Physics Slides 4 Fun

Physics Topics of Interest
Khayla Black & Brian Lee
1
Week 1
2
Khayla
3
Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion
Outline
Goal: to calculate the forms of relativistic momentum and energy
Approach:
- Begin with notions of space and time

- Develop an appropriate velocity
- Use Lagrangian mechanics to get the momentum
- Use Hamiltonian mechanics to get the energy
Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 4

Premises you need to agree with
Mechanics: Differential Geometry:

Premises you need to agree with

NO C!!!!!!!!
Mechanics: Differential Geometry:

4 Vectors as the Language of Relativity

The invariant quantity 𝝉 allows for proper transformation
Why doesn’t this work?

How do we relate Uμ and Vi?

4-Velocity Summary
This one, we didn’t prove, but

you can check it for yourself.

Particle motion: develop the proper lagrangian

Classically:


Classically: Relativistically:
(A little bit sleazy, but we are just

going for a good guess)
Lucky guess Old action was Action needs to

proportional to be invariant
mass






Check the limit:
Kinetic energy!

Using the lagrangian to calculate relativistic momentum

Using the momentum and lagrangian to calculate energy

Now, did you notice we missed

something?


something?
Is this a four vector?


something?
Is this a four vector?
We just derived this, what is it?

Notice anything about the

momentum 4-vector?
Invariance of inner product New conservation law!
20
Notice anything about the

momentum 4-vector?
Invariance of inner product New conservation law!
21
Reformulation of momentum for massless particles

Key Takeaways
Mass = 9.12x10-31 in both cases

Brian
24
Brian Lee: What’s a Group?
What’s a Group?
Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 25

Brian Lee: Introduction to Group Theory
Let’s “discover” an important

group—bear with me!

How would you define a symmetry?
Let’s build off

our colloquial
definition
Figure 1. A regular n-gon.

Did anything
change?

1) Label vertices


1) Label vertices
2) Get the same shape



1) Label vertices
(clockwise)
2) Get the same shape
3) Rigid motions

A symmetry is a function which acts on your shape (via rigid motion)

to produce a shape equivalent to the original.

E.g. this is a
symmetry

Dihedral Groups (denoted D2n)

Week 2
38
Khayla
39
What is cardinality?
We say A and B have the same cardinality when there exists a bijection f : A → B
40
What is cardinality?
We say A and B have the same cardinality when there exists a bijection f : A → B
41
Some important sets
42
What is the cardinality of N?
43
But, something interesting:
Let A = {2, 4, 6, …}
|A| = |N| ?
44
But, something interesting:
Let A = {2, 4, 6, …}
|A| = |N| ?
Reframe as
N = {1, 2, 3, 4}
A = {2, 4, 6, …} = {2n} ∀ n ∈ N
∀ x ∈ N, ∃ y ∈ A st 2x = y
45
What is the cardinality of Z?
46
What is the cardinality of Z?
Z = {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … }
Z = {0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, …}
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, …}
47
What is the cardinality of Q?
48
What is the cardinality of Q?
49
What is the cardinality of R?
Idk, but it’s not N.
50
Cardinality: the propensity of a
set to form a bijection?
51
Brian
52
Brian Lee: Some Groups
Recall that a group is…

Examples:

Examples:
What do we need to check?

Examples:

Examples:
YES

Examples:

Examples:
YES

https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Real_Multiplication_is_Associative 60
Examples:
YES

Examples:

Examples:
YES

Examples:

Examples:
NO

Important Classes of Groups

Week 3
67
Khayla
68
Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law
Outline
- Solving for equations of motion using Lagrangian Mechanics
- Deriving the proper lagrangian for particles and fields
- Deriving the Lorentz force law using the Lagrangian
69
What is the kinetic of these objects?
A box moving on an included plane An electron in circular motion A bead free to move around
a rotating loop
70
What is the kinetic of these objects?
A box moving on an included plane An electron in circular motion A bead free to move around
a rotating loop
How can we generalize this principle?

71
So, what is the lagrangian for this box?
72
The Euler-Lagrange equation goes from {\L} to E.O.M
73
Summary
- Define the (generalized) coordinates of your system
- Write out the lagrangian
- Apply the Euler-Lagrange Equation for each coordinate
- Solve to get the equations of motion of your system
74
Questions that I have

- Why does the lagrangian being defined this way work to give us equations of
motion?
- Proof of the Euler-Lagrange equations?
- Many other things. What do you wanna add here?
75
Fields affecting particles

What is the action?

What might we want to do here?






We just did particle. Take a crack at the field.
What is the action (lagrangian AND differential)?
83
Making actions and lagrangians for particles and fields
Action for the field
Action for the particle

Equations of motions for particles and fields

So, what is the action?

How can we rewrite this in a

convenient way? Hint: what is dX?




E.O.M manifest as the Lorentz Force Law
91
92
93
94
95
96
Week 4
97
Khayla
98
Some important sets
99
Khayla Black: Part One: A few results about real numbers
Overview: Part One
- Introduce the well-ordering principle
- Prove the archimedean theorem
- Prove the density of the rational numbers
100
Important theorems
Well ordering:
“Every nonempty subset S of the natural numbers has a least element.”
Archimedean:
Colloquially “the natural numbers are unbounded”
Mathematically:
101
Proof of Archimedean property

Statement:
Proof:
102
Density of the rationals

Statement:
Proof:
103
Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M
Overview: Part Two
- Derive the first two maxwell equations using vector identities
- Derive the coulomb force!
104
Deriving the first two Maxwell Equations
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
Deriving Coulomb's Law

In terms of delta
112
113
114
115
116
117
Brian
118
Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups
Group Actions: Motivation

