LESSON 3

KINEMATICS
QUANTITIES

12 - September
 Learning Objectives/
Competencies
Interpret displacement and velocity,
respectively, as areas under a velocity vs.
time and acceleration vs. time curves
Interpret velocity and acceleration,
respectively, as slopes of position vs.
time and velocity vs. time curves
Construct velocity vs. time and
acceleration vs. time graphs,
respectively, corresponding to a given
position vs. time-graph and velocity vs.
time graph and vice versa
 "ORGANISMS HAVE
DIFFERENT WAYS TO
SURVIVE IN THE WILD."
(a) The cheetah is able to
chase its prey because of its
speed.
(b) A peregrine falcon hunts
for food using its sharp
vision.

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The survival of species in an
ecosystem is a constant struggle
because of the scarcity of food and
space (figure 3.1). Predators must be
fast enough to catch their prey. The
prey must also have the means to
avoid being attacked and eaten.

For example, cheetahs run at an

average speed of 110 km/h to catch
their prey. Dragonflies can fly a
distance of about 29 km in one hour to
escape from their predators. Swans and
geese can cruise at 64 km/h for many
straight hours, and peregrine falcons
can briefly accelerate to an enormous
speed of 145 km/h when they swoop
down on their prey.
Mechanics
Describing motion is the
focus of a field of physics
called mechanics.
Mechanics is the study of
motion. It is divided into
two general parts (fields)
- kinematics and
dynamics.

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Mechanics
Kinematics is the mathematical
description of motion. You can
describe motion using kinematic
quantities such as position,
speed, and acceleration.
Dynamics, on the other hand, is
the study of the causes of
motion. For example, when an
object falls, you can say that
gravity is the cause of its falling
motion.
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 Distance and
Displacement
The fundamental concept
in describing the motion
of objects is position. It is
the location of a body in
space with reference to a
fixed point.

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 Distance and
Displacement
When a body moves, its
position changes. The length
of the path the body has taken
is called distance. It is a scalar
quantity - it is expressed in
terms of magnitude and unit
only. The SI unit for distance is
meter.

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 Distance and
Displacement
The initial position of the moving object is usually set to 0
m to serve as the reference point. For example, if you
walk a distance of 30 m in a straight path from your
house to your school, you are 30 m away from your
initial position (figure 3.2).

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 Distance and
Displacement
Distance is also defined as the
total length of the path taken by
the body. For instance, in the
previous example, suppose you
also went to the library and to
the store through the path
shown in figure 3.3. The total
distance you have traveled is 30
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m + 10 m +40 m = 80 m.
 Big Idea
Displacement measures how far
a body has gone or traveled with
respect to its initial position. If
this will be applied in life,
displacement can be a measure
of how much one has changed,
or how much one has reached
his or her goal.
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 Big Idea
As displacement is a vector
quantity, it is usually expressed in
terms of magnitude, unit, and
direction. An arrow is placed on
top of a symbol for displacement
(d) to denote its vector nature.
Just like in distance, displacement
can be expressed in units for
lengths such as meters and feet. READ MORE
SPEED AND
VELOCITY
Describing how fast or how slow a body
moves is important. For example, you can
describe a moving car by its speed. You
can do this by getting the ratio of the
distance traveled by the body and the time
it takes for the body to travel. In symbols,
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 SPEED AND
VELOCITY
where d denotes the distance traveled for a time
interval t. Common units used for speed are m/s, km/h,
and ft/s. Speed is a scalar quantity because it is
expressed only by its magnitude and unit. The speed is
fast if a long distance was covered for a short time.
Likewise, the speed is slow when a short period of
distance was traveled for a long period of time.
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 SPEED AND
VELOCITY
Whenever you ride a car or a jeepney, you
probably notice that its speed changes from
time to time. A vehicle's speed at a
particular moment is called its
instantaneous speed.
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SPEED AND VELOCITY
You can see the instantaneous speed of a
vehicle by looking at its speedometer
(image b in figure 3.5). On the other hand,
the ratio of the total distance covered and
the total amount of time traveled is called
the average speed. READ MORE
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SPEED AND VELOCITY
The total distance traveled by the
vehicle can be seen in its odometer
(image (a) in figure 3.5). In what case is
a body's average speed equal to its
instantaneous speed?
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 EXAMPLE 1
In the 1980s, one of Asia's fastest
running women was a Filipino
athlete named Lydia de Vega. In
the 100-meter dash event in 1986
in Seoul, South Korea, she was
clocked 11.53 s. Find her average
speed.
 EXAMPLE 2
Calculate the average
speed of a lion that runs
45 meters in 5 seconds .
What could be some
possible instantaneous
speeds?
 EXAMPLE 3
How far is a house in
New York if it takes you
5 hours to get there and
your average speed is 35
miles per half hour?
Though the speed of a moving object tells you how fast
it moves, it does not give any information on what
direction the object is moving. The quantity that
contains both the speed and the direction of motion of
a body is called velocity. Unlike speed, velocity is a
vector quantity. For example, if you say that a jeepney
is traveling at 70 km/h, you are stating its speed. But if
you say that it moves at 70 km/h to the north, you are
now specifying the jeepney's velocity.
In everyday language, speed and velocity are used
interchangeably. However, if the direction of motion
is significant in a situation, you have to make a
distinction between these two. For example, when
an object is moving in a circle with constant speed,
the direction of its motion is always changing
(tangent to the circular path). Therefore, its speed is
constant but its velocity is changing. This concept,
called uniform circular motion, will be discussed in
later modules
 KINEMATICS:

ACCELERATION

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LET'S WATCH
THIS!!

