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PHYSICS
11th Standard
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VOLUME - I & II
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Based on the updated New Textbook
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A Practic with

anual
Lab M
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Salient Features
Prepared as per the updated New Textbook
Exhaustive Additional MCQs, VSA, SA, LA questions with answers are given in each
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chapter.
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All the objective type (1 Mark) questions, are given with 4 options.
(i) Choose the correct option (v) Choose the correct pair
(ii) Match the following (vi) Choose the incorrect pair
(iii) Fill in the blanks (vii) Assertion-Reason
(iv) Choose the odd one out (viii) Choose the correct or incorrect
statements
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Govt. Model Question Paper (2018) [Govt. MQP-2018], First Mid-Term Test (2018)
[First Mid-2018], Quarterly Exam - 2018 [QY-2018], Half Yearly Exam - 2018
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[HY-2018], March - 2019 & 2020 [Mar.-2019 & 2020], June - 2019 [Jun.-2019] Quarterly
Exam - 2019 [QY-2019], Half Yearly Exam - 2019 [HY. 2019] and September - 2020
[Sep. 2020] are incorporated in the appropriate sections.
Govt. Suppl. Exam September 2020 Question Paper is given.
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ISBN : 978-93-5330-061-6
Code No : SG 264
Author :
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Chennai.
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Note from Publisher
It gives me great pride and pleasure in bringing to you Sura’s Physics guide for
11th Standard. It is prepared as per the New Syllabus and New Textbooks Vol. I & II.
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A deep understanding of the text and exercises is rudimentary to have an insight into
the subject. The students have to carefully understand the topics and exercises.
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Our guide encompasses all the requirements of the students to comprehend the
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practice the exercises given.
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indispensable role of the teachers in assisting the student to understand the subject
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I sincerely believe this guide satisfies the needs of the students and bolsters the
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I pray the almighty to bless the students for consummate success in their
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- Publisher
Sura Publications
All the Best
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Contents
VOLUME - I
UNIT I : Nature of Physical World and Measurement........................................................................1 - 38
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UNIT II : Kinematics.........................................................................................................................39 - 87
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UNIT III : Laws of motion...............................................................................................................88 - 133
UNIT IV : Work, Energy and Power...............................................................................................134 - 167
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UNIT V : Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Bodies.............................................................168 - 204
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VOLUME - II
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UNIT VI : Gravitation....................................................................................................................205 - 235
UNIT VII : Properties of Matter.......................................................................................................236 - 270

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UNIT VIII : Heat and Thermodynamics...........................................................................................271 - 321

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UNIT IX : Kinetic Theory of Gases.................................................................................................322 - 349
UNIT X : Oscillations....................................................................................................................350 - 387

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UNIT XI : Waves............................................................................................................................388 - 424

Govt. Supply. Exam September Question Paper ...........................................................425 - 426
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PHYSICS
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VOLUME - I
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Contents
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VOLUME - I
UNIT I : Nature of Physical World and Measurement........................................................................1 - 38

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UNIT II : Kinematics.........................................................................................................................39 - 87
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UNIT III : Laws of motion...............................................................................................................88 - 133
UNIT IV : Work, Energy and Power...............................................................................................134 - 167

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UNIT V : Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Bodies.............................................................168 - 204

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UNIT
Nature of
01 Physical World and
Measurement
Concept Map
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Nature of Physical World and Measurement
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Fundamental Quantities
and their units
Science - Introduction
A Measurement
Derived Quantities and

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their units
Scientific Method
FPS
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Physics - Introduction
CGS
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Measurement Systems
Branches of Physics MKS

Length Mass Time
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SI
Scope and Excitement
of Physics
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Errors in Measurement
Physics in relation with

Tech. & Society Significant Figures &
Rounding off
Physics relation to other Limitations

Sciences. Dimensional Analysis
Applications
[1]

2 Sura’s  XI Std - Physics ➠ Volume - I ➠ Unit 01 ➠ Nature of Physical World and Measurement
FORMULAE TO REMEMBER
(1) Distance travelled by light in one year in vaccuum = [velocity of light × 1 year in seconds]
= 3 × 108× 365.25 × 24 × 60 × 60
= 9.467 × 1015m
(2) π radian = 180º
180º 180º × 7
(3) 1 radian = = = 57.27 º
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π 22
(4) Also 1º (degree of arc) = 60′ (minute of arc) and 1′ (minute of arc) = 60′′ (seconds of arc)
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Relations between radian, degree and minutes:
π
(5) 1º = rad = 1.745 × 10–2 rad
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180
1º 1.745 × 10 −2
(6) 1′ = = = 2.908 × 10–4 rad

60
1º
60
1.745 × 10 −2
≈ 2.91 × 10–4 rad
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(7) 1′′ = = = 4.847 × 10–6 rad
3600 3600
≈ 4.85 × 10–6 rad
(8) Derived unit: unit of distance m

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−1
Example : unit of speed = unit of time = s = ms
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a1 + a2 + a3 + .......... + an 1 i=n
(9) Absolute error am = or am = n ∑ ai ; am → true value of measured quantity,
n i =1
n → number of values
n
1
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(10) Mean Absolute error Dam= n ∑ ∆ ai ; D am → Mean absolute error, n → number of values
i =1
∆am
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(11) Relative error (or) Fractional error Da = ; am → Mean value

am
∆am
(12) Percentage error, Da = a × 100%
m

Sura’s  XI Std - Physics ➠ Unit 01 ➠ Nature of Physical World and Measurement 3
some common practical units

(1) 1 Fermi, 1 fm = 10–15 m
(2) 1 Angstrom, 1Å = 10–10 m
(3) 1 nanometer, 1nm = 10–9 m
(4) 1 micron (or) micro meter, 1µm = 10–6 m
(5) 1 Light year = 9.467 × 1015m
(6) 1 Astronomical unit, 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011 m
(7) 1 Parallactic second, 1 parsec = 3.08 × 1016 m = 3.26 light year
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(8) 1 CSL = 1.4 times, the mass of the sun
10–8 s (or) 10 nanoseconds
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(9) 1 shake =

Prefixes for Powers of Ten
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Multiple Prefix Symbol Sub multiple Prefix Symbol
101
102
deca
hecto
da
h
A 10–1
10 –2
deci
centi
d
c
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103 kilo k 10–3 milli m
106 mega M 10–6 micro µ
109 giga G 10–9 nano n
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1012 tera T 10–12 pico p

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1015 peta P 10–15 femto f

1018 exa E 10–18 atto a
1021 zetta Z 10–21 zepto z
1024 yotta Y 10–24 yocto y
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portant Terms & Definitions

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Science : Science is the systematic organization of knowledge gained through
observation, experimentation and logical reasoning.
Physics : Physics is most basic science which deals with study of nature and natural
phenomena.
Unification : Attempting to explain diverse physical phenomena with a few concepts and
laws.
Reductionism : An attempt to explain a macroscopic system in terms of its microscopic
constituents.

Technology : The application of the principles of physics, i.e. knowledge for practical
purposes in various fields to invent and produce useful products or to solve
problems.
Classical mechanics : The study of forces acting on bodies whether at rest or in motion
Thermodynamics : The study of the relationship between heat and other forms of energy
Optics : The study of light
Electricity and : The study of electricity and magnetism and their mutual relationship
magnetism
Acoustics : The study of the production and propagation of sound waves
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Astrophysics : The branch of physics which deals with the study of the physics of astronomical
bodies
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Relativity : One of the branches of theoretical physics which deals with the relationship
between space, time and energy particularly with objects moving in different
ways .
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Quantum mechanics : The study of the discrete nature of phenomena at the atomic and subatomic
levels
Atomic physics
Nuclear physics
:
:
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The branch of physics which deals with the structure and properties of the atom
The branch of physics which deals with the structure, properties and reaction
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of the nuclei of atoms.
Condensed matter : The study of the properties of condensed materials (solids, liquids and
physics those intermediate between them and dense gas). It branches into various
sub-divisions including developing fields such as nano science, photonics
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etc. It covers the basics of materials science, which aims at developing new
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material with better properties for promising applications.

High energy physics : The study of the nature of the particles.
Range of time scales : Astronomical scales to microscopic scales, 1018s to 10−22s.
Range of masses : From heavenly bodies to electron, 1055 kg (mass of known observable
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universe) to 10−31 kg (mass of an electron) [the actual mass of an electron is

9.11×10–31 Kg].
Measurement : The comparison of any physical quantity with its standard unit is known as
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measurement.
Physical Quantities : Quantities that can be measured, and in terms of which, laws of physics are
described are called physical quantities.
Fundamental : Fundamental or base quantities are quantities which cannot be expressed in
Quantities terms of any other physical quantities. These are length, mass, time, electric
current, temperature, luminous intensity and amount of substance.
Derived Quantities : Quantities that can be expressed in terms of fundamental quantities are called
derived quantities. Eg. area, volume, velocity, acceleration, force.
Unit of the quantity : An arbitrarily chosen standard of measurement of a quantity, which is accepted
internationally is called unit of the quantity.

Fundamental or base : The units in which the fundamental quantities are measured are called
units fundamental or base units.
Derived Unit : The units of measurement of all other physical quantities, which can be
obtained by a suitable multiplication or division of powers of fundamental
units, are called derived units.
System of units : A complete set of units which is used to measure all kinds of fundamental
and derived quantities is called a system of units.
Radian (rad) : One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in
length to the radius of the circle.
Steradian (sr) : One steradian is the solid angle subtended at the centre of a sphere, by that
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surface of the sphere, which is equal in area, to the square of radius of the sphere
macrocosm : Large objects like the galaxy, stars, Sun, Earth, Moon etc., and their distances
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constitute a macrocosm. It refers to a large world, in which both objects and
distances are large.
Microcosm : Objects like molecules, atoms, proton, neutron, electron, bacteria etc., and
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their distances constitute microcosm, which means a small world in which
both objects and distances are small-sized.
Parallax : The shift in the position of an object (say, a pen) when viewed with two eyes,
Accuracy : A
keeping one eye closed at a time is known as Parallax.
Accuracy refers to how far we are from the true value.
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Precision : Precision refers to how well we measure.
Systematic errors : Systematic errors are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the
same direction.
Least count error : Least count is the smallest value that can be measured by the measuring
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instrument, and the error due to this measurement is least count error.
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Astronomical unit : It is the mean distance of the centre of sun from the centre of earth
1AU = 1.496 × 1011m
Light year : It is the distance travelled by light in vacuum in one year.
1 light year = 9.467 × 1015 m.
Significant figures : The digits which tell us the number of units we are reasonably sure of having
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counted in making a measurement are called significant figures.

Error measurement : The uncertainity in the measurement of a physical quantity is called error.
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Error = True value – Measured value

Dimensions : Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the fundamental
quantities must be raised.
Dimensional constant : Physical quantities which possess dimensions and have constant values are
called dimensional constants.
Dimensionless : Quantities which have constant values and also have no dimensions are called
constant dimensionless constants.
Principle of : The principle of homogeneity of dimensions states that the dimensions of all
homogeneity of the terms in a physical expression should be the same.
Dimensions

EVALUATION
I. Multiple Choice Questions: 8. The dimensional formula of Planck’s constant
h is [AMU, Main, JEE, NEET]
1. One of the combinations from the fundamental 2 –1
(a) [ML T ] (b) [ML2T–3]
physical constants is hc . The unit of this (c) [MLT–1] (d) [ML3T–3]
expression is G
[Ans. (a) [ML2T–1]]
(a) kg2 (b) m 3 (c) s –1 (d) m 9. The velocity of a particle v at an instant t is
[Ans. (a) kg2] given by n = at + bt2. The dimensions of b is
(a) [L] (b) [LT–1]
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2. If the error in the measurement of radius is
2%, then the error in the determination of (c) [LT–2] [Ans. (d) [LT–3]]
(d) [LT–3]
volume of the sphere will be 10. The dimensional formula for gravitational
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[Sep. - 2020]
(a) 8% (b) 2% (c) 4% (d) 6%
constant G is [Related to AIPMT 2004]
(a) [ML3T–2] (b) [M–1L3T–2]
[Ans. (d) 6%]
(c) [M–1L–3T–2] (d) [ML–3T2]
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3. If the length and time period of an oscillating [Ans. (b) [M–1L3T–2]]
pendulum have errors of 1% and 3% 11. The density of a material in CGS system of units
respectively then the error in measurement of
acceleration due to gravity is
[Related to AMPMT 2008] [HY-2018] A is 4 g cm–3 . In a system of units in which unit of
length is 10 cm and unit of mass is 100 g, then
the value of density of material will be
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(a) 4% (b) 5% (c) 6% (d) 7% (a) 0.04 (b) 0.4 (c) 40 (d) 400
[Ans. (d) 7%] [Ans. (c) 40]
4. The length of a body is measured as 3.51 m, 12. If the force is proportional to square of
if the accuracy is 0.01m, then the percentage velocity, then the dimension of proportionality
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constant is [JEE–2000] [QY-2019]

error in the measurement is (March 2020)
(a) [MLT0] (b) [MLT–1]
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(a) 351% (b) 1%

(c) [ML–2T] (d) [ML–1T0]
(c) 0.28% (d) 0.035%
[Ans. (d) [ML–1T0]]
[Ans. (c) 0.28%] 1
13. The dimension of ( µ 0 ε 0 )
−
2 is [HY-2019]
5. Which of the following has the highest number [Main AIPMT 2011]
of significant figures?
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(a) length (b) time

(a) 0.007 m2 (b) 2.64 × 1024 kg (c) velocity (d) force
(c) 0.0006032 m2 (d) 6.3200 J [Ans. (c) velocity]
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[Ans. (d) 6.3200 J] 14. Planck’s constant (h), speed of light in vacuum
6. If π = 3.14, then the value of π2 is (c) and Newton’s gravitational constant (G)
are taken as three fundamental constants.
[QY. - 2018; Jun.-2019]
Which of the following combinations of these
(a) 9.8596 (b) 9.860 has the dimension of length? [NEET 2016
(c) 9.86 (d) 9.9 [Ans. (c) 9.86] (phase II)]
7. Which of the following pairs of physical
hG hG Gc
quantities have same dimension? [Mar. - 2019] (a) 3
(b) 5 (c) hc (d) 3
(a) force and power (b) torque and energy c 2 c 2 G h2
(c) torque and power (d) force and torque hG
[Ans. (a) 3 ]
[Ans. (b) torque and energy] c2

