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Yu 1998
Yu 1998
H.Y. Yu
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5343, USA
A dislocation-like model is proposed to describe the boundary conditions of an imperfect interface. In this new
model, a thin layer of interphase material is introduced near the interface. In the limit of vanishing layer thickness,
the interfacial tractions become continuous, but the displacements on either side of the interphase layer become
discontinuous. The jump in the displacement at the interface is described by Somigliana dislocations. The variable
discontinuity of displacement across the interface is assumed to be linearly proportional to the displacement at the
interface of the constituent where the elastic singularity is. The result of applying this model is equivalent to
introducing two effective interfacial moduli of rigidity. Using this model, the effect of imperfect interfaces on load
transfer is studied. The Green’s function is obtained for two semi-infinite solids with a planar interface. The elastic
fields due to defects such as inclusions and dislocations are also given. q 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
All rights reserved
(Keywords: interfacial properties; dislocation-like model; elastic field; Green’s function; dislocations)
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Dislocation-like model for imperfect interfaces: H. Y. Yu
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Dislocation-like model for imperfect interfaces: H. Y. Yu
gi 9 ¼ (A1 R1 þ A2 xp2 p
3 J1 þ A3 c1 þ A4 x3 w1 )xi
b1 ¼ ¹ 1 þ (1 þ k)m[2k9m þ (1 þ k9)mT þ (1 ¹ k9)mN ]D
þ [A2 xp3 R1, i þ A5 (xi ¹ xpi )w1 ]x3
m
b2 ¼ ¹ B ¼ (1 þ k)m[(1 ¹ k)k9m ¹ (1 ¹ k9)kmN ]D
mT 2
where x j is the unit vector in the x j-direction,
b3 ¼ {(1 ¹ k9)m[(3 ¹ k)mT þ (1 ¹ 3k)mN ]
R2, ¼ (x1 ¹ xp1 )2 þ (x2 ¹ xp2 )2 þ z2,
¹ 4(1 ¹ k)(mN mT ¹ k9m2 )}D
1
J, ¼ ; w, ¼ log[R, þ ( ¹ 1), z, ]
R, b4 ¼ a 2 ð11Þ
c, ¼ R, ¹ ( ¹ 1), z, w, ; z, ¼ x3 þ ( ¹ 1), xp3 ; , ¼ 1, 2 B1 ¼ (1 þ k)[(1 ¹ k)m(mN þ mT ) þ 2kmN (m þ mT )]D
m ¹ mT
a1 ¼
m þ mT B3 ¼ (1 þ k){2[(1 ¹ k)mN ¹ (1 ¹ k9)m]mT
þ (1 ¹ k)m(mN ¹ mT )}D
a2 ¼ 2D[2(mN mT ¹ k9m2 ) ¹ (1 ¹ k9)m(mN þ mT )]
B 4 ¼ A2
(1 þ k)mD
a3 ¼ {2(k ¹ k9)mN mT
m þ mT
þ (m ¹ mT )[(1 ¹ k9)hmT þ (1 ¹ k)mN i þ (1 ¹ k)k9m]} The displacements and stresses due to the point forces are
obtained by substituting eqns (8) and (10) into eqns (5)–(7)
a4 ¼ (1 þ k)(1 ¹ k9)m(mN ¹ mT )D which are functions of (x 1,x 2,x 3), (xp1 , xp2 , xp3 ), m, n, m9; n9,
hT m9 and h Nm9. This means that making the assumption
mD described by eqn (2) is equivalent to introducing two
a5 ¼ {(1¹ k9)[(1þk)mT ¹(1¹k)m]mT¹2(k¹k9)mN mT parameters h Tm9 and m Nm9 which will be called the
mþmT
‘tangential interfacial modulus of rigidity’ and the ‘radial
¹ (1 ¹ k)[(1 ¹ k9)(m ¹ mT )mNþ 2k9m2 ]} ð9Þ interfacial modulus of rigidity’, respectively. It should be
noted that when h T ¼ h N ¼ h, eqns (8)–(11) are the Green’s
2(1 þ k)mT
A1 ¼ functions for ideal interfaces when the shear modulus of
(1 þ k9)(m þ mT ) solid II is hm922. This means that the effect of the imperfect
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Dislocation-like model for imperfect interfaces: H. Y. Yu
interface on the load transfer is equivalent to lowering the at point (x 1,x 2,x 3) in solid I and solid II, respectively, where
modulus of rigidity of solid II by a factor of h. However, this ] ]
is true only for the elastic displacement. To calculate the gjk ¼ g and gjk 9 ¼ p gk 9 (14)
]xpj k ]xj
stresses by Hooke’s law, eqns (6) and (7), the original elastic
moduli for solids I and II must be used. When h ¼ 1 or 0, g jk and gjk 9 are the Galerkin vectors for double force (when j
eqns (8)–(11) are the Green’s functions for two solids ¼ k) and for double force with moment (when j Þ k). From
perfectly bonded together or completely unbonded, respec- eqns (8)–(11), the Galerkin vectors g i for the point force in
tively. the x i-direction in an infinite isotropic solid is
The boundary condition eqn (2) does not include the gi ¼ R 1 x i (15)
sliding interface, i.e. two semi-infinite solids in frictionless
contact with each other. For this sliding interface, the Substituting eqn (15) into eqns (12) and (5) gives
boundary conditions are j33 9 ¼ j 33, u3 9 ¼ h Nu 3, j3k 9 ¼ j 3k Z
1
¼ 0 (k ¼ 1, 2). The Green’s functions for this interface are ui ¼ [eT R ¹ 4(1 ¹ n)eTik J1, k ¹ 2neTmm J1, i ]dQ
8p(1 ¹ n) Q jk 1, ijk
obtained by substituting m9 by h Nm9 in the point force
(16)
solutions given previously by Yu and Sanday22 for the ideal
sliding interface. which is the solution given by Eshelby31.