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What is Acceleration?
You have learned that speed is a
measure of how fast or slow an
object moves.
Acceleration, on the other hand,
is a measure of how fast or slow
velocity changes.
A body accelerates whenever
there is a change in speed, a
change in the direction of
motion of the body, or a change
in both speed and direction.

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What is Acceleration?
You have learned that speed is a
measure of how fast or slow an
object moves.
Acceleration, on the other hand,
is a measure of how fast or slow
velocity changes.
A body accelerates whenever
there is a change in speed, a
change in the direction of
motion of the body, or a change
in both speed and direction.

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Acceleration can be easily
computed as

acceleration = change in
velocity/elapsed time
This equation holds true for most
cases where acceleration is
constant. If acceleration is not
constant, this equation
corresponds to average
acceleration because the
instantaneous acceleration
changes. Note that the change in
velocity is the difference between
the final velocity and the initial
velocity. You can rewrite the
formula as follows:
The denominator it is s. This means
that the SI unit for acceleration
must be m/s².
 ACCELERATION

When a body speeds up, its final velocity is greater than its initial
velocity. Therefore, the acceleration is positive. On the other hand, the
acceleration is negative when a body slows down. Negative
acceleration is sometimes called deceleration. However, the term
acceleration applies to a decrease or an increase in velocity.
 ACCELERATION

When a body has constant velocity, its acceleration is equal to zero

because the change in its velocity is zero. However, as previously
noted, there are cases wherein the magnitude of the velocity (speed)
is constant while its direction is changing. An example of this is
uniform circular motion. The acceleration of a body moving in uniform
circular motion is not zero.
 EXAMPLE 1

Consider the previous example. Suppose Lydia de Vega attained a

speed of 6 m/s after 2 s from the start of the race. Solve the following
problems using the given information:
 EXAMPLE 1

a. What is her average acceleration during this time interval?

b. Suppose she attained a speed of 10 m/s after 8 s from the start of
the race. What is her average acceleration during the 2- to 8-second
time interval?
c. Suppose at 8 s from the start of the race, she slows down to a
speed of 7 m/s for 2 s. What is her average acceleration for this time
interval?
 SOLUTION

a. As she is at rest at the start of the

race, the initial speed is v₁ = 0 m/s.
 SOLUTION

b. You are now concerned with the

acceleration for the time interval between
2s and 8 s from the start of the race. In
this case, the initial speed and final speed
should be 6 m/s and 10 m/s, respectively.
 SOLUTION

c. For this time interval, the initial speed and the

final speed are 10 m/s and 7 m/s, respectively.
As the elapsed time is 2 s, Δt = 2 s.
Take note that the acceleration is negative
because she has slowed down.
 KINEMATICS:

GRAPHICAL
DESCRIPTION
OF MOTION

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The motion of a body can easily be
described using graphs. One example of
this is the graph of position versus time. If
you set the initial position of the object to
zero, you have a distance traveled vs. time
(d vs. t) graph.
Imagine a jeepney moving at a constant
velocity of 30 m/s to the right (figure
3.6). Its position increases by 30 m every
second. Thus, the position of the jeepney
increases linearly in time. The graph of d
vs. t is a straight line as shown in figure
3.7.
Fig. 3.7 Graph of position vs. time for a jeepney moving
at constant velocity of 30 m/s
Recall how the slope of a line is obtained. Slope
is defined as the ratio of the "rise" and the
"run," that is, the ratio of the changes in the
values plotted in the y- and x-axes. In ad vs. t
graph, the change in the y-axis corresponds to
the change in position or distance traveled, or
Δ d. Likewise, the change in the x-axis
corresponds to the time interval Δ t.
Therefore,
Based on the definition of the
average speed, the slope of the line
in a d vs. t graph is equal to the
magnitude of the velocity (speed). If
the graph is a curve rather than a
straight line, the slope at any point is
defined as the slope of the line
tangent to the curve at that point.
Note that a curve has an infinite
number of points. This means that
the slope of the tangent line
corresponds to the instantaneous
speed (figure 3.8).
In this graph, given that the
slopes of the tangent lines
increase as time t increases, the
instantaneous speed increases as
well.
Another type of graph to describe motion
is the velocity versus time (v vs. t) graph.
Take the same jeepney moving at a
constant velocity of 30 m/s to the right. In
this case, the dependent variable is the
velocity, and the independent variable is
the time. With a constant velocity, the
velocity versus time graph is a straight
horizontal line as shown in figure 3.9.
2018 - 2022

THANK YOU !!!

20 - December