15. A length-scale (l) depends on the permittivity 3. Write the rules for determining significant
(e) of a dielectric material, Boltzmann figures.
constant (kB), the absolute temperature (T), Ans. (i) All non-zero digits are significant
the number per unit volume (n) of certain (ii) All zeros between two non-zero digits are
charged particles, and the charge (q) carried significant
by each of the particles. Which of the following (iii) All zeros to the right of a non-zero digit but
expression for l is dimensionally correct? to the left of a decimal point are significant.
[JEE (advanced) 2016] (iv) a) The number without a decimal point,
the terminal or trailing zero(s) are not
(a) l = nq 2 (b) l = e kBT
e kBT nq 2 significant.
b) All zeros are significant if they come
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(c) l = q2 (d) l = q2 from a measurement
2
e nkBT (v) If the number is less than 1, the zero (s) on
e n 3 kBT
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εkBT the right of the decimal point but to left of
[Ans. (b) l= ]
nq2 the first non-zero digit are not significant.
II. Short Answer Questions. (vi) All zeros to the right of a decimal point and
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1. Briefly explain the types of physical quantities. to the right of non-zero digit are significant.
Ans. (i) Physical quantities are classified into two types. (vii) The number of significant figures does not
There are fundamental and derived quantities. depend on the system of units used.
(ii) Fundamental or base quantities are quantities
which cannot be expressed in terms of any A 4. What are the limitations of dimensional
analysis? [Govt. MQP-2018; HY-2018; Jun.-2019]
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other physical quantities. These are length,
mass, time, electric current, temperature, Ans. Limitations of Dimensional analysis:
luminous intensity and amount of substance. (i) This method gives no information about the
(iii) Quantities that can be expressed in terms of dimensionless constants in the formula like
fundamental quantities are called derived 1, 2, ……..π,e, etc.
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quantities. For example, area, volume, velocity, (ii) This method cannot decide whether the given
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acceleration, force. quantity is a vector or a scalar.

2. How will you measure the diameter of the Moon (iii) This method is not suitable to derive relations
using parallax method? [HY-2018 & 19; QY-2019] involving trigonometric, exponential and
Ans. O - observation point on earth. logarithmic functions.
(i) In diagram, O is the observation d
(iv) It cannot be applied to an equation involving
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B
point on the earth and d is the A more than three physical quantities.
diameter of moon. An astronomical (v) It can only check on whether a physical
telescope held at O is focussed relation is dimensionally correct but not
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on moon, the image is observed S

the correctness of the relation.
into moon of a circular disc. θ
For example using dimensional analysis,
(ii) ∠AOB = θ s = ut + 1/3 at2 is dimensionally correct
O
S - average distance between whereas the correct relation is s = ut +1/2 at2.
moon and the surface of earth.
5. Define precision and accuracy. Explain with
(iii) As 'S' is very large compared to the diameter,
d of the moon, the diameter of the moon is one example.
considered as a circular arc of radius, S. Ans. Precision: The closeness of two or more
d = S × θ. measurements to each other is known as
Hence d can be calculated, when 'S' is known and precision.
θ is measured.

Accuracy: The closeness of a measured value to (c) Knowing the distance x, the height h can be
the actual value of the object being measured is determined.
called accuracy.
RADAR method
Example: Suppose a man's true height is exactly (i) The word RADAR stands for radio detection
5′9″. When it is measured with a yardstick, the and ranging.
value is 5′0″. Hence measurement is not accurate.
(ii) A radar can be used to measure accurately
When height is measured with a laser yardstick, the distance of a nearby planet such as Mars.
the value is 5′9″ then measurement is accurate. In this method, radio waves are sent from
If the height is measured consistently as 5′0″ transmitters which, after reflection from the
with a yardstick, then measurements are precise. planet, are detected by the receiver.
III. Long Answer Questions (iii) By measuring, the time interval (t) between the
1. (i) Explain the use of screw gauge and vernier
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instants the radio waves are sent and received,
caliper in measuring smaller distances. the distance of the planet can be determined
(ii) Write a note on triangulation method and radar as
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method to measure larger distances. [Govt. MQP- Distance(d) = Speed of radio waves × time
2018]
v×t
Ans. Measurement of small distances: taken d =
2
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(i) The screw gauge is an instrument used for
measuring accurately the dimensions of objects (iv) where v is the speed of the radio wave. As
up to a maximum of about 50 mm. the time taken (t) is for the distance covered
(a) It is used for measuring external dimensions.
i.e. diameter.
(b) The least count of the screw gauge is A during the forward and backward path of the
radio waves, it is divided by 2 to get the actual
distance of the object.
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0.01 mm. (v) This method can also be used to determine
A vernier caliper is a versatile instrument the height, at which an aeroplane flies from
for measuring the dimensions of an object the ground.
namely diameter of a hole, or a depth of a
2. Explain in detail the various types of errors.
hole. i.e. internal & external dimensions.
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The least count of vernier caliper is [Mar., QY-2019]

Ans. Types of errors :
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0.1 mm
(ii) For measuring larger distances such as the height of (a) Systematic error (b) Random error
a tree, distance of the Moon or a planet from the (c) Gross error
Earth, triangulation method, parallax method (a) Systematic errors : They are reproducible
inaccuracies that are consistently in the same
and radar method are used. direction.
Triangulation method for the height of an
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It is classified as follows :
accessible object : (March 2020)
(1) Instrumental errors : It arises when an
(a) Let AB = h be A instrument is not calibrated properly at the
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the height of the time of manufacturing. It can be corrected

tree or tower to by choosing accurate instruments.
be measured. Let (2) Imperfections in experimental technique
C be the point h
or procedure: It is due to the limitation in
of observation at the experimental arrangement. To overcome
distance x from B. θ this, necessary and proper correction is
Place a range finder C x B
to be applied.
at C and measure the Triangulation method (3) Personal errors : These errors are due to
angle of elevation, individuals performing the experiment,
ÐACB = θ as shown in Figure. may be due to incorrect initial setting up
(b) From right-angled triangle ABC, tan θ = AB = h to the experiment or carelessness of the
(or) height h = x tan θ. BC x individual making the observation due
to improper precautions.

(4) Errors due to external causes : The Measured value of B = B ± ΔB

change in the external conditions during an Consider the sum, Z = A + B
experiment can cause error in measurement. The error ΔZ in Z is then given by
For example, changes in temperature,
humidity, or pressure during measurements Z ± ΔZ = (A ± ΔA) + (B ± ΔB)
may affect the result of the measurement. = (A + B) ± (ΔA + ΔB)
(5) Least count error : Least count is the = Z ± (ΔA + ΔB)
smallest value that can be measured by (or) ΔZ = ΔA + ΔB
the measuring instrument, and the error The maximum possible error in the sum of two
due to this measurement is least count quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute
error.
errors in the individual quantities.
L
(b) Random error :
(ii) Error in the difference of two quantities :
(1) It arises due to random and unpredictable
variations in experimental conditions like Let ΔA and ΔB be the absolute errors in the
A
pressure, temperature, voltage supply, two quantities, A and B, respectively. Then,
etc. Measured value of A = A ± ΔA
(2) It also arises due to personal errors by the Measured value of B = B ± ΔB
D
observer. It is sometimes called ‘chance Consider the difference, Z = A – B
errors’. The error ΔZ in Z is then given by
(3) It can be minimised by repeating the
observations a large number of times
and taking the arithmetic mean of all A

Z ± ΔZ = (A ± ΔA) – (B ± ΔB)
= (A – B) ± ΔA + ΔB
= Z ± ΔA + ΔB
K
the observations.
(c) Gross error : (or) ΔZ = ΔA+ ΔB
(1) The error caused due to the shear carelessness The maximum error in difference of two
of an observer is called gross error. quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute
(2) It can be minimized only when an observer errors in the individual quantities.
I
is careful and mentally alert. (iii) Error in the product of two quantities
LV
3. What do you mean by propagation of errors? Let ΔA and ΔB be the absolute errors in the
Explain the propagation of errors in addition two quantities, A and B, respectively. Consider
and multiplication. (March 2020)
the product Z = AB
Ans. A number of measured quantities may be involved
in the final calculation of an experiment. Different = (AB) ± (A Δ B) ± (B Δ A) ± (ΔA . ΔB)
types of instruments might have been used for Dividing L.H.S by Z and R.H.S by AB, we
A
taking readings. Then we may have to look at the get,

errors in measuring various quantities, collectively. ∆Z ∆B ∆A ∆A . ∆B
1± = 1± ± ±
K
The error in the final result depends on Z B A A B

(i) The errors in the individual measurements As ΔA /A, ΔB / B are both small quantities,
(ii) On the nature of mathematical operations ∆A ∆B
their product term . can be neglected.
performed to get the final result. So we should A B
know the rules to combine the errors. The maximum fractional error in Z is
These types of combination of errors are known
∆Z  ∆A ∆B 
as Propagation of errors. = ± + 
Z  A B 
(i) Error in the sum of two quantities :
The maximum fractional error in the product
Let ΔA and ΔB be the absolute errors in the
of two quantities is equal to the sum of the
two quantities A and B respectively. Then,
fractional errors in the individual quantities.
Measured value of A = A ± ΔA

4. Write short notes on the following. To convert a physical quantity from one system
(a) Unit of units to another
(b) Rounding - off (i) This is based on the fact that the product
(c) Dimensionless quantities of the numerical values (n) and its
Ans. (a) Unit : An arbitrarily chosen standard of corresponding unit (u) is a constant. i.e, n
measurement of a quantity, which is accepted [u] = constant (or) n1[u1] = n2[u2].
internationally is called unit of the quantity.
(ii) Consider a physical quantity which has
The units in which the fundamental quantities
are measured are called fundamental or base dimension ‘a’ in mass, ‘b’ in length and ‘c’ in
units and the units of measurement of all other time. If the fundamental units in one system
physical quantities, which can be obtained by are M1, L1 and T1 and the other system are
L
a suitable multiplication or division of powers M2, L2 and T2 respectively, then we can
of fundamental units are called derived units. write, n1 [M1a L1b T1c] = n2 [M2a L2b T2c]
(b) Rounding - off : The result given by a
A
(iii) We have thus converted the numerical value
calculator has too many figures. In no case of physical quantity from one system of
should the result have more significant figures units into the other system.
than the figures involved in the data used
D
for calculation. The result of calculation with IV. Numerical Problems.
numbers containing more than one uncertain
1. In a submarine equipped with sonar, the
digit should be rounded off.
(c) Dimensionless quantities :
(i) Physical quantities which have no
dimensions, but have variable values
A time delay between the generation of a pulse
and its echo after reflection from an enemy
submarine is observed to be 80 s. If the speed
K
are called dimensionless variables. of sound in water is 1460 ms–1. What is the
Examples are Gravitational constant, distance of enemy submarine?
Planck’s constant etc. Ans. The speed of sound in water v = 1460 ms–1
(ii) Quantities which have constant values Time taken by the pulse for to and fro :
I
and also have no dimensions are called

T 80s
dimensionless constants. Examples are
LV
t = = = 40s
π, e, numbers, etc. 2 2
d
5. Explain the principle of homogeneity of dimensions. Formula : v =
What are its uses? Give example. t
T
[HY-2018 & 19] \d = v × 2 = 1460 × 40
Ans. Principle of homogeneity of dimensions :
A
It states that the dimensions of all the terms in a = 58400 m or 58.40 km.
physical expression should be the same.
2. The radius of the circle is 3.12 m. Calculate
For example
K
the area of the circle with regard to significant

v2 = u2 + 2as figures. [QY-2019]
[LT–1]2 = [LT–2]2 + 2 [LT–2] [L] Ans. Radius of the circle r = 3.12 m
[L2T–2] = [L2T–2] + 2[L2T–2] Area of the circle A = ?
This method is used to A = p r2 = 3.14 × 3.12 × 3.12 = 30.566016
(i) Convert a physical quantity from one
system of units to another. According to the rule of significant fig,
(ii) Check the dimensional correctness of a A = 30.6 m2 [Given data has three sig. fig.]
given physical equation.
(iii) Establish relations among various physical
quantities.