The Green’s functions for two semi-infinite solids with a The Galerkin vectors due to a homogeneous inclusion of
planar imperfect interface given in eqns (8) and (10) consist any shape and with eigenstrain eTij in a bimaterial with an
of the same nuclei of strain as for those with a perfect imperfect interface is obtained by substituting eqns (8), (10)
interface22. The only difference between them is the and (14) into eqns (12) and (13). The elastic displacements
coefficients a i, A i, b i and B i given in eqns (9) and (11) and stresses are obtained by substituting eqns (12) and (13)
which are independent of the coordinates. The elastic fields into eqns (5)–(7). Thus, as an illustrative example, if the
due to defects in two semi-infinite solids with a perfect eigenstrain of the inclusion is purely dilatational, i.e.
interface have been presented by using these Green’s
functions. The defects are inclusions23–26, point defects27, eTij ¼ «dij (17)
dislocations28,29 and disclinations30. The results of these
existing studies on defects are applicable directly to the where d ij is the Kronecker delta and e is a constant, then
present study simply by substituting the expressions for the eqns (12) and (13) become
Z
coefficients a i, A i, b i and B i. In the following, the methods (1 ¹ n)m«
of obtaining the elastic solutions due to inclusions, G¼ g dQ (18)
4p(1 ¹ n)(1 ¹ 2n) Q nn
dislocations and disclinations will only be outlined, and
two simple examples will be presented. and
Z
(1 þ n)m«
G9 ¼ gnm 9dQ (19)
4p(1 ¹ n)(1 ¹ 2n) Q
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Dislocation-like model for imperfect interfaces: H. Y. Yu
c2 9 ¼ 2(k þ 1)(mT ¹ mN )m and the disclination problems. One is to formulate the defect
theory with a continuous distribution of infinitesimal defect
The following useful relationships between Galerkin vec- loop densities. This could be regarded as one of the simplest
tors, which lead to the same elastic field, were used to obtain approaches, because the loop densities can be arbitrarily
eqns (20) and (21) from eqns (8) and (10): prescribed. Furthermore, any given defect can be built up
=F ¼ 0 when =2 F ¼ 0 from some loop distribution. Generally, the dislocation
problem is a three-dimensional problem. However, if the
=R1 ¼ ¹ (1 ¹ k9)w1 x3 when x3 # 0 surface of the cut is a half-plane, then the defect is a straight
line dislocation or disclination and the problem becomes
=R, ¼ ( ¹ 1), (1 ¹ k)w, x3 when x3 $ 0 two-dimensional.
Consider an infinitesimal Volterra dislocation loop at
{[(x1 ¹ xp1 )w, ], 1 þ [(x2 ¹ xp2 )w, ], 2 }x3 ¼ [2w, ¹ ( ¹ 1), R,, 3 ]x3 point (xp1 , xp2 , xp3 ), with the surface of the cut formally used to
generate the dislocation loop being dS i. The displacement
where , ¼ 1, 2. The Galerkin vectors in solid I and II for a vector d i which generates the defect has components
center of dilatation are di ¼ bi þ «imn qm (xpn ¹ xn 0) (30)
1 1
gc ¼ gnn and gc 9 g 9 (25) where b i is the Burger’s vector of the dislocation, q m is the
1¹k 1 ¹ k nm Frank vector of the disclination, and « imn is the permutation
respectively. Substituting eqns (18) and (19) into eqn (5), symbol. The disclination axis passes through the point
the elastic displacements due to an inclusion with pure dila- (x1 0, x2 0, x3 0). By using Volterra’s equation32,33, the Galer-
tational eigenstrain are kin vectors at (x 1,x 2,x 3) for the infinitesimal dislocation loop
(1 þ n)« is28–30
ui ¼ ¹ {[(1 ¹ k)F1, i þ (c1 þ c2 )F2, i þ c2 (x3 F2, 3 ), i ] Z
(1 ¹ k2 )p m 2n
G¼ g þ gkj þ g d d dS (31)
¹ (1 þ k)c2 F2, 3 di3 } ð26Þ 8p(1 ¹ n) S jk 1 ¹ 2n nn jk j k
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Dislocation-like model for imperfect interfaces: H. Y. Yu
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