Recall D2n…
119

Recall D2n… is the group of all symmetries of a
regular n-polygon
120

regular n-polygon
Recall that a symmetry…
121

regular n-polygon
Recall that a symmetry…is a function/map
122

regular n-polygon
Recall that a symmetry…is a function/map NOT the

resulting symmetric object
123
Group Actions: Definition

To see how our symmetry acts on an n-gon we
introduce Group Actions:
124

To see how our symmetry acts on an n-gon we
introduce Group Actions:
THESE ARE NOT GROUP

OPERATIONS!
Example coming soon… 125

126
127
Now for a brief aside…
128
HOMOMORPHISMS & ISOMORPHISMS!
129
130
This is a
permutation
representation!
131
Group Actions: Example

How could you write a group action for
1 D6 on the set consisting of the vertices of
this triangle S = {1,2,3}?
3 2
132

How could you write the group action for
1 D6 on the set consisting of the vertices of
this triangle S = {1,2,3}?
A permutation representation! Actions

are equivalently representations!
3 2
133
134
135
Week 5
136
An Introduction to the
Standard Model
Khayla Black
137
Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model
Disclaimer + Motivation
138
The Standard Model

Fermions: physical
matter; half-integer spin
Bosons: force
mediators; integer spin
Anything missing?
139
Feynman Diagrams
140
A heuristic for a deeper approach
141
The Standard Model

Fermions: physical
Bosons: force
142
The Holy Grail: Force Carriers
143
The Holy Grail: Force Carriers
Strong Force
Weak Force
Electromagnetic Force
144
The Standard Model

Fermions: physical
Bosons: force
145
Quarks
Flavor and color
Notice all interactions experienced by

these and only these !
146
Quantum chromodynamics and the strong force
t
147
Quantum electrodynamics and the electromagnetic force
148
The Standard Model

Fermions: physical
Bosons: force
149
Quantum flavordynamics and the weak force
150
The Standard Model: The Higgs Boson

Fermions: physical
Bosons: force
151
The Standard Model

Fermions: physical
Bosons: force
152
Week 6
153
Stern Gerlach
Khayla Black
154
Khayla Black: The Stern Gerlach Experiment
(Modern Quantum Mechanics, Sakurai)
Stern Gerlach
155
Stern Gerlach Results
156
157
158
159
So, what’s going on here?
160
Analogy with Polarization of Light
161
Analogy with Polarization of Light
162
Stern Gerlach Results - Interpretation
163
Now, how do we distinguish x and y?
164
Stern-Gerlach in Action
165
Now, make your own Stern Gerlach experiment!
166
Review of Groups
Brian Lee
167
Brian Lee: Review of Groups
Review: Group Axioms
168
Ex: What’s a group?

1) Is the ordered pair of the set of all real numbers and usual multiplication (R, *)
a group?
2) Is the ordered pair of the set of all n x n matrices and usual matrix
multiplication (Mn, *) a group?
3) Let x be an element of order o. Is the group generated by x (denoted <x>)

abelian?
4) For 1) and 2), if they are not groups, how would you make them into groups?
169
Ex: Group Actions (Permutations, Homomorphisms)

1) What are the axioms for something to be a group action (denoted g ᐧ a for a
group G acting on a non-empty set A)
2) What is a permutation?
3) What is a group homomorphism? An isomorphism?
4) How you can associate with each element g in the group G a permutation σg?
5) Sketch a proof of how you can define a homomorphism from each g in G to

each σg in SA.
170
171
Questions?
172
Week 6
173
What is a Manifold?
Khayla Black
Derive the covariant form of the Maxwell Equations
Levi Civita definition:
Charts and Atlases
Charts and Atlases
Exercise: Is the 2-Sphere a manifold?
1. Is the 2-Sphere a manifold? If so,

find an atlas.
2. Prove condition 1 for the atlas by
providing a set of charts for the
manifold.
3. Prove condition 2 for the atlas by
providing the composition of the
maps for each chart.

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Physics Topics of Interest

Khayla Black & Brian Lee

- Begin with notions of space and time

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 4

Premises you need to agree with

Mechanics: Differential Geometry:

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 5

Premises you need to agree with

Mechanics: Differential Geometry:

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 6

4 Vectors as the Language of Relativity

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 7

The invariant quantity 𝝉 allows for proper transformation

Why doesn’t this work?

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 8

How do we relate Uμ and Vi?

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 9

This one, we didn’t prove, but

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 10

Particle motion: develop the proper lagrangian

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 11

Particle motion: develop the proper lagrangian

(A little bit sleazy, but we are just

Lucky guess Old action was Action needs to

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 12

Particle motion: develop the proper lagrangian

(A little bit sleazy, but we are just

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 13

Particle motion: develop the proper lagrangian

(A little bit sleazy, but we are just

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 14

Using the lagrangian to calculate relativistic momentum

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 15

Using the momentum and lagrangian to calculate energy

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 16

Using the momentum and lagrangian to calculate energy

Now, did you notice we missed

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 17

Using the momentum and lagrangian to calculate energy

Now, did you notice we missed

Is this a four vector?

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 18

Using the momentum and lagrangian to calculate energy

Now, did you notice we missed

Is this a four vector?

We just derived this, what is it?

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 19

Notice anything about the

Invariance of inner product New conservation law!

Notice anything about the

Invariance of inner product New conservation law!

Reformulation of momentum for massless particles

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 22

Mass = 9.12x10-31 in both cases

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 23

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 25

Let’s “discover” an important

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 26

How would you define a symmetry?

Let’s build off

Figure 1. A regular n-gon.

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 27