3. Assuming that the frequency γ of a vibrating Diameter of Jupiter, d = ?

string may depend upon (i) applied force (F) (ii)
d
length (l) (iii) mass per unit length (m), prove θ =
D
1 F \ d = θ.D
that γ α using dimensional
l m = (824.7 × 109) × 35.72 × 4.85 × 10–6
analysis. (related to JIPMER 2001) = 142872.677 × 103 m
Ans. γ ∝ la Fb mc = 142872.677 × 103 × 10–3 km
γ = K la Fb mc d = 1.428 × 105 km.
K - dimensionless constant of proportionality 5. The measurement value of length of a simple
a, b, c - powers of l, F, m pendulum is 20 cm known with 2 mm accuracy.
L
The time for 50 oscillations was measured to be
Dimensional Formula of F = [MLT–2] 40 s within 1s resolution. Calculate the percentage
Dimensional Formula of linear density accuracy in the determination of acceleration
A
mass [M] 1 –1 due to gravity ‘g’ from the above measurement.
m= =
length [L] = [M L ]
Ans. The errors in both l & T are least count errors.
writing dimensions of γ = K la Fb mc
D
[M0L0T–1] =[L]a [M1L1T–2]b [ML–1]c T = 2π l 2 2 l
g ⇒ T = 4π . g
= LaMbLb T–2b McL = [M]b+c[L]a+b–c [T]–2b
∴ g = 4π2 l

M0L0T–1 = [M]b+c [L]a+b–c [T]–2b
Applying the principle of homogeneity of
dimension A

T2
The errors in both l & T are least count errors
K
b + c = 0 ....(1) ∆g ∆l 2 ∆T
= +
a + b – c = 0 ....(2) g l T
1 Length of simple pendulum l = 20 cm
–2b = –1 or b = + accuracy Δ l = 2mm = 0.2 cm
2
I
1 Time for 50 oscillations T = 40 s

From  c = –b = − 1 ∴c=−
LV
2 2 resolution Δ T = 1 s
1 1 1 1 ∆g  0.2   1  0.2 2 1.2
From  a + – ( − ) = 0 a + + = 0 ∴ =   + 2   = + =
2 2 2 2 20 40 20
g 20 40
∴ a = −1
Substituting the values a, b, c in K=l Percentage error
A
1 1
−1 2
− ∆g 1.2
γ=K l F m 2 × 100 = × 100 = ± 6%
g 20
1 F
K
γ= . % accuracy in g = 6%.
l m
4. Jupiter is at a distance of 824.7 million km from Government Exam Question & Answers
the Earth. Its angular diameter is measured to
be 35.72˝. Calculate the diameter of Jupiter. I. Multiple Choice Questions :
1 Mark
Ans. Distance of Jupiter from the earth,
D = 824.7 × 106 km 1. A substance whose mass is 4.27 g occupies
D = 824.7 × 109 m 1. 3 cm3. The number of significant figure in
Angular diameter θ = 35.72" density is [Govt. M.Q.P - 2018]
= 35.72 × (4.85 ×10–6 rad) (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
[1" = 4.85 ×10–6 rad] [Ans. (d) 4]

2. Triple point of water is : [QY. - 2018] 3. What are random errors? How to minimise
(a) 273.16 k (b) 237.16 c it? [First Mid-2018]
(c) 273.16 c (d) 0 k [Ans. (a) 273.16k] Ans. (i) Random errors may arise due to random and
3. Mass, temperature, electric current are unpredictable variations in experimental
________ [QY. - 2018] conditions like pressure, temperature, voltage
(a) fundamental quantities supply, etc. Random errors are sometimes
(b) scalar quantities (c) vector quantities called “chance error”.
(d) both a and b [Ans. (d) both a and b] (ii) Random errors can be evaluated through
statistical analysis and can be reduced by
4. The significant figure of the number 0.003401 averaging over a large number of observations.
is: ________ [QY. - 2019] 4. Write down the number of significant figures
(a) 6 (b) 3 in the following: (i) 0.007 (ii) 400.[Govt. MQP-2018]
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(c) 5 (d) 4 [Ans. (d) 4] Ans. (i) One (ii) One
5. The amplitude and time period of a simple 5. What are the advantages of SI system?
A
pendulum bob are 0.05 m and 2 s respectively. [QY-2018]
Then the maximum velocity of the bob is : Ans. (i) It is a rational system, in which only one unit
[Mar. - 2019] is used for one physical quantity.
D
a) 0.157 ms–1 b) 0.257 ms–1 (ii) It is a coherent system, which means all the
c) 0.10 ms–1 d) 0.025 ms–1 derived units can be easily obtained form basic
[Ans. (a) 0.157 ms–1] and supplementary units.
II. Very Short Answer Questions :

2 Marks A (iii) It is a metric system which means that multiples
and submultiples can be expressed as powers
of 10.
K
1. Check the dimensional correctness for the 6. What is fractional error? [QY-2018]
given equations. [First Mid-2018] Ans. Ratio of mean absolute error to the mean value
1 (or) relative error or fractional error = mean
(a) V = u + at (b) s = ut + at absolute error / mean value.
2
I
Ans. (a)
v = u + at Apply dimensional formula on
III. Short Answer Questions :
LV
both sides
[LT−1] = [LT−1] + [LT−2] [T]
3 Marks
[LT−1] = [LT−1] + [LT−1] 1. Write a note on radar method to measure larger
(Quantities of same dimension only can be distances. [First Mid-2018]
added) Ans. (i) The word RADAR stands for radio detection
and ranging.
A
Since dimensions on both sides are same,

the given equation is dimensionally correct. (ii) A radar can be used to measure accurately
(b) [L] = [LT−1] [T] + [LT−2] [T2] the distance of a nearby planet such as Mars.
In this method, radio waves are sent from
K
[L] = [LT−1 + 1] + [LT−2+2]

transmitters which, after reflection from the
[L] = [LT0] + [LT0] planet, are detected by the receiver.
∴[L] = [L] + [L]
(iii) By measuring, the time interval (t) between the
Since dimensions on both sides are same, instants the radio waves are sent and received,
the given equation is dimensionally correct. the distance of the planet can be determined
2. Round off to required significant figures as
[First Mid-2018] Distance(d) = Speed of radio waves × time
(a) 3.1 + 1.780 + 2.046 (b) 12.637 – 2.42 v× t
taken d =
(c) 1.21 × 36.72 (d) 36.72 ÷ 1.2 2
Ans. (a) 6.96 (b) 10.22 (c) 44.4 (d) 31 where v is the speed of the radio wave. As
the time taken (t) is for the distance covered

during the forward and backward path of the IV. Long Answer Questions :
radio waves, it is divided by 2 to get the actual 5 Marks
distance of the object.
(iv) This method can also be used to determine 1. The force F acting on a body moving in a circular
the height, at which an aeroplane flies from path depends on mass of the body(m) velocity(v)
the ground. and radius (r) of the circular path. Obtain the
2. The voltage across a wire is (100 ± 5) v and the expression for the force by dimensional analysis
current passing through it is (10 ± 0.2) A. Find method. (k = 1). [First Mid-2018; Mar.-2019]
the resistance of the wire. [First Mid-2018] Ans. F ∝ ma vb rc ; F = k ma vb rc
Ans. Voltage V = (100 ± 5)V where k is a dimensionless constant of
Current I = (10 ± 0.2)A proportionality. Rewriting the above equation in
L
Resistance R = ? terms of dimensions and taking k = 1, we have
Then resistance R is given by Ohm's law [MLT–2] = [M]a [LT–1]b [L]c = [Ma Lb T–b Lc]
A
V 100
[MLT–2] = [M]a [Lb+c] [T–b]
R = = = 10 W
I 10 Comparing the powers of M, L and T on both sides
∆R  ∆V ∆I  a = 1; b + c = 1 –b = –2; 2 + c = 1, b = 2
D
=  + 
R  V I a = 1, b = 2 and c = –1
 ∆V ∆I   5 0.2  From the above equation we get F = ma νb rc
DR =  +  R=  + × 10

V I  100 10 
= (0.05 +0.02) × 10 = 0.07 × 10 = 0.7
The resistance R = (10 ± 0.7)W.
A F = m1v2r−1 or F =
mv 2
r
2. Obtain an expression for the time period T of a
K
simple pendulum. [The time period T depend
3. Check the correctness of the equation
E = mc2 using dimensional analysis method. upon (i) mass m of the bob, (ii) length l of the
[Govt. MQP-2018; Jun.-2019] pendulum and (iii) acceleration due to gravity
Ans. Consider the equation, E = mc2 g at the place where pendulum is suspended.
I
Apply dimensional formula on both sides Assume the constant, k = 2π]. []

LV
ML2T–2 = [M] ∙ [LT–1]2 Ans. [Govt. MQP-2018; QY, HY-2019]

ML2T–2 = [M] ∙ [L2T–2]
T ∝ ma lb gc ; T = k. ma lb gc
The equation is dimensionally correct.
4. Two resistances R1=(100 ± 3)Ω and R2=(150±2)Ω Here k is the dimensionless constant.
are connected in series. What is their equivalent Rewriting the above equation with dimensions.
resistance ?
A
[Govt. MQP-2018] [T1] = [Ma] [Lb] [LT−2]c

Ans. R1 = 100 ± 3 Ω ; R2 = 150 ± 2Ω
[M0L0T1] = [Ma Lb+c T−2c]
Equivalent resistance R = ?
Comparing the powers of M, L and T on both
K
Equivalent resistance R = R1 + R2
sides, a = 0, b + c =0, –2c = 1
= (100 ±3)+(150 ± 2) = (100 + 150) ± (3 + 2)
R = (250 ± 5) Ω Solving for a, b and c, we get a = 0, b = 1/2, and
c = −1/2
5. Find the dimensional formula of hC/G. [QY-2018]
From the above equation T = k. m0 l1/2 g−1/2
Ans. The dimensional formula for 1
planck’s constant h – [ML2T–1] l 2
l
T = k  =k g
c – [LT–1]  g
1
G – [M–1L2T–2] l 2 l
k  T = 2π
Experimentally k = 2π, hence =k
 g g
hc [ML2T −1 ][LT −1 ]
= = [M2]
G [M −1L3T −2 ]
3. In a series of successive measurements in This is based on the fact that the product of
an experiment, the readings of the period of the numerical values (n) and its corresponding
oscillation of a simple pendulum were found to unit (u) is a constant. i.e, n [u] = constant (or)
be 2.63 s, 2.56 s, 2.42 s, 2.71 s and 2.80 s. Calculate n1[u1] = n2[u2].
(i) the mean value of the period of oscillation
(ii) the absolute error in each measurement Consider a physical quantity which has
(iii) the mean absolute error (iv) the relative error dimension ‘a’ in mass, ‘b’ in length and ‘c’
(v) the percentage error. Express the results in in time. If the fundamental units in one system
proper form. [Govt. MQP-2018] are M1, L1 and T1 and the other system are
Ans. M2, L2 and T2, respectively, then we can write,
t1 = 2.63s, t2 = 2.56s, t3 = 2.42 s, n1 [M1a L1b T1c] = n2 [M2a L2b T2c].
We have thus converted the numerical value
L
t4 = 2.71s, t5 = 2.80 s of physical quantity from one system of units
t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 + t5 into the other system.
A
(i) Tm =
5 (ii) To check the dimensional correctness of a
2.63 + 2.56 + 2.42 + 2.71 + 2.80 given physical equation.
= Let us take the equation of motion
D
5
13.12 v = u + at
Tm = = 2.624 s
5 Apply dimensional formula on both sides
Tm = 2.62 s (Rounded off to 2nd decimal

place)
(ii) Absolute error ΔT = Tm – t A
[LT−1] = [LT−1] + [LT−2] [T]
[LT−1] = [LT−1] + [LT−1]
(Quantities of same dimension only can be
K
D T1 = 2.62 – 2.63 = – 0.01
D T2 = 2.62 – 2.56 = +0.06s added)
D T3 = 2.62 – 2.42 = +0.20s We see that the dimensions of both sides are
same. Hence the equation is dimensionally
D T4 = 2.62 – 2.71 = – 0.09s
correct.
I
D T5 = 2.62 – 2.80 = – 0.18s

(iii) To establish the relation among various physical
LV
∑ ∆Tt quantities.
(iii) Mean absolute error =
n If the physical quantity Q depends upon the
0.01 + 0.06 + 0.20 + 0.09 + 0.18 quantities Q1, Q2 and Q3, i.e., Q is proportional
D Tm = +
5 to Q1, Q2 and Q3.
0.54 Then Q ∝ Q1a Q2b Q3c ; Q = k Q1a Q2b Q3c
D Tm = = 0.108s = 0.11s
A
5
where k is a dimensionless constant. When the
(Rounded off to 2nd decimal place) dimensional formula of Q, Q1, Q2 and Q3 are
(iv) Relative error:
K
substituted, then according to the principle of

∆Tm 0.11 homogeneity, the powers of M, L, T are made
ST = = = 0.0419 = 0.04
Tm 2.62 equal on both sides of the equation. From this,
(v) Percentage error in T = 0.04 × 100% = 4% we get the values of a, b, c.
(vi) Time period of simple pendulum = T 1 2
= (2.62 ± 0.11)s s = ut + at
2
4. What are the applications of dimensional analysis. Substituting dimensions
2
Verify S = ut + 1/2 at by dimensional analysis. [L] = [LT–1][T] + [LT–2][T2]
[Govt.MQP-2018; QY-2018 ; Sep.-2020] [L] = [L] + [L]
Ans. (i)
To convert a physical quantity The equation is dimensionally correct.
from one system of units to another.

5. Express 76 cm of mercury pressure in terms of

M1 = 1g, M2 = 1 kg
Nm–2 using the method of dimensions.[Sep.-2020] L1 = 1cm, L2 = 1 m
Ans. Solution
: T1 = 1s, T2 = 1 s
In cgs system 76 cm of mercury pressure As a =1, b = –1, and c = –2
= 76 × 13.6 × 980 dyne cm−2 Then

The dimensional formula of pressure P is 1 −1
 1g  1cm  1s 
−2
[ML−1T−2] P2 = 76 × 13.6 × 980      

1 kg   1 m  1s 
P1[M1a L1b T1c] = P2[M2a L2b T2c] 1 −1 −2
10−3 kg  10−2 m   1s 
M 
a
L 
b
 T1 
c = 76 × 13.6 × 980      
We have P2 = P1  1   1    1 kg   1 m  1s 
   
L
 M 2   L 2   T2 
–3
= 76 × 13.6 × 980 × [10 ] × 10 2
P2 = 1.01 × 105 Nm–2.
A
Additional Questions
D
I. Multiple Choice Questions : 5. What is the range of astronomical time scales

A. Choose the best answer :
1 Mark
A to microscopic scales?
(a) 1015s to 10–15s
(c) 1018 to 10–22s
(b) 109s to 10–18s
(d) 1011s to 10–16s
K
1. The word scientia is meaning to _______. [Ans. (c) 1018 to 10–22s]
(a) exact (b) to know 6. The law of electricity and magnetism is used to
(c) control (d) implement (a) Wireless communication
I
[Ans. (b) to know] (b) Nuclear reactor (c) Steam engine

LV
2. Astronomical Scale is dealt with the _______ (d) Aeroplane[Ans. (a) Wireless communication]
Physics. 7. Match the following.
(a) Mesoscopic (b) Microscopic (1) Steam (a) Bernoulli's
(c) Macrospic (d) None engine principle
[Ans. (c) Macrospic] (2) Nuclear (b) Laws of
A
reactor thermodynamics
3. Microscopic group of Physics dealt with the (3) Production of (c) Controlled
study of _______. ultra high nuclear fission
K
(a) classical physics (b) statistical mechanics magnetic fields

