

Coring
Wireline
and Core
Logging
Analysis
Dr. Neetish Kumar Maurya, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad
What is a well log? (Wireline Logging)
LI The continuous recording of a Neutron Porosity
% -15
geophysical pa i) meter a long ) Gamma Ray Resistivity Bulk Density
borehole produces a well log. art ts0| * la ohm.m gor
LI The value of the measurement Shale
is plotted continuously against
depth in the well.
Hydrocarbon ,

Fig: Example Hypothetical Log showing interpreted zones and fluids

Dr. Neetish Kumar Maurya, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad
Objectives of Well Logging
LI The Geologist
¢ What depths are the formation tops?
¢ Is the environment suitable for
accumulation of hydrocarbon?
¢ Evidence of hydrocarbons in this well?
¢ What type of hydrocarbon?
LI The Geophysicist:
e Are the tops where you predicted?
¢ Are the potential zones porous as you
assumed from seismic data?
¢ What does a synthetic seismic section
show?
LI The Drilling Engineer:
¢ What is the hole volume for cementing?
¢ Where can you get a good packer seat for
testing?
¢ Where is the best place to set a Whipstock?
LI The Reservoir Engineer:
How thick is the pay zone?
How homogeneous is the formation?
What is the volume of hydrocarbon per cubic
metre?
Are hydrocarbons present in commercial
quantities?
Will the well pay-out?
LJ The Production Engineer:
Where should the production well be
placed?
What kind of production rate can be
expected?
Will there be any water production?
Is the potential pay zone hydraulically
isolated?
Dr. Neetish Kumar Maurya, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad
Well Logging Application
L Identification: LJ Production:
Rock type ¢ Water flood feasibility
Identification of geological environments ¢ Reservoir quality mapping
Location of fluid contacts (e.g. gas/oil, ¢ Interzone fluid communication probability
gas/water and oil/water ¢ Reservoir fluid movement monitoring
contacts)
Fracture detection
LJ Estimation:
¢ Estimate of hydrocarbon in place
¢ Estimate of recoverable hydrocarbon
(reserve)
¢ Reservoir pressure
¢ Porosity/pore-size distribution

Dr. Neetish Kumar Maurya, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Classification of Well Logging ( For formation Evaluation )
LJ Lithology and Permeability Logs
* Gamma Ray Logging
¢ Spontaneous Potential Logging
° Caliper Log
° Photoelectric Effect
U Porosity Logs
* Density
° Neutron
* Sonic (Acoustic)
O) Saturation (Resistivity) Logs
* Resistivity Logging
* Induced current logs
* Induction based logs
* Micro-Resistivity Logging
WU Lithology Logs
¢ Identify permeable formations
¢ Determine boundaries between permeable and non-
permeable formations
* Provide lithology data for correlation with other wells
LI Porosity Logs:
* Provide accurate lithologic and porosity determination
* Provide data to distinguish between oil and gas
* Provide porosity data for water saturation determination
LI Saturation (Resistivity) Logs
¢ Determine the thickness of a formation
¢ Provide an accurate value for true formation resistivity
¢ Provide information for correlation purposes
* Provide a quick indication hydrocarbon content and
production capacity
Dr. Neetish Kumar Maurya, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad
Classification of Well Logging ( For formation Evaluation )
LJ Layered Geometry indication
* Dipmeter
¢ Borehole Gravimeter
LI Borehole Imaging
° Resistivity Imager
¢ Ultrasonic Imaging
LJ Special tools
¢ Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
° Dipole
¢ Electromagnetic propagation tool (EPT

Dr. Neetish Kumar Maurya, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

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