(c) fluid mechanics (d) quantum physics (4) Aeroplane (d) Super conductivity
[Ans. (d) quantum physics] (1) (2) (3) (4)
(a) b c a d
4. Which deals with the study of materials of an (b) d a b c
intermediate length scale. (c) c d a b
(a) Mesoscopic physics (d) b c d a [Ans:(d) b c d a]
(b) Macroscopic physics
(c) Microscopic physics
(d) All the above [Ans. (a) Macroscopic physics]

8. Match the following fundamental forces with 17. The acceleration of 20 m/s2 in km/h2 is
respect to relative strengths. (a) 2.59 × 105 km/h2 (b) 1.29 × 105 km/h2
(1) Gravitational force (a) 1 (c) 2.0 × 103 km/h2 (d) 3.5× 105 km/h2
[Ans. (a) 2.59 × 105 km/h2]
(2) Electromagnetic force (b) 10–39
(3) Weak nuclear force (c) 10–2 18. Which device is used for measuring the mass
(4) Strong nuclear force (d) 10–13
of atoms?
(a) Spectrograph (b) Fermi
(1) (2) (3) (4) (c) Telescope (d) Microscope
(a) a d b c [Ans. (a) Spectrograph]
(b) b c d a 19. Which of the following statement is wrong?
L
(c) c d a b
(a) one fermi = 1015m
(d) c a b d [Ans: (b) b c d a] (b) All non-zero digits are significant.
A
9. How many gram make 1 deca gram? (c) 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011m
(a) 10g (b) 100g (c) 1kg (d) 100kg (d) Speed is a derived unit.
[Ans. (a) 10g] [Ans. (a) one fermi = 1015m]
D

10. 1 nano second is equivalent to
20. Which of the following statement is wrong?
(a) 10–6s (b) 10–3s
(a) Strain is a dimensionless quantity.
(c) 10–15s (d) 10–9s[Ans. (d) 10–9s]
11. Which unit is used to measure size of a nucleus? A (b) Fundamental quantity is also called the base quantity.
(c) force = mass × acceleration
K
(a) Angstrom (b) Micron (d) 1 Solar year = 1500 days.
(c) Nano (d) Fermi [Ans. (d) 1 Solar year = 1500 days]
[Ans. (d) Fermi] 21. Which of the following statement is true?
12. One parallactic second is, (a) Velocity is a fundamental unit.
I
(a) 3.08 × 1016m (b) 1.49 × 1011m (b) 1 Solar day = 24 hours. (c) 1 Shake = 104s
(c) 9.46 × 1015m (d) 1.66 × 10–27m (d) mass is a derived unit.
LV
[Ans. (a) 3.08 × 1016m] [Ans. (b) 1 Solar day = 24 hours]

22. The number of significant figures in
13. How many light years make 1 parsec?
0.0006012 m is
(a) 3.26 (b) 6.67 (a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 1.5 (d) 9.4 [Ans. (a) 3.26] (c) 7 (d) 5 [Ans. (b) 4]
A
14. How many AU makes one metre? 23. The number of significant figures in
(a) 3.26 × 1011AU (b) 1.496 × 1011AU 2.64 × 104 kg is
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(c) 3.08 × 1016AU (d) 6.684 × 10–12AU (a) 2 (b) 4

[Ans. (d) 6.684 × 10–12AU] (c) 5 (d) 3 [Ans. (d) 3]
15. One lunar month is equal to __________ 24. The displacement of a particle moving
(a) 29 days (b) 27.3 days along x-axis with respect to times is given by
(c) 365 days (d) 30 days
x = at + bt2 – ct3. The dimensions of b are
[Ans. (a) 29 days] (a) L0T–3 (b) L0T–3
(c) LT–2 (d) LT–3
16. What is the value of one light year in tera metre? Hint: [Ans. (c) LT–2]
(a) 9.46 × 106Tm (b) 9.46 × 109 Tm x = at + bt2– ct3; L = aT + bT2– cT3
(c) 9.46 × 102Tm (d) 9.46 × 103 Tm ∴b = LT–2
[Ans. (d) 9.46 × 103 Tm]

25. If E & B respectively, represent electric field ∆P ∆M ∆V ∆P  ∆M ∆L 

and magnetics induction field, then the ratio = + ⇒ % = + 3.  %
P M V P  M L
E & B has the dimensions of
(a) angle (b) acceleration  ∆P 
  % = (5% + 3.3%) = (5 + 9) = 14%
(c) velocity (d) displacement P
Hint: [Ans. (c) velocity]  ∆x 
30. The fractional error  
x
∆a ∆a
(a) ±   (b) ± n  
→ → → →
F = q (E + v × B)  a   a 
→
 ∆a  ∆a
∴The dimensions of E are the (c) ± n log e   (d) ± n log10
a
L
→  a 
same as those of vB
∴The dimensions of E/B = dimension of v. [Ans. (b) ± n  ∆a  ]
A
 a 
26. If force •F•, velocity •v•and time •T• are taken
as to fundamental units then the dimensions of 31. How many light years make 1 par sec?
D
mass are (a) 3.26 LY (b) 6.67 LY
(a) Fv–1T (b) Fv–1T (c) 1.5 LY (d) 9.4 LY
(c) FvT–1 (d) FvT–2 [Ans. (a) 3.26 LY]
Hint:
mv mv
[Ans. (c) FvT–1]
A 32. If p = 3.14, then the value of p2 is
(a) 9.8596 (b) 9.860 (c) 9.86 (d) 9.9
K
F= t [m] = [F
T]  v [Ans. (c) 9.86]
t ∵ a = t 
33. Which of the following pairs of physical
27. The dimensions of K.E. is
quantities have same dimension?
(a) M2L2T–1 (b) M1L1T1 (a) Force and Power
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(c) M1L2T–2 (d) M2L2T–2 (b) Stress and Pressure

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[Ans. (c) M1L2T–2] (c) Momentum and Moment of force

(d) Torque and impulse of force
28. The dimensions of universal gravitational
[Ans. (b) Stress and Pressure]
constant is
(a) M–2L3T–2 (b) M–2L2T–1 34. The Dimensional formula for Boltzmann
(c) M–1L3T–2 (d) ML2T–1 constant is
A
(a) [ML2T–1] (b) [ATmol–1]

[Ans. (c) M–1L3T–2]
(c) [ML2T–2K–1] (d) None of the above
29. The density of a cube is measured by measuring [Ans. (c) [ML2T–2K–1]]
K

its mass and length of its side. If the maximum 35. Specific gravity (Relative Density) is an
error in the measurement of mass ansd length example for
are 5% and 3% respectively, the maxmimum (a) Dimensional Variables
error in the measurement of density is (b) Dimensionless Variables
(a) 9% (b) 8% (c) Dimensional Constant
(c) 14% (d) 2% (d) Dimension less Constant
[Ans. (b) Dimensionless Variables]
Hint: [Ans. (c) 14%] 36. 8.250 can be Rounded off to
M M (a) 8.3 (b) 8.2 (c) 8.25 (d) 8.26
Density ρ = = 3 ∆M = 5%; ∆L = 3%
V L [Ans. (b) 8.2]

37. If E and B respectively, represent electric field 4. The temperature at which Saturated vapur,
and magnetic field of Induction, then the ratio pure and melting ice are all in equilibrium is
of E and B has the dimensional formula of called __________.
(a) [LT–2] (b) [MLT–2] (a) sublimation (b) melting point
(c) [LT–1] [Ans. (c)
(d) [MLT–1] [LT–1]] (c) Triple point of water (d) heat capacity
38. Which one has more significant figures [Ans. (c) Triple point of water]
(a) 600800 (b) 5213.0
5. The expression for Solid Angle is __________.
(c) 2.65 × 1024 (d) 0.0006032
(a) rod/s (b) surface area / (radius)2
[Ans. (b) 5213.0]
(c) (radius)2 (d) surface area / radius
39. Angle of 1 Second of arc is
[Ans. (b) Surface Area / (radius)2]
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(a) 48.5 × 10–6 rad (b) 0.485 × 10 –5 rad
(c) 4.85 × 10–6 rad (d) 48500 × 10–6 rad 6. J Kg–1K–1 is the unit for _________.
A
[Ans. (c) 4.85 × 10–6 rad] (a) Heat capacity (b) Latent heat
40. 1 Yotta = ______. (c) Specific heat (d) Energy
(a) 1021 (b) 10–24 (c) 10–21 (d) 1024 [Ans. (c) Specific heat]
D
[Ans. (d) 1024] 7. 1 degree = __________ rad.
41. If mass of an electron is 9.11 × 10–31 Kg, then (a) 1.754 × 10–2 (b) 1.745 × 102
how many electrons would weight in 1 mg?
(a) 1.68 × 1018
(c) 1.45 × 1022
(b) 1.097 × 1024
(d) 1.970 × 1023 A (c) 1.745 × 10–2

(d) 1.547 × 10–2
[Ans. (c) 1.745 × 10–2]
K
8. ________ means a large world in which both
[Ans. (b) 1.097 × 1024]
objects and distances are large – sized.
B. Fill in the blanks : (a) Macrocosm (b) Microcosm
1. An attempt to explain a Macroscopic system (c) Astronomy (d) Universe
I
in terms of its Microscopic constituents is [Ans. (a) Macrocosm]

9. The largest practical unit of mass is __________.
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_________.
(a) unification (b) Reductionism (a) CSL (b) Par sec
(c) Microphysics (d) Macrophysics (c) Ly (d) AU
[Ans. (b) Reductionism] [Ans. (a) ChandraSekhar Limit (CSL)]
2. The range of masses from heavenly bodies to 10. The error caused due to the shear carelessness
A
electro is ___________. of an observer is called ___________.

(a) 1052 kg to 10–28 kg (b) 1055 kg to 10+28 kg (a) Absolute Error (b) Gross Error
K
(c) 1055 kg to 10–31 kg (d) 10–55 kg to 1031 kg (c) Instrumental Error (d) Zero Error
[Ans. (b) Gross Error]
[Ans. (c) 1055 kg to 10–31 kg]
11. Quantities which have constant values and also
3. The CGS, MKS and SI system of units are
have no dimensions are called _________.
_______ system of units.
(a) Dimensionless Constants
(a) metric (b) cubic
(b) Dimensional variables
(c) periodic (d) atomic
(c) Dimensionless constants
[Ans. (a) metric]
(d) Derived quantities
[Ans. (a) Dimensionless Constants]

12. Dimensional formula for Magnetic Induction is 3. Prefix (Symbol) Sub-Multiple

____________. (1) Zepto (z) (a) 10–18
(a) MT2A–1 (b) MT2A (2) Pico (p) (b) 10–1
(c) MT–2A–1 (d) MA–1 (3) atto (a) (c) 10–12
[Ans. (c) MT–2A–1] (4) deci (d) (d) 10–21
13. Formula (or) expression for surface energy is (1) (2) (3) (4)
__________. (a) b d a c
(a) work / length (b) force / length (b) d b a c
(c) work / time (d) work / area (c) c d a b
[Ans. (d) work / area] (d) d c a b [Ans:(d) d c a b]
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14. Relative error is also called as _________. 4. Devices Principles
(a) Gross Error (b) Percentage Error (1) Steam engine (a) Bernollis Principle
(c) Absolute Error (d) Fractional Error
A
(2) Nuclear Reactor (b) Laws of
[Ans. (d) Fractional error] thermodynamics
(3) Production (c) Controlled chain
15. The name Physics was introduced by
of ultra high reaction
D
__________ in 350 B.C magnetic fields
(a) Thalus (b) Ptolemy (4) Aeroplane (d) Super
(c) Aristotle (d) Copernicus conductivity

C. Match the following : A
[Ans. (c) Aristotle] (1) (2) (3) (4)
(a) b c a d
(b) d a b c
K
1. Branch Major Focus (c) c d a b
(1) Acoustics (a) About space, time (d) b c d a [Ans:(d) b c d a]
and energy
(2) High energy (b) About sound 5. Types of fundamental Strengths
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physics forces
(3) Quantum (c) About nature of par- (1) Gravitational force (a) 1
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mechanics ticles
(4) Relativity (d) About discrete nature (2) Electro magnetic force (b) 10–39
of phenomena at (3) Weak nuclear force (c) 10–2
atomic and
sub-atomic levels (4) Strong nuclear force (d) 10–13
(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)
A
(a) c b d a (a) a d b c
(b) c a d b (b) b c d a
(c) b c d a (c) c d a b
K
(d) d c b a [Ans:(c) b c d a] (d) c a b d [Ans: (b) b c d a]

2. Physical Quantity Unit 6. Classification of Examples
(1) Force Constant (a) Ns quantities
(2) Boltzmann Constant (b) Nm (1) Dimensional (a) Pi (T)
(3) Impulse (c) JK–1 variables
(4) Torque (d) Nm–1
(2) Dimension less (b) Planck's
(1) (2) (3) (4) Constant
variable
(a) d c a b
(3) Dimensional constant (c) Velocity
(b) b a c d
(c) b d a c (4) Dimension less constant (d) Strain
(d) d b a c [Ans:(a) d c a b]

(1) (2) (3) (4) 2. (a) Absolute Error (b) Relative Error
(a) b d a c (c) Percentage Error (d) Gross Error
(b) b c a d [Ans. (d) Gross Error]
(c) c d b a
3. (a) Solar clock (b) Electronic Oscillators
(d) a c d b [Ans: (c) c d b a]
(c) Radio active dating (d) Electronic balance
7. Physical quantity Dimensional [Ans. (d) Electronic balance]
Formula
(1) Surface Tension (a) [ML–1T–1] 4. (a) Energy (b) Work
(2) Heat Capacity (b) [ML2] (c) Torque (d) Force [Ans. (d) Force]
(3) Moment of Inertia (c) [MT–2]
5. (a) Length (b) Mass
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(4) Co-efficient of (d) [ML2T–2K–1]
(c) Time (d) Volume [Ans. (d) Volume]
viscosity
(1) (2) (3) (4) 6. (a) f.p.s (b) c.g.s
A
(a) c d b a (c) m.k.s (d) r.m.s [Ans. (d) r.m.s]
(b) a d c b
7. (a) Optics (b) Acoustics
D
(c) a c d b
(c) Astrophysics (d) Nuclear Physics
(d) b a c d [Ans: (a) c d b a]
[Ans. (d) Nuclear Physics]
8. Errors Cause
(1) Systematic
Errors
(a) due to shear
carelessness
A 8. (a) Force constant (b) Planck's constant
(c) Boltzmann constant (d) Refractive Index
[Ans. (d) Refractive Index]
K
(2) Random Errors (b) Fractional Error
(3) Gross Errors (c) Chance Error E. Choose the Incorrect Pair :
(4) Relative Errors (d) Reproducible
inaccuracies 1. (a) Work - Energy
(b) Stress - Pressure
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(1) (2) (3) (4)

(a) b c d a (c) Force - Tension
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(d) Surface Tension - Force

(b) d c a b
(c) a c d b [Ans. (d) Surface Tension - Force]
(d) b a d c [Ans:(b) d c a b] 2. (a) Velocity - Angular velocity
9. Numbers Significant figures (b) Force - Torque
(c) Mass - Moment of Inertia
A
(1) 40.00 (a) 6

(2) 0.030400 (b) 3 (d) Frequency - Wavelength
(3) 0.00345 (c) 5 [Ans. (d) Frequency - Wavelength]
K
(4) 307000. (d) 4 3. (a) Density - Relative Density

(1) (2) (3) (4) (b) Strain - refractive Index
(a) b d c a (c) π - e
(b) b c d a (d) Planck's Constant - Stefan's constant
(c) c d a b [Ans. (a) Density - Relative Density]
(d) d c b a [Ans:(d) d c b a]
4. (a) Heat - Energy
D. Choose the odd one out: (b) Mass - Inertia
(c) Charge - Current
1. (a) Specific gravity (b) Strain
(d) Moment of force - Torque
(c) refractive index (d) Planck's constant
[Ans. (c) Charge - Current]
[Ans. (d) Planck's constant]

F. Choose the Correct Pair : 4. Assertion : In centimeter, the spelling meter

is internationally accepted.
1. (a) 30.00 - 2009 (b) 0.00345 - 2.6
Reason : 'Metre' is internationally used unit
(c) 0.040500 - 20100m (d) 153 - 3072
whereas 'Meter' is used by Americans.
[Ans. (a) 30.00 - 2009] [ Ans. (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true]
2. (a) Telescope - Microscope 5. Assertion : Mass due to rotational motion is
(b) Screw gauge - Radar Method moment of Inertia.
(c) Parallax Method -Vernier Caliper Reason : Rotational mass explains about
(d) Spring balance - Common balance radius of Gyration.
[Ans. (d) Spring balance - Common balance] [Ans. (a) A
ssertion and Reason are correct
and Reason is correct explanation of
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3. (a) Torque - Nm
Assertion]
(b) Planck's constant - J / s
6. Assertion : Very large distances such as distance
(c) Specific heat - J kg k–1
A
(d) Moment of Inertia - kg/m2 of a planet or star can be measured
[Ans. (a) Torque - Nm] by parallax method.
Reason : For measuring small masses of atomic /
D
G. Assertion & Reason : sub - atomic particles, mass spectrograph
Directions : is used.
[Ans. (b) Assertion and Reason are true but
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
correct explanation of Assertion
(b) Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the A Reason is the false explanation of
the Assertion]
7. Assertion : The least value that can be measured
K
false explanation of the Assertion
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false using screw gauges, vernier calipers
is called least count.
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Reason : The magnitude of difference between
1. Assertion : Attempting to explain diverse the true value and the measured value
I
physical phenomena with a few is called relative error or fractional

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concepts and laws is unification. error.

Reason : Attempting to explain a macroscopic [Ans. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false]
system in terms of its microscopic 8. Assertion : The rounding off of 27.653 upto 3
constituents is reductionism. digits is 27.6
[Ans. (b) Assertion and Reason are true but Reason : 10200 has three significant figures
A
Reason is the false explanation of [Ans. (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true]
the Assertion] 9. Assertion : Dimensional analysis method is used
2. Assertion : Study of light is called optics to convert a physical quantity from
K
Reason : Properties of light is studied in optics. one system of units to another

They are Reflection, Retraction etc., Reason : 1 mv2 = mgh
[Ans. (a) Assertion and Reason are correct 2
[Ans. (b) Assertion and Reason are true but
and Reason is correct explanation of
Reason is the false explanation of
Assertion]
the Assertion]
3. Assertion : Quantities that can be expressed in
terms of fundamental quantities
are derived quantities.
Reason : Examples are Mass, Length, Time
etc.,
[Ans. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false]

h. Choose the Correct or Incorrect 7. (I) Least count of screw gauge is 0.01mm
Statements : (II) Least count of vernier caliper is 0.1mm
Which one is correct?
1. (I) RADAR method is used for measurement
(a) I only (b) II only
of length in the case of long distances
(c) both are correct (d) none
(II) The uncertainty in a measurement is called
error. [Ans. (c) Both are correct]
8. (I) Parallax angle, θ = Unknown distance (x)
Which statement is correct?
(a) I only (b) II only base (b)
(II) Distance of the planet,
(c) Both are correct (d) None e
d = Velocity of radio wave (V ) × time taken (t)
[Ans. (c) Both are correct]
Which statement is incorrect?
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2. (I) GCGS = 6.6 × 10–8 dyne Cm2 g–2
(II) T = 2 π g (c) Both are correct (d) None
A
l [Ans. (a) I only]
Which statement is correct? 9. (I) Frequency and angular velocity has same
dimensional formula
D
(c) Both are correct (d) None
(II) Torque is also called as rotational force
[Ans. (a) I only]
Which one is correct?
3. (I) Expression for charge is current / time (a) I only (b) II only
(II) Expression for Faraday constant is Avagadro
constant × elementary charge
Which statement is correct? A (c) Both are correct

(d) None
[Ans. (c) Both are correct]
K
(a) I only (b) II only II. Very Short Answer Questions :
[Ans. (b) II only] 2 Marks
4. (I) Force constant and Faraday constant are 1. What is science?
I
examples for Dimensional constant Ans. (i) The word science comes from a Latin word
(II) Radius of gyration does not depend on 'scientia' meaning 'to know'.
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moment of Inertia. (ii) Science is a systematic attempt to understand

Which statement is incorrect? natural phenomena in much knowledge gained
(a) I only (b) II only through systematic observation and experiment.
(c) Both are correct (d) None 2. What are the steps involved in scientific method?
[Ans. (b) II only] (or) What are the general features of scientific
A
5. (I) The ratio of mean absolute error to the method?

mean value is called fractional error Ans. (i) Systematic observation
(II) Due to the wrong observations Recording,
K
(ii) Controlled experimentation

Random errors occur.
Which statement is correct?
(iii) Reasoning (qualitative and quantitative)
(a) I only (b) II only (iv) Modelling (Mathematical)
(c) Both are correct (d) None (v) Prediction and verification (theories)
[Ans. (a) I only] 3. What is Physics?
6. (I) Distance of moon from earth is 1011m Ans. (i) Physics is a branch of science.
(II) Mass of a cell is 10–10 kg (ii) The word comes from a Greek word meaning
Which statement is incorrect? 'nature'.
(a) I only (b) II only (iii) It deals with the study of nature and natural
phenomena.
[Ans. (a) I only]

4. What is mechanics? 12. What is the importance of physical quantity?

Ans. (i) Mechanics is a branch of physics. What are its types?
(ii) It is divided into statics and Dynamics. Ans. (i) Physical quantities are important to
(iii) Mechanics deals with the study of motion understand the properties of materials.
of particles, deformable bodies and general (ii) It is classified into fundamental physical
system of particles. quantity and derived physical quantity.
5. Write a note on scope of physics. 13. Define unit of a physical quantity.
Ans. (i) Physics has a large scope as it covers a various Ans. Unit of a physical quantity is defined as the
physical quantities. (Length, mass, time, energy). established standard used for comparison of
(ii) It deals with the Macroscopic group (Mechanics, the given physical quantity. It is classified in to
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electrodynamics, thermodynamics and optics) fundamental and derived unit.
and microscopic group (Quantum physics).
14. What are the things needed to express the
Example:
A
measurement of a physical quantity?
Range of time scale (astronomical scale to
Ans. (i) The unit in which the quantity is measured
microscopic group (Quantum physics).
D
(ii) The numerical value or the magnitude of
6. What is MKS system ?
the quantity (n), the number of times that
Ans. The mks system is based on metre, kilogram and
unit (u) is contained, in the given physical
second as the fundamental units of length, mass,
and time respectively.
7. What is the aim of our Science Education? A quantity. Q = nu.
15. Name the prefixes for powers of ten with its
K
symbol.
Ans. According to part IV Article 51A (h) of Indian
Constitution “It shall be the duty of every citizen Ans. (i) 101 = deca and its symbol is da
of India to develop scientific temper, humanism (ii) 106 = mega and its symbol is M
and spirit of inquiry and reform’’. This is the aim (iii) 1012 = tera and its symbol is T
I
of our Science Education. (iv) 10–1 = deci and its symbol is d

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8. Name three practical units to measure mass. (v) 10–6 = micro and its symbol is m
Ans. (i) Pound 1b = 0.4536 kg (vi) 10–12 = pico and its symbol is p
(ii) Quintal 1q = 100–9 kg 16. Name four units to measure extremely small
(iii) Atomic mass unit (1amu) = 1.66 × 10–27 kg distances.
9. Define Solar Year. Ans. Units used to measure extremely small distances
A
Ans. (i) It is the time taken by the earth to complete are
one revolution around the sun in its orbit. (i) 1 micron or micrometer, 1 mm = 10–6m
K
(ii) 1 Solar year = 365.25 average Solar days (ii) 1 nanometer, 1 nm = 10–9m
= 366.25 Sedrial days. (iii) 1 Angstrom unit 1Å = 10–10m
10. What is Leap year? (iv) 1 Fermi, 1 Fm = 10–15m.
Ans. The year which is divisible by 4 and in which 17. Name three units to measure extremely large
the month of February has 29 days is called Leap distances.
year. Ans. Units used to measure extremely large distances
11. Name three practical units to measure Area. are,
Ans. (i) Barn, 1 barn = 10–28 m2 (i) Astronomical Unit :
(ii) Acre, 1 acre = 4047 m2 It is the mean distances of the earth from the
(iii) Hectare, 1 hectare = 104 m2. sun. 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011m.

(ii) Light year : 24. What is meant by the dimensions of a physical

It is the distance travelled by light in vacuum quantity?
in one year. 1 ly = 9.46 × 1015m Ans. The dimensions of a physical quantity are the
(iii) Parallactic second : powers to which the units of base quantities are
It is the distance at which an arc of length 1 raised to represent a derived unit of that quantity.
astronomical unit subtends an angle of 1 second 25. What are Dimensional variables? Give example.
of arc. 1 par sec = 3.084 × 1016m = 3.26 ly.
Ans. Physical quantities, which possess dimensions
18. What is an error? Name the three Errors in and have variable values are called dimensional
Measurement. variables. Examples are length, velocity, and
Ans. The uncertainty in a measurement is called an acceleration etc.
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error. 26. What is meant by Dimensionless variables?
The three possible errors are Give example.
(i) Systematic errors
A
Ans. Physical quantities which have no dimensions,
(ii) Random errors but have variable values are called dimensionless
(iii) Gross errors variables. Examples are specific gravity, strain,
D
refractive index etc.
19. What is Absolute Error.
27. Define Dimensional Constant. Give example.
Ans. The magnitude of difference between true value
Ans. Physical quantities which possess dimensions
and the measured value of a quantity is called
absolute error.
∆an = am – an A and have constant values are called dimensional
constants. Examples are Gravitational constant,
Planck’s constant etc.
K
20. What is Mean Absolute error?
28. What is meant by Scientific method?
Ans. The arithmetic mean of the magnitude of absolute
Ans. The scientific method is a step-by-step approach
errors in all the measurements is called the mean in studying natural phenomena and establishing
absolute error.
I
laws which govern these phenomena.

If am is the true value and Δam is the mean absolute
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error, then the magnitude of the quantity may lie 29. What do you mean by unification and reductionism?
between am + Δam and am - Δam. Ans. Unification: Attempting to explain diverse physical
phenomena with a few concepts and laws is unification.
21. What is Relative error?
Reductionism: An attempt to explain a macroscopic
Ans. The ratio of the mean absolute error to the mean
system in terms of its microscopic constituents is
value is called relative error. This is also called reductionism.
A
as fractional error.
30. What is Classical mechanics?
Mean absolute error ∆am Ans. The study of forces acting on bodies whether at
Relative error = = a
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Mean value m rest or in motion.

22. What is Percentage error? 31. What is Thermodynamics?
Ans. The relative error expressed as a percentage is Ans. The study of the relationship between heat and
called Percentage error. other forms of energy.
∆am 32. What is the meaning of Acoustics?
Percentage error = a × 100% Ans. The study of the production and propagation of
m
23. What is significant figures? sound waves.

Ans. The digits that are known reliably plus the first 33. What is Astrophysics?
uncertain digit are known as significant figures Ans. The branch of physics which deals with the study
or significant digits. of the physics of astronomical bodies.

34. What is meant by Quantum mechanics? 42. Define the SI unit of mass. (or) What is one
Ans. The study of the discrete nature of phenomena at kilogram in SI system of units?
the atomic and subatomic levels. Ans. Kilogram is the SI unit of mass. One kilogram
35. Which branches of physics deal at the level of is the mass of the prototype cylinder of platinum
atom & nucleus? iridium alloy (whose height is equal to its diameter),
Ans. Atom : Atomic physics. preserved at the International Bureau of Weights
Nucleus : Nuclear physics. and Measures at Serves, near Paris, France.
36. What are types of discoveries in physics? 43. Define the SI unit of time. (or) What is one
Ans. (i) Accidental discoveries and well-analysed second in SI system of units?
research outcome in the laboratory based Ans. Second is the SI unit time. One second is the
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on intuitive thinking and prediction. duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of radiation
(ii) For example, magnetism was accidentally corresponding to the transition between the two
observed but the reason for this strange
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hyperfine levels of the ground state of Cesium-133
behavior of magnets was later analysed
atom.
theoretically.
(iii) This analysis revealed the underlying phenomena 44. Define the SI unit of electric current. (or) What
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of magnetism. With this knowledge, artificial is one second in SI system of units? (or) Define
magnets were prepared in the laboratories. one ampere (S.I standard for current)
37. What is meant by Range of time scales?
Ans. Range of time scales: astronomical scales to
microscopic scales, 1018s to 10−22s.
A Ans. "ampere" is the SI unit of electric current. One ampere
is the constant current, which when maintained
in each of the two straight parallel conductors of
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infinite length and negligible cross section, held
38. What is meant by Range of masses?
one metre apart in vacuum shall produce a force
Ans. Range of masses: from heavenly bodies to electron,
per unit length of 2 × 10−7 N/m between them.
1055 kg (mass of known observable universe) to
10−31 kg (mass of an electron) [the actual mass 45. What is the SI unit of temperature and define
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of an electron is 9.11×10–31 kg]. it? What is one kelvin in SI system of units?

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39. How Physics is related to technology and define Ans. Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature. One degree
technology with respect to Physics.  1 
Ans. Technology is the application of the principles of kelvin is the fraction of   of the thermodynamic
273.16 
physics for practical purposes. The application of
knowledge for practical purposes in various fields temperature of the triple point of the water.
A
to invent and produce useful products or to solve 46. What is the SI unit of amount of substance?
problems is known as technology. (or) What is one mole in SI system of units?
40. In what ways physics is in relation to astronomy? (or) Define one mole (S.I standard for amount
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Ans. Astronomical telescopes are used to study the motion of substance)

of planets and other heavenly bodies in the sky. Ans. Mole is the SI unit of amount of substance. One
Radio telescopes have enabled the astronomers to mole is the amount of substance which contains
observe distant points of the universe. Studies of as many elementary entities as there are atoms
the universe are done using physical principles.
in 0.012 kg of pure carbon-12.
41. Define the SI unit of length.
Ans. Metre is the SI unit of length. One metre is the
length of the path travelled by light in vacuum in
1
299, 792, 458 of a second.

47. What is meant by one candela? and which base 55. Define mass.
quantity is measured by this unit? (or) Define one Ans. Mass of a body is defined as the quantity of matter
candela (S.I standard for Luminous intensity) contained in a body. The SI unit of mass is kilogram
Ans. One candela is the luminous intensity in a given (kg).
direction, of a source that emits monochromatic 56. Write the masses of tiny as well as huge matter?
radiation of frequency 5.4 × 1014 Hz and that has Ans. A tiny mass is of electron (9.11×10−31kg). The huge
1
a radiant intensity of watt/steradian in that mass is of the known universe (= 1055 kg).
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direction. 57. Write the methods to determine the masses of
48. What is meant by the triple point of water? objects?
Ans. The mass of an object is determined in kilograms
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Ans. Triple point of water is the temperature at which
saturated vapour, pure and melting ice are all in using a common balance. Spring balance, electronic
equilibrium. The triple point temperature of water balance are also used. For measuring larger masses
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is 273.16K. like that of planets, stars etc., gravitational methods
are used. For measurement of small masses of atomic/
49. What is meant by Parallax? subatomic particles etc., mass spectrograph is used.
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Ans. Parallax is the name given to the apparent change
58. What is clock? Write the principle and its types.
in the position of an object with respect to the
background, when the object is seen from two Ans. A clock is used to measure the time interval. An atomic
different positions.
50. What is 1 Light year? A standard of time, is based on the periodic vibration
produced in a Cesium atom. Some of the clocks
developed later are electric oscillators, electronic
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Ans. 1 Light year is distance travelled by light in vacuum oscillators, solar clock, quartz crystal clock, atomic
in one year. 1 Light Year = 9.467 × 1015 m. clock, decay of elementary particles, radioactive dating.
51. Define a Astronomical Unit. 59. Which units are used to measure large distance
Ans. 1 astronomical unit is the mean distance of the Earth i.e. distance of planets and stars? Which method
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from the Sun. 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011 m. is used for measurement?

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52. What is parsec? (or) Define one parsec (parallactic Ans. AU - The mean distance between earth and star
second) 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011 m
Ans. 1 parsec, Parallactic second is the distance at which Light year - The distance travelled by light in
an arc of length 1 AU subtends an angle of 1 second vacuum in one year
of arc 1 parsec = 3.08 × 1016 m = 3.26 light year. 1 light year = 9.46 × 1015 m
A
53. Why is the cylinder used in defining kilogram Parsec - Distance at which an arc of length
made up of platinum-iridium alloy? of 1 AU subtends an angle of 1 sec
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Ans. This is because the platinum-iridium alloy is least at a point parsec = 3.08 × 1016 m.
affected by environment and time. Parallax method is used to measure large distance.
54. Write the largest and the smallest practical 60. Is it possible to have length and velocity both
unit of mass and time respectively. (or) Define as fundamental quantities? Why?
Chandrasekar Limit (CSL) Ans. No, length is fundamental quantity whereas velocity
is the derived quantity.
Ans. Chandrasekhar Limit (CSL) is the largest practical
unit of mass.1 CSL = 1.4 times the mass of the
Sun. The smallest practical unit of time is Shake.
1 Shake = 10−8 s.

61. Which of these unit is largest: AU, light year 67. What is dimensional equation? Give an example.
and parsec. Express the average distance of Ans. When the dimensional formula of a physical
earth from the sun in (i) light year (ii) per sec. quantity is expressed in the form of an equation,
Ans. Parsec is the largest unit. such equation is known as the dimensional equation.
parsec > light year > AU Ex: acceleration = [M0LT-2]
Average distance of earth from the sun is (d) 68. Define FPS system of units.
(astronomical unit). Ans. It is the British Engineering system of units, which
uses foot, pound and second as the basic units
(i) d = 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011 m
for measuring length, mass and time respectively.
1.496 × 1011 69. Define CGS system of units.
= 15
= 1.58 × 10 −5 light year.
9.46 × 10
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Ans. It is the Gaussian system of units, which uses
1.496 × 1011 centimeter, gram and second as the basic units
(ii) d = par sec.
3.08 × 1016 for measuring length, mass and time respectively.
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= 4.86 × 10–6 par sec. 70. Define MKS system of units.
62. The radius of gold nucleus is 41.3 Fermi. Ans. It is the Metric system of units, which uses metre,
kilogram and second as the basic units for measuring
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Express its volume in m3.
Ans. Radius of gold nucleus = 41.3 × 10–15 m
length, mass and time respectively.
4 3 4 71. Define one radian (S.I standard for plane angle)
Volume (V) = πr = × 3.14 × (41.3 × 10–15)3

3 3
V = 2.95 × 10–40 m. A Ans. It is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle
by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle.
180º
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63. Describe the relation of Physics with mathematics. 1 rad = p = 57.27º.
Ans. (i) Physics is a quantitative science. 72. Define one steradian (S.I standard for solid
(ii) Physics is closely related to mathematics as angle)
Ans. It is the solid angle subtended at the centre of a
a tool for its development.
sphere, by that surface of the sphere, which is
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64. What is the difference between Accuracy and equal in area to the square of radius of the sphere.
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Precision? III. Short Answer Questions :

Ans.
3 Marks
S.No. Accuracy Precision
1. Measurements Measurements
close to true value. close to each 1. Give any three applications of physics in our
other. society.
A
2. All the accuracy All the precised Ans. (i) Basic laws of electricity and magnetism led
values are values to the discovery of wireless communication
precised. are not accurate. technology which has shrunk the world with
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effective communication over large distances.

65. Describe the Personal errors. (ii) The launching of satellite into space has
Ans. These errors occur due to individual performing revolutionized the concept of communication.
experiment without initial setting up or careless (iii) Microelectronics, lasers, computers,
observation without precautions. superconductivity and nuclear energy have
66. Describe the errors due to external causes. comprehensively changed the thinking and
Ans. These errors are due to external conditions like living style of human beings.
change in temperature, humidity or pressure during
an experiment.

2. What are fundamental quantities and derived 6. Give the values for the following units with
quantities? (Sep. 2020) prefixes.
Ans. Fundamental quantities (i) 1 Mega ohm (ii) 1 milliampere
Fundamental quantities are quantities which (iii) 1 deca gram (iv) 1 nano second
cannot be expressed in terms of any other (v) 1 micro volt (vi) 1 centimetre
physical quantity. Ans.
Example: Quantities like length, mass, time, (i) 1 Mega ohm (MW) = 106 Ω
temperature are fundamental quantities.
(ii) 1 milliampere (mA) = 10–3A
Derived quantities:
(iii) 1 daca gram (da g) = 10g
Quantities that can be expressed in terms of
fundamental quantity are called derived quantities. (iv) 1 nano second (ns) = 10–9s
(v) 1 microvolt (mV) = 10–6V
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Example: Quantities like area, volume, velocity
are derived quantities. (vi) 1 centimetre (cm) = 10–2m
3. What are fundamental units and derived units? 7. What are the advantages of the SI system?
A
Ans. Fundamental units:
Ans. (i) This system makes use of only one unit
The units in which the fundamental quantities are
for one physical quantity, which means a
measured are called fundamental units. It is also
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rational system of units.
known as base units.
Derived units: (ii) In this system, all the derived units
The units in which the derived quantities are can be easily obtained from basic and

measured are called Derived units.
Example:
Unit of distance m
A supplementary units, which means it is a
coherent system of units.
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(iii) It is a metric system which means that
Unit of speed = = s = ms–1
Unit of time multiples and submultiples can be expressed
as powers of 10.
ms–1 is a derived unit.
4. Name the SI unit for electric current and give 8. Distinguish between fundamental and derived
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a definition for it. units.

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Ans. The SI unit for electric current is ampere (A) Ans.

Definition: Fundamental Units Derived Units
One ampere is the constant current, which when 1. Using fundamental Using derived
maintained in each of the two straight parallel units fundamental units, derived
conductors of infinite length and negligible cross quantities are quantities are
section, held one metre apart in vacuum shall measured measured
A
produce a force per unit length of 2 × 10−7 N/m 2. These units cannot These units can be
between them. be expressed in expressed in terms
terms of other of all fundamental
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5. Name the SI unit for Luminous intensity and

fundamental units units.
give a definition for it.
3. Examples : metre, Examples: metre/
Ans. The SI unit for Luminous intensity is candela. Its
kilogram, second second, newton/
symbol is cd. (m, s, kg. A. mol) meter, kilogram/
Definition: metre seconds.
One candela is the luminous intensity in a given (m/s, kg/m3)
direction, of a source that emits monochromatic 9. Give any three practical units of time.
radiation of frequency 5.4 × 1014 Hz and that has
Ans. (i) Solar year :
1
a radiant intensity of watt/steradian in that It is the time taken by the earth to complete
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direction. one revolution around the sun in its orbit.
1 solar year = 365.25 average solar days.

(ii) Leap year: a1 + a2 + a3 + .............an

The year which is divisible by 4 and in am =
1 i=n n
which the month of February has 29 days am = ∑ ai
is called leap year. n i =1
(iii) Lunar month : Usually this arithmetic mean is taken as the
It is the time taken by the moon to complete best possible true value of the quantity.
12. Explain unification with example.
one revolution around the earth in its orbit.
Ans. (i) Attempting to explain diverse physical phenomena
1 lunar month = 27.3 days.
with a few concepts and laws is unification.
10. What is Gross Error & How can it be
(ii) Newton’s universal law of gravitation explains
minimised? the motion of freely falling bodies towards the
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Ans. Gross Error
Earth, motion of planets around the Sun, motion
(i) The error caused due to the shear carelessness of the Moon around the Earth, thus unifying the
A
of an observer is called gross error. fundamental forces of nature.
For example 13. Explain reductionism with example.
(ii) Reading an instrument without setting it Ans. (i) An attempt to explain a macroscopic system
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properly. in terms of its microscopic constituents is
(iii) Taking observations in a wrong manner reductionism.
without bothering about the sources of (ii) For example, thermodynamics was developed to
errors and the precautions.
(iv) Recording wrong observations. These errors
can be minimized only when an observer is
A explain macroscopic properties like temperature,
entropy, etc., of bulk systems.
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(iii) The above properties have been interpreted
careful and mentally alert. in terms of the molecular constituents
11. Explain Random errors.
(microscopic) of the bulk system by kinetic
Ans. Random errors
theory and statistical mechanics.
(i) Random errors may arise due to random and
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14. How are theoretical predictions useful?

unpredictable variations in experimental Ans. (i) Theoretical predictions aided with recent
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conditions like pressure, temperature, voltage simulation and computation procedures are
supply etc. widely used to identify the most suited materials
(ii) Errors may also be due to personal errors by for robust applications.
the observer who performs the experiment. (ii) The pharmaceutical industry uses this technique
Random errors are sometimes called “chance very effectively to design new drugs. Bio
A
error”. compatible materials for organ replacement

(iii) When different readings are obtained by a are predicted using quantum prescriptions of
person every time he repeats the experiment, physics before fabrication.
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personal error occurs. (iii) Thus, experiments and theory work, hand in
(iv) For example, consider the case of the thickness hand, complimenting one another.
of a wire measured using a screw gauge. 15. In what way physics is exciting us?
(v) The readings taken may be different for Ans. A small number of basic concepts and laws can
different trials. In this case, a large number of explain diverse physical phenomena.
measurements are made and then the arithmetic (i) The most interesting part is the designing of
mean is taken. useful devices based on the physical laws.
(vi) If n number of trial readings are taken in For example i) use of robotics ii) journey to
an experiment, and the readings are a1, a2, Moon and to nearby planets with controls
a3,……………. an. The arithmetic mean is from the ground iii) technological advances
in health sciences etc.

(ii) Carrying out new challenging experiments to 19. How is physics useful in geology and
unfold the secrets of nature and in verifying oceanography?(or) Describe the relation of
or falsifying the existing theories. Physics with Geology.
(iii) Probing and understanding the science behind Ans. (i) Diffraction techniques helps to study the crystal
natural phenomena like the eclipse, and why structure of various rocks.
one feels the heat when there is a fire? (or) (ii) Radioactivity is used to estimate the age of
What causes the wind, etc. rocks, fossils and the age of the Earth.
16. Write the role of Physics in Technology. (iii) Oceanographers seek to understand the physical
Ans. (i) Basic laws of electricity and magnetism led and chemical processes of the oceans. They
to the discovery of wireless communication measure parameters such as temperature,
technology which has shrunk the world with salinity, current speed, gas fluxes, chemical
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effective communication over large distances. components.
(ii) The launching of satellite into space has 20. How can the systematic errors be minimised?
A
revolutionized the concept of communication. Ans. (i) By choosing the instrument carefully.
(iii) Microelectronics, lasers, computers, (ii) Necessary correction is to be made.
superconductivity and nuclear energy have (iii) High precision instrument is to be used.
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comprehensively changed the thinking and (iv) Proper setting up of experiments is to be
living style of human beings. done.
17. In what way Physics is in relation to Chemistry.
Ans. (i) In physics, we study the structure of atom,
radioactivity, X-ray diffraction etc. A (v) Taking proper precautions is a must, while
making observations.
21. What are systematic errors? (or) What are the
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(ii) Such studies have enabled researchers in Classifications of Systematic errors?
chemistry to arrange elements in the periodic Ans. Systematic error is reproducible inaccuracies that
table on the basis of their atomic numbers. are consistently in the same direction. They can
(iii) This has further helped to know the nature of be classified as
I
valence and chemical bonding and to understand (i) Instrumental errors,

the complex chemical structures. Inter-disciplinary (ii) Imperfection in experimental technique or
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branches like Physical chemistry and Quantum procedure

chemistry play important roles here. (iii) Personal errors.
18. What is the relation of Physics to Biology? (iv) Errors due to external causes
Ans. (i) Biological studies are impossible without a (v) Least count error.
microscope designed using physics principles. 22. Describe the relation of Physics with Psychology.
A
(ii) The invention of the electron microscope has Ans. (i) All the psychological interactions can be
made it possible to see even the structure of a derived from a physical process.
cell. X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques (ii) The movements of neurotransmitters are
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have helped us to understand the structure governed by the physical properties of diffusion
of nucleic acids, which help to control vital and molecular motion.
life processes. X-rays are used for diagnostic (iii) The function of our brain is related to our
purposes. underlying dualism (wave -particle nature).
(iii) Radio-isotopes are used in radiotherapy for 23. Describe Instrumental errors. How is it minimised?
the cure of cancer and other diseases. In recent Ans. (i) It is happened when an instrument is not
years, biological processes are being studied calibrated properly at the time of manufacture.
from the physics point of view. (ii) For example, If a measurement is made with
a meter scale whose end is worn out, result
obtains error.

(iii) These errors can be rectified by using the 2. Explain propagation of errors in the difference
good quality instruments. of two quantities and also in the division of two
24. Write a note on parallax method. quantities.
Ans. (i) Parallax is the name given to the object with Ans. Errors in the difference of two quantities :
respect to the background, when the object Let ΔA and ΔB be the absolute errors in the two
is seen from two different positions. quantities, A and B, respectively. Then,
(ii) The distance between the two positions is Measured value of A = A ± ΔA
called basis (b). Measured value of B = B ± ΔB
(iii) This method is used for measuring very large Consider the difference, Z = A – B
distance such as distance of a planet or star. The error ΔZ in Z is then given by
IV. Long Answer Questions : Z ± ΔZ = (A ± ΔA) – (B ± ΔB)
= (A – B) ± (ΔA + ΔB)
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5 Marks
= Z ± (ΔA + ΔB)
1. Discuss the relation of physics with other branches (or) ΔZ = ΔA + ΔB
A
of science The maximum error in difference of two
Ans. Physics is the most fundamental branch of science. quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute
It has played a key role in the development of all errors in the individual quantities.
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branches of sciences. Error in the division or quotient of two
Physics in relation to mathematics quantities
ÊÊ Physics is a quantitative science. Mathematics Let ΔA and ΔB be the absolute errors in the two
provides the necessary signs and tools which
the physicist use.
ÊÊ It has played an important role in the A quantities A and B respectively.
Consider the quotient, Z =
A
B
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development of theoretical physics. The error ΔZ in Z is given by
ÊÊ Had newton not invented calculus, he would ∆A 
A 1 ± 
not have been able to discover the universal A ± ∆A  A 
law of gravitation. Z ± Z = =  ∆B 
B ± ∆B B 1±
Physics in relation to chemistry: 
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 B
ÊÊ In physics, we study the structure of atom, −1
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A  ∆A   ∆B 
radio activity, X-ray diffraction, etc. = 1±  1± 
ÊÊ Such studies have enabled chemists to arrange
B A  B
elements in the periodic table on the basis of  ∆A   ∆B 
their atomic numbers. or Z ± ∆Z = Z 1± A  1 B 
ÊÊ This has further helped to know the nature [using (1+x)n ≈ 1 + nx, when x<<1]
of valency and chemical bonding and to
A
understand the complex chmical structures. Dividing both sides by Z, we get,

Physics in relation to biology: ∆Z  ∆A   ∆B 
1± = 1±  1 
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ÊÊ The developments in life sciences a great Z A  B

deal to physics. ∆A ∆B ∆A ∆B
ÊÊ Optical microscopes are extensively used in = 1±  ± .
A B A B
the study of biology. As the terms ΔA/A and ΔB/B are small, their
ÊÊ With the help of an electron microscope, one product term can be neglected.
can study the structure of cell.
The maximum fractional error in Z is given by
ÊÊ The X-rays and neutron diffraction techniques
have helped in understanding the structure of ∆Z  ∆A ∆B 
=  + 
nucleic acids, which helped to control vital Z A B 
life process. The maximum fractional error in the quotient of
ÊÊ Radio isotopes are used in radiation therapy two quantities is equal to the sum of their individual
for the cure of deadly diseases like cancer. fractional errors.

3. Write to causes of errors in measurement. iv) If the digit to be i) 3.45 is rounded

Ans. dropped is 5 or 5 off to 3.4
(i) Least count error Associated with the followed by zeros, ii) 8.250 is
then the preceding rounded off to
poor resolution of digit is not changed 8.2.
the instrument if it is even
(ii) Instrumental Associated with the v) If the digit to be i) 3.35 is rounded
errors faulty calibration dropped is 5 or 5 off to 3.4
or change in followed by zeros, ii) 8.350 is
conditions. then the preceding rounded off to
(iii) Random errors Getting difficult digit is raised by 1 8.4
results for the same if it is odd
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measurement done 5. Explain the rules framed to count significant
repeatedly figures with the examples.
(iv) Personal errors Associated with the
A
Ans.
individual performing
the experiment ie. Rule Example
1. All non-zero digits 1342 has four
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improper precautions,
are significant significant figures
incorrect initial set up
2. All zeros between 2008 has four
of experiment. two non-zero digits significant figures
(v) Systematic errors Which tends to be in
the same direction.
4. Write the rules for rounding off. (or) Explain A 3.
are significant
All zeros right
to nonzero
digit but left to
30700. has five
significant figures
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the rules framed for rounding off the numbers decimal point are
with the examples. significant.
Ans. 4. The terminal or 30700 has three
trailing zeros in the significant figures
Rule Example number without
I
i) If the digit to be i) 7.32 is rounded decimal point are

dropped is smaller off to 7.3 not significant.
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than 5, then the ii) 8.94 is rounded 5. All zeros are 30700 m has five
preceding digit off to 8.9 significant if the significant figures.
should be left number given with
unchanged. measurement unit.
ii) If the digit to be i) 17.26 is rounded 6. f a number is less i)0.00345
dropped is greater off to 17.3 than1, the zeros has three
A
than 5, then the 11.89 is rounded between decimal significant

preceding digit point and first non- figures.
ii) off to 11.9 zero digit are not
should be increased ii) 0.030400 has
significant but the
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by 1 zeros right to last five significant

iii) If the digit to i) 7.352, on being non-zero digit figures.
be dropped is 5 rounded off to are significant. iii)
40.00 has four
followed by digits first decimal significant
other than zero, becomes 7.4 figures.
then the preceding ii) 18.159 on 7. The number of 1.53 cm, 0.0153 m,
digit should be being rounded significant figures 0.0000153 km all
raised by 1 off to first doesn’t depend on have three significant
decimal, the system of units figures.
become 18.2. used

6. The speed of an object v = 40ms–1. The same

Numerical Problems quantity of speed in kmh–1 is,
1 Mark (a) 60 (b) 160 (c) 40 (d) 144

[Ans. (d) 144]
1. Find the value of one AU in 1000 km
Hint:
(a) 1.5 × 105m (b) 2.5 × 106m Quantity of speed in m/s = 40
18
(c) 1.5 × 1011m (d) 2.5 × 1010m Quantity of speed in km/h = 40 ×
5
[Ans. (a) 1.5 × 105m] = 144 kmh–1.
Hint: 7. The speed of an object v = 90km/h. The same
1 AU = 1.5 × 1011m. quantity of speed in m/s is,
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(a) 90 (b) 25 (c) 45 (d) 180
1.5 × 1011 m
1 AU in 1000 km = [Ans. (b) 25]
A
106 m
[ 1000km = 106m] Hint:
Quantity of speed in km/h = 90
= 1.5 × 105m 5
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Quantity of speed in m/s = 90 × = 25 m/s.
2. How many AU present in one light year? 18
(a) 6.30 × 104m (b) 9.46 × 1015m 8. 3.5kg mass of a metal plate has the volume of
1.5m3. Find the density of metal plate.

(c) 6.2 × 102m (d) 9.4 × 1016m
A
[Ans. (a) 6.30 × 104m]
(a) 1.5 kg/m3
(c) 3.4 kg/m3
(b) 2.3 kg/m3
(d) 4.8 kg/m3
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Hint:
1 light year = 9.45 × 1015m. [Ans. (b) 2.3 kg/m3]
Hint:
\No. of AU in 1 light year
Density is a derived unit.
9.45 × 1015 m Mass 3.5kg
= = 6.30 × 104m
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1.5 × 10 m Density = Volume = = 2.3 kg/m3
1.5m3
3. How many mm present in one metre?
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(a) 10–6mm (b) 106mm 9. The value of 1° is,

(c) 10–3mm (d) 10–2mm [Ans. (b) 106mm] (a) 1.745 × 10–2 rad (b) 1.946 × 10–11 rad
Hint: (c) 3.6 rad (d) 3600 rad
1 micron = 1 µm = 10–6 m. [Ans. (a) 1.745 × 10–2 rad]
A
Hint:
1
No. of µm in 1m = = 106 mm 2π π 22
10 −6
1° = = = = 1.745 × 10–2 rad
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360 180 7 × 180

4. Express the derived unit of pressure.
Ans.
10. How many parsec are there in one kilometer?
Force
Pressure = Area (a) 3.084 × 10–16 (b) 3.08 × 108
unit of force N (c) 3.24 × 10–14 (d) None
= = 2 = Nm–2
unit of Area m Hint: [Ans. (c) 3.24 × 10–14]
5. What is the formula representation of Mean 1 parsec = 3.08 × 1016m
Absolute error?
3.08 × 1016m = 1 parsec
1 n
Ans. Mean Absolute error, Dam = ∑ ∆ai 1 × 103
n i= 1 1km = 3.08 × 1016 parsec = 3.24 × 10–14 parsec

11. The angle of an object is 18.2°. What is the Area = length × breadth

angular diameter of the object in radians? SI unit of length = m
(a) 36.4 rad (b) 3.64 × 10–2rad SI unit of breadth Þ (length) = m
Area = length × breadth
(c) 31.74 × 10–2rad (d) 3.17 rad = m × m = m2.
Hint: [Ans. (c) 31.74 × 10–2rad] 16. SI unit of the universal constant of gravitation
(G) is,
18.2 π 18.2 3.14 (a) kg–2 m–2 (b) kg ms–1
q = 18.2° = 60 × 60 × 180 = 60 × 60 × 180
(c) Nm2 kg–2 (d) Nm–1
= 31.74×10–2rad [Ans. (c) Nm2 kg–2]
Hint: Universal constant of gravitation (G) is,
L
12. If a circle with 10 m radius and angle 60° at Fr 2 m1m2
centre, then what will be the length of arc? = mm [F = G. 2 ]
r
A
1 2
(a) 5.24m (b) 6.21m SI unit of force = N
(c) 7.1 mm (d) 10m [Ans. (a) 5.24m] SI unit of distance (r) = m = r2 = m2
SI unit of masses m1 and m2 = kg2
D
Hint: π
Radius r = 10m, angle θ = 6 (60°) Fr 2 Nm 2
π Þ mm = = Nm2 kg–2.
kg 2
Length of the arc (l) = rq = 10 × 6 = 5.24m
13. The mass of an iron sheet is 0.250 kg and A

1 2
2 Marks
1. Using a screw gauge the thickness of a wire
K
volume of the sheet is 1.5m3. Then what is the
was measured as 5mm. Calculate (i) the
density of the iron sheet? Express the result in
SI unit system. fractional error (ii) the percentage error.
Given data:
(a) 0.267kg m–3 (b) 0.167 kg m–3
Thickness of the wire (t) = 5mm
I
(c) 0.255 kg m–3 (d) 0.285 kg m–3 Accurancy Dt = 0.01mm

LV
Hint: [Ans. (b) 0.167 kg m–3] Solution:

Mass of the iron sheet = 0.250 kg ∆t 0.01
Volume of the iron sheet = 1.5 m3 (i) Fractional error = δt = = = 0.002.
t 5
Mass 0.250
Density = = 1.5 = 0.167 kg m–3 ∆t
Volume (ii) Percentage error = δt = × 100%
A
14. What is the SI unit of linear momentum? t

= 0.002 × 100% = 0.02%
(a) ms–1 (b) ms–2
2. If a mass of a proton is 1.67 × 10–27kg, how
K
(c) kg ms–1 (d) kg m2s–1

many protons will be present in 1kg?
Hint:
[Ans. (c) kg ms–1]
Given data:
Linear momentum = mass × velocity
Mass of a proton = 1.67 × 10–27kg
SI unit of mass = kg
1.67 × 10–27kg is mass of 1 proton.
distance m
SI unit of velocity = = = ms–1 Solution:
time s
Linear momentum = kg ms–1. 1
1 kg is the mass of 1.67 × 10−27 protons
15. What is the SI unit of Area? = 0.5988 × 1027 protons
(a) m (b) m2 (c) Nm–1 (d) cm–1 = 5.988 × 1026 protons
Hint:
[Ans. (b) m2] 5.988 × 1026 protons will be present in 1kg.

3. Calculate angle of 1 second of arc. 7. The ratio of stress and strain of a wire is
Solution: 3 : 2. Find the co-efficient of elasticity. Express
1° the result in SI unit system.
1 second of arc = 1′′ = Solution:
60 × 60
The ratio of stress and strain of a wire is 3 : 2
1 π  1 3.14   π 
= × =  ×  1º = Force N
 SI unit of stress = = = Nm–2
60 × 60 180 3600 180  180  Area m 2
1 second of arc = 4.85 × 10–6 rad. Strain is dimensionless variable.
–15 Stress
4. The radius of a nucleus is 1.5 × 10 m of the So, co-efficient of elasticity of a wire is = Strain
order fermi. Find the volume of the nucleus.
L
Solution:
3 Nm −2
Radius of a nucleus r = 1.5 × 10 –15
m. = = 1.5 Nm–2.
2 ( No unit )
A
4
Volume of the nucleus V = 3 pr3. 3 Marks
1. In a following physical units, how many units
D
4 4 are there in 1 metre?
= 3 × 3.14 × (1.5 × 10–15)3 = 3 × 3.14 × (4.5 × 10–45)
(i) 1 Astronomical unit (AU = 1.496 × 1011m

= 18.84 × 10–45m3
Volume of the nucleus is V = 18.84 × 10–45m3 A (ii) 1 light year = 9.467 × 1015m
(iii) 1 micron (m) = 10–6m
(iv) 1 p a r a l l a c t i c s e c o n d ( p a r s e c )
K
5. A beam of metal has length, breadth and height
= 3.08 × 1016m
as 4m, 3m and 5m respectively. Then what will
Given data:
be the volume of the metal beam? Express the
result in SI unit system. 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011m
Solution: 1 ly = 9.467 ×1015m
I
Volume = length × breadth × height 1 mm = 10–6m

LV
SI unit of volume (v) = m × m × m = m3 1 parsec = 3.08 × 1016m

SI unit of length (l) = 4m Solution:
SI unit of breadth (b)= 3m (i) 1.496 × 1011m is equivalent to 1 AU.
SI unit of height (h) = 5m 1
Volume (v) = l × b × h = 4 × 3 × 5 = 60m3 1 metre is equivalent to
A
1.496 × 1011
6. Find the SI unit of moment of inertia. 5.64kg
mass of a object is moving uniformly. The = 0.6684 × 10–11 = 6.68 × 10–12 AU
K
radius of gyration is measured as 30cm of an In one metre, 6.68 × 10–12 astronomical

object. Then what is the moment of Inertia? units are present
Solution: (ii) 9.467 × 1015m is equivalent to 1 ly.
Mass = 5.64kg 1
1 metre is equivalent to
radius of gyration = 30cm = 0.3m 9.467 × 1015
SI unit of a mass is kg = 0.1056 × 10–15 = 1.05 × 10–16 ly
SI unit of the radius (gyration) = m2 = 0.9
In one metre, 1.05 × 10–16 light years are
Moment of inertia (I) = mass × radius of gyration present.
= 5.64kg × 0.9m = 1.5228 kgm2

(iii) 10–6m equivalent of 1mm Solution:

1 1Å = 100 pm Þ 30pm = 0.3Å
1 metre is equivalent to −6 = 106mm
10 pm ® picometer (10–12m)
In one metre 106 microns are present Å = Angstrom (10–10)m
(iv) 3.08 × 1016 m equivalent to 1 parsec. Radius of the helium atom (r) = 30pm = 0.3Å
1 = 0.3 × 10–10m
1metre is equivalent to
3.08 × 1016 Volume of helium nucleus
= 0.324 × 10–16 = 3.24 × 10–17m 4
V= × 3.14 × (0.3 × 10–10)m3 = 1.256 × 10–30m3
In one metre 3.24 × 10–17 parsec are present. 3
Number of atoms in 1 mole of helium atom
L
2. How many parallactic second are there in one
= Avogadro's number(N) = 6.023 × 1023
Astronomical unit?
Atomic volume of 1 mole of helium atoms (v΄)
A
Given data:
V΄ = V × N
1 parallactic second = 3.08 × 1016 m V΄ = V × n
1 Astronomical unit = 1.496 × 1011 m = 1.256 × 10–30 × 6.023 × 1023
D
Solution: = 7.564 × 10–7m.
1 AU 5. The radius of the platinum atom in a nucleus
1.496 × 1011 1.496 × 1011 × 10 −16
= = is 60.2 fermi. Find the volume of the nucleus.

1 parsec
=
3.08 × 1016
1.496 × 10 −5
= 0.485 × 10–5
3.08
A Why fermi is used to measure size of a nucleus?

Solution:
K
3.08 The radius of the nucleus = 60.2 fermi
= 4.85 × 10–6 par sec.
4.85 × 10–6 parsec present in one astronomical = 60.2 × 10–15m
unit. Volume of the platinum nucleus
I
3. If mass of an electron is 9.11 × 10–31 kg, how 4 4

= 3 pr3m3 = 3 × 3.14 × (60.2 × 10–15)3 m3
many electrons would weigh in 1 mg?
LV
Given data: 4
Mass of an electron = 9.11 × 10–31kg = 3 × 3.14 × (218167 × 10–45)
9.11 × 10–31kg is the mass of 1 electron 4
= 3 × 3.14 × (2.18167 × 10–40)
Solution:
= 9.133 × 10–40m3
A
9.11 × 10–31kg = 9.11 × 10–31 × 103 g

= 9.11 × 10–28 g Vo l u m e o f t h e p l a t i n u m n u c l e u s i s
= 9.11 × 10–25 mg 9.133 × 10–40m3.
K
1 fermi is used for measure very small distance so

1mg is the mass of electron
9.11 × 10 −25 mg it is used to measure the nuclear size of an atom.
It is denoted as 1 Fermi = 10–15m.
= 0.1097 × 1025electrons = 1.097 × 1024 electrons
= 1.097 × 1024 electrons would weigh in 1 mg.
4. The unit of length convenient on the atomic
scale is known as angstrom and is denoted
by Å. The size of a helium atom is about
30 pico meter. What is the total atomic volume
in metre3 of one mole of helium atom?

3. When the planet Jupiter is at a distance of

Value Based Questions 824.7 million kilometers from the earth, its
1. (i) Monica was watching the night sky. She saw angular diameter is measured to be 35.72 of
arc. Calculate the diameter of Jupiter.
a star, moving towards her, with increase in
brightness. After some few minutes when she Solution:
watched closely, she found it was the light Distance, D = 824.7 × 106 km
from a flight in the sky. She was surprised, 35.72 π
but initially the flight looked stationary, q = 35.72" = 60 × 60 × 180 rad
after some time it was glowing brightly q ® is angular diameter
moving towards her. So she went and asked
Diameter, d = ? ; d = D × q
her father. Why this effect occured?
35.72 π
L
(ii) Is RADAR used in launching a missile from = 824.7 × 106 × 60 × 60 × 180 km
the ground to hit the target (i.e. fight air
craft)? 35.72 π
= 824.7 × 106 × × km
A
Ans. (i) Any moving object, which is perpendicular 3600 180
to our eye sight will look like a stationary = 824.7 × 106 × 35.72 × 3.14 km
thing for a while. But as the moving object 3600 × 180
D
changes its angle of vision, its movement will Diameter of Jupiter = 1.427 × 105 km
be known. 4. In a submarine fitted with a SONAR, the
(ii) Yes, RADAR is used in launching missile
from the ground.
Creative Questions (HOTS)

A time delay between generation of a signal and
reception of its echo from an enemy ship is
110.3 seconds. If speed of sound in water is
K
1450 ms–1 then calculate the distance of the
1. Why has 'second' been defined is terms of periods enemy ship from the submarine.
of radiations from cesium-133? Solution:
Ans. Second has been defined is terms of periods of Speed of a sound in water 1450 ms–1
I
radiations because Time delay T = 110.3s

(i) This period is accurately defined
LV
vT
(ii) This period is not affected by change of Distance of the enemy ship, D = 2
physical conditions like temperature. pressure
and volume etc. 1450 × 110.3 159935
(iii) The unit is easily reproducible in any good = 2
= 2
= 79967 m
laboratory.
Distance of enemy ship = 79.96 km
A
2. How many Astronomical units are there in

5. In an ocean surveillance system of ship fitted
one light year?
with a (RADAR), the time delay between
Given data:
generation of a radio waves reflected from an
K
1 Astronomical unit = 1.496 × 1011m enemy ship is observed to be 5.6s. Calculate

1 light year = 9.46 × 1015m the distance of the enemy ship from the
Solution:
surveillance ship.
Solution:
1 ly 9.46 × 10 15
15 −11 Time delay T = 5.6s
= = 9.46 × 10 × 10
1 AU 1.496 × 10 11 T 5.6
1.496 t = 2 = 2 = 2.8
9.46 × 104
= = 6.32 × 104AU Speed of radiowaves = speed of light (v)
1.496
In 6.32 × 104AU are present in one light year. = 3 × 108ms–1

Distance from the surveillance ship to enemy Least count of vernier calipers

ship D = v × t = 3 × 108 × 2.8 = 8.4 × 108m
= 1MSD – 1VSD = (1– 19 20 ) MSD
Distance (D) = 8.4 × 108 km.
1
= = 0.05cm.
Conceptual Questions 20
So screw gauge is more precise than vernier.
1. Why is it convenient to express the distance of
stars in terms of light year (or) parsec rather 3. If humans were to settle on other planets,
than in km? which of the fundamental quantities will be
in trouble? Why?
Ans. The distances of astronomical objects like stars,
Ans. Time will be in trouble. Time becomes irrelevant.
planets etc from the earth are huge. The distance
L
on the earth are relatively small so it can be Because day and year based on spinning and
measured in km. revolution of the planet. So each planet has its
A
own year length.
For Example :
Eg. : Uranus and Neptune move too slow.
The distance to be next nearest big galaxy
4. Having all units in atomic standards is more
D
Andromeda is 21,000,000,000,000,000,000 km.
useful. Explain.
i.e. 21 × 1018 km.
Ans. All units in atomic standards are more useful
This number is so large that it becomes hard to
because they never change with time.

write and to interpret.
So astronomical units like light year, parsec A.U
are used for large distances.
A 5. Why dimensional methods are applicable only
up to three quantities?
K
Ans. If a quantity depends on more than three factors
2. Show that a screw gauge of pitch 1 mm and
than dimensional formula cannot be derived.
100 divisions is more precise than a vernier
Because on equating the powers of M, L & T
caliper with 20 divisions on the sliding scale.
on either side of the dimensional equation, three
Ans. Least count of screw gauge
I
equations can be obtained, from which only three

unknown dimensions can be calculated.
LV
Pitch 1
= No. of divisions = = 0.01 mm (or) 0.001cm
100
on the Head scale.
A

K

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UNIT I : Nature of Physical World and Measurement........................................................................1 - 38

UNIT IV : Work, Energy and Power...............................................................................................134 - 167

UNIT VII : Properties of Matter.......................................................................................................236 - 270

UNIT VIII : Heat and Thermodynamics...........................................................................................271 - 321

UNIT IX : Kinetic Theory of Gases.................................................................................................322 - 349

UNIT X : Oscillations....................................................................................................................350 - 387

UNIT XI : Waves............................................................................................................................388 - 424

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UNIT I : Nature of Physical World and Measurement........................................................................1 - 38

UNIT III : Laws of motion...............................................................................................................88 - 133

UNIT IV : Work, Energy and Power...............................................................................................134 - 167

UNIT V : Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Bodies.............................................................168 - 204

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Derived Quantities and

Branches of Physics MKS

Physics in relation with

Physics relation to other Limitations

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(8) Derived unit: unit of distance m

(11) Relative error (or) Fractional error Da = ; am → Mean value

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some common practical units

1012 tera T 10–12 pico p

1015 peta P 10–15 femto f

portant Terms & Definitions

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material with better properties for promising applications.

universe) to 10−31 kg (mass of an electron) [the actual mass of an electron is

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counted in making a measurement are called significant figures.

Error = True value – Measured value

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constant is  [JEE–2000] [QY-2019]

(a) 351% (b) 1%

(a) length (b) time

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acceleration, force. quantity is a vector or a scalar.

on moon, the image is observed S

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The least count of vernier caliper is  [Mar., QY-2019]

constant is [JEE–2000] [QY-2019]

The least count of vernier caliper is [Mar., QY-2019]

Apply dimensional formula on both sides Assume the constant, k = 2π]. []

ML2T–2 = [M] ∙ [LT–1]2 Ans. [Govt. MQP-2018; QY, HY-2019]

[Ans. (b) to know] (b) Nuclear reactor (c) Steam engine

[Ans. (a) 3.08 × 1016m] [Ans. (b) 1 Solar day = 24 hours]

[Ans. (c) M1L2T–2] (c) Momentum and Moment of force

in terms of its Microscopic constituents is [Ans. (a) Macrocosm]

electro is _. of an observer is called _.

(d) d c b a [Ans:(c) b c d a] (d) c a b d [Ans: (b) b c d a]

F. Choose the Correct Pair : 4. Assertion : In centimeter, the spelling meter

5. (I) The ratio of mean absolute error